Energy savings in multistorey buildings

Energy savings inmulti-storey buildingsContentIntroduction · 3Energy labeling · 5Green Diploma and account · 9Heating systems · 11Insulation initiatives · 19Windows · 26Ventilation · 35Heating costs · 44Electricity consumption · 49Author:Jesper ToftLayout:DesignKonsortietTranslation:Merete StefaniPhotos:Thomas Kampmann page 28,33,35Where nothing else is mentioned:Søren Dyck-MadsenOctober 2008Supported by.:Energisparepuljen,Dansk Energi Net(The Energy Conservation Fund,Danish EnergyAssociation and the Nordic Council of Ministers)Quoting,copying and other application isallowed with source referenceISBN:87-92044-23-9ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTPrefaceWe mustpay more attention to the vastpotentials for a Buildings and houses spend some 40 % of all energymore intelligentenergy consumption and lower costs consumption in Europe.The potentials awaiting ourwithin the housing sector.The potentials of renewable initiatives are needed in order to reduce energyenergy sources and especially the potentials of increased consumption and in order to reduce man-made CO2energy efficiency are still to a wide extentunused. emission.However,the potentials may be “toughbusiness”as well.The techniques,the materials,theThatis why Folketinget,the Danish Parliament,has renewable sources,and the planning principles present-translated the publication“Guide for better energy in ed in this publication are advantageous to its users inapartmenthouses”into English.This guide is partof the the shortand long run.A building sector based on energydocumentation forwarded to the working group of efficienthousing locally may develop exportpotentials inParliamentarians gathering in Folketinget20-21 October our region and on a European level,too.The necessary2008.The working group includes parliamentarians from climate policy is also the long-term policy in terms ofall the Baltic Sea Region,selected by the Baltic Sea employmentand social welfare.Parliamentary Conference (BSPC).The working groupgathering in Copenhagen October 2008 is in charge of Lastbutnotleastwe should notforgetthe healthformulating recommendations of how to implement advantages of a pleasantand clean in-door climate.renewable energy,energy efficiency and energy savingsin all countries and in all sectors of the Baltic Sea Region Of course,Danish examples cannotbe uncritically copiedatthe nextBSPC conference September 2009 and to the to other countries with differentbuilding traditions,UN climate conference in Copenhagen November 2009, differentclimate,and differenthousing structures.too. However,they definitely can inspire and can be trans-formed to better apartmenthouses outside Denmark.The Guide is produced by a Danish think-tank,an inde-pendent,non-governmental organization named “The I hope thatthe good examples will inspire and furtherEcological Council”.This Ecological Council maintains developed and refined in practice in all the countries ofclose contacts and dialogues with the Danish building the regionsector,with the private and the public energy policyinstitutions.The Ecological Council is responsible for the Copenhagen,20thOctober 2008.publication,which I have chosen to be distributed via myAnne Grete Holmsgaard,MP,Folketinget,Denmark.collegues Parliamentarians of the Baltic Sea Region andvia web-distribution. On behalf of the chairmanship of the BSPC workinggroup2ENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSIntroductionExisting multi-storey buildings have been constructed The efficiency of the heating system is dependentonover a long period of time and under very different how well the building is insulated.The better the build-considerations towards performance of energy con- ing is insulated the smaller heating system is neededsumption of space heating and electricity.This means and the more energy saving,- which affects the tenantthatthe running of multi-storey buildings varies a lot rent.The energy performance of a building can be im-dependenton the age of the building.Generally the proved by replacementof windows to high performance,consumption of energy is much higher than necessary, Low E windows,- insulation of loft/roof,insulation of wallespecially for space heating,when comparing with spandrels,wall behind radiators,between horizontalmulti-storey buildings constructed in accordance with floor divisions,between basementand ground floor andthe mostoptimal low energy principles. around heating pipes in all rooms withoutheating.Other energy saving measures could consistof energyIn fact40% of the overall energy consumption in efficientventilation systems recovering the heatfromDenmark is used for space heating and ventilation of the extracted air through a mechanical ventilationexisting buildings.There is a greatpotential for energy system with heatrecovery.savings in optimized renovations.Atthe same time thethermal comfortand general well being is being im Such energy saving actions correspond to the efficiencyproved.The energy saved,is notbeing produced and of the heating system.If the windows of the building isdistributed,- there is no expense,and there is no green replaced to Low E windows they will be more efficienthouse effectlike emission of CO2 than the existing sealed window units (free heating).Free heating can only be utilized after installing thermo-The energy consumption for space heating in a multi- statcontrollers on radiators and will be mostefficientifstorey building is dependenton a number of conditions the building has a double-stringed system instead of asuch as:The construction of the building,the insulation single-stringed system.If the facade is energy optimizedstandard,heating system,tightness of building envelope by extra insulation in form of cavity wall insulation orand ventilation and finally the composition of the exterior insulation the building will maintain the heatdwellers.Generally the heating system is an essential inside and the need for heating will be diminished.Inarea to obtain improvements in other buildings,- here order to optimize the space heating,the system mustbeespecially currentmaintenance of the heating system is adjusted and itmightbe a good idea to exchange theof utmostimportance.A change from oil to gas,- or radiators to a larger model or install additional ones indistrictheating wherever possible or exchange the old order to obtain sufficientcooling of the districtheatingoil-burner or gas heating system with a new energy system.efficientsystem.Primarily itoffers economic benefits,-butitis also an environmental benefitresulting in less The more tightthe building envelope the more energyCO emission. savings and the smaller the heating bill.If the building is2Number of multi-storey buildings built Source:Statistics Denmark.Statistikbanken,figures from 2005120.0003100.00080.00060.00040.00020.00000 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4Før190 1900-190 1905-190 1910-191 1915-191 1920-192 1925-192 1930-193 1935-19 13 940-19 14 945-194 1950-195 1955-195 1960-196 1965-196 1970-1971974-19 71980-19 18985- 19 18990-19 91995-19 29 000-200WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGStightitis importantto remember airing 2-4 times a day extensions concerning thermal insulation and technicalto insure thatthe air humidity levels will notbe too high. installations when.:1. The renovation/replacementaffects the buildingBy far,- the vastmajority of multi-storey buildings is con- envelope (exterior walls,roof,windows or basement)structed before 1975 and there is a greatneed for renova- or technical installations (heating system,ventilationtions,i.e.retrofitsolutions,see graph. system and hotwater system)2. The projectaffects more than 25% of the building sur-Unfortunately,there has been far too less focus on ener- face area.gy savings in multi-storey buildings in recentyears.This 3. The costamounts to more than 25% of the latestpub-is evidentby the factthatitis difficultto find informa- lic property assessmentminus land value.Thetion concerning the subject.The Ecological Council has demand stands only if the renovation is cost-benefici-published this booklet,offering for the firsttime an al.The assessmentmustclearify whether all buildingassembled accountof energy improvementin existing components apply with BR thermal insulation valuesmulti-storey buildings.Hopefully this will encourage for extensions – even if itwas notplanned to renova-inspiration for dwellers,enthusiasts,committees and te here in the firstplace.housing associations.The presentbookletexists in two versions – a printedThe booklethas focus on multi-storey buildings indepen- version and a netbased version focusing on technicaldentof owner ship in acknowledge of the factthatthe possibilities and descriptions.The example-descriptionsheating accounts is dependenton how tightand well is identical in the two versions.The net-based version isinsulated the building is and notwhether the user is a available on.:www.ecocouncil.dk/publikationer - buttheprivate-owner or a tenant. extra technical descriptions are only in Danish.Notice,- thatin Atlasta good advice concerning insurance.:Make sure toaccordance to take outa family- and house-contents insurance pre-Danish Building vious to the renovation of the multi-storey building asRegulations (BR) the existing insurance only cover the building and notall the buildings the possessions of the tenants.Remember to contactanmustabide to insurance company previous to the up-startof aregulation for renovation projectin order to avoid matter of dispute.4ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSEnergy certification of multi-story buildingsEnergy saving actions is one of the mostprofitable build- holders of co-operative flats with a total gross area ofing improvements thatexists.Therefore Energy Label is more than 60 sq.m.essential as itis a measurementfor.: • For more details:www.femsek.dk• Energy needed to heatup the building to 20 degrees • The actual Energy certification is classified on a scalecentigrade. from A to G,also known from the certification of• Energy needed to heatup hotwater white goods.The Certification of buildings has got• Energy applied for circulation and ventilation two categories within each letter – i.e.A1 and A2.–• Water consumption where “A1”indicate buildings complying with therequirements for Lavenergiklasse 1,(Low EnergyThe advantage of Energy certification and Energy plann- building-classification 1.(50% of the requirements foring is the factthatboth the building-owner and the new buildings from 2006).tenants getan over-view of the buildings presentenergy • “A2”indicates buildings complying withrelated condition,- in relation to an average building and Lavenergiklasse 2,(Low Energy building- classificationconcrete proposals for profitable energy savings.Energy 2.) - complying with 75% of the requirements for newcertification promote focus on Energy management,(e.i. buildings).Classification “B1”indicate buildingscarrying outmonthly user registrations into effect). complying with the latestrequirements in TheDanish Building Regulation.(BR) From “B1”the per-A number of multi-storey buildings used to be included formance gradually phases outtill classification “G2”by the ELO (Energy ManagementArrangement).Here a • The Energy Certification contains the energy con-qualified ELO consultantwould go through installations sumption for space-heating and jointelectricity con-in the plantroom i.e.pumps,adjustmentof the in-take sumption for lightning,ventilation and cooling,astemperature,insulation of pump and pipes,general well as information concerning consumption of“smartmeters”,heatexchanger and hotwater produc- water (including hotwater consumption).tion for errors and shortcomings.If the system did not • The presentEnergy Certification contains sugges-perform satisfactory,modifications would be recom- tions for improvements specifying energy consump-mended,- these could include insulation of cavity walls, tion,investmentand profitability and possibly profi-windows,loftand roof and the partof the heating tability by renovation initiatives.system positioned outside the plantroom (i.e.adjust- • The owner-association of private-owned flats,mentand controller valves) and was notincluded the ownerships of co-operational,stake holders,land-ELO arrangement. lords,are responsible for: 1.The currentEnergyCertification as well as the certification by sale andThe validity of the Energy certification in the shape of an letting out.2.Monthly registrations of the totalELO arrangement(Energy ManagementArrangement) energy,- and water consumption (including hotencompassed one year of validity until 1.January 2006. water consumption) and operational conditions forBetween 1/1 2006 and 1/ 9 the validity is enduring 3 years energy,- and water based installations.3.Currentfrom the date of certification.From 1/9 2006 the EMO supply of information to the owner/tenantand co-certification will be valid for 5 years. operative stake holders concerning energy certifica-tions and provision of access for going through theThe new Energy Certification certification.The resultof the new Energy Certification Regulation for • Inspection of all air conditioning plants with an 5multi-storey buildings means that operational capacity of minimum 12 kW.• all multi-storey buildings with more than 1,500 sq.m • All oil-burners,solid fuel boilers,with an operationalmustrenew the ELO Certification every five years capacity of minimum 100 kW are currently being(owner-occupied flats become an integral partof the examined - (bio fuel systems excluded).Oil burning,-certification and is excluded individual certification). and solid fuel system run by coal and coke mustbe• From 1/7 2008 all multi-storey buildings with a total re-certified every 5 years.Oil burners mustbe cleanedfloor area of minimum 1000 sq.m will be included in outevery year by an authorized technical expert.Gasthe 5 year certification regulation. boilers with a capacity of more than 100 kW require• All types of flats in multi-storey buildings mustbe testing every 4 years,butthere is no legal require-certified before out-letand by make-over of co-opera- mentfor cleaning them out.Thus,- there is no legaltive housing associations if they are notall ready claim for inspections of districtheating systems evenincluded. though itis essential to service the districtheating• From 1/7 2008,- flats with a total of 60 sq.m gross system to insure optimal running capacity.(Forarea which are letoutmore than four months ata further information see:Heating supply.time mustbe certified,- included are also stakeWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSThe activities of the energy consultant various multi-storey buildings and atthe same time itWhen the energy consultantarrives atthe building,a makes itpossible directly to compare the energy con-general registration of the building is carried outand the sumption for a differentbuilding.The actual energy con-various construction parts notincluded the technical sumption is dependentof the behavior of the tenantdrawings is being measured.The Energy consultantmust (habits and life style) and may vary substantially forexamine loft,roof structure,external walls,windows, similar flattypes.The energy consumption typically risesdoors,floor,foundation,ventilation system,heating sta- by increase of income like the consumption of heatrisestion,hotwater tank,automatic parts etc.and musthave with age.The Energy Certification is independentofaccess to a variety of flats and jointresidential areas,.The tenantbehavior,- therefore the actual energy consump-energy consultantregister the various levels of insula- tion can`tbe applied by comparing similar multi-storeytion for roof,walls and floor structure,-estimates the buildings.heating system and on the basis of this information hecalculates key figures for the total consumption of Profitable improvementselectricity,water and heating. Consider the Energy Certificate as an investmentand notas a cost.The Energy Certificate offers housing associa-The energy-consultantcompares the key figures with the tion,private-owner association and co-operative associa-consumption in similar properties,similar size,applica- tion a valuable basis for decisions,helping to identify thetion and age.The energy consultantthen carry outa pro- energy consumption for the building and by giving detail-fitability-calculation suggesting the pay-off time potenti- ed suggestions for profitable improvements concerningal for various energy saving initiatives and in this way heating,water and electricity,- i.e.cost,expected savingthe profitability is found.If for example the consumption and payback time (the period ittakes before the invest-of districtheating is very high,hereby suggesting a large mentis paid) This makes iteasy to estimate the economicenergy saving potential,- itis often due to individual advantages to each energy saving initiative.Do note thatbehavioural-patterns of the group of tenants which is the profitability in multi-storey buildings is dependentonvery differentfrom the norm,-or thatthe heating loss is the tariffs used by the districtheating supplier.The highervery high.Futhermore,the energy consultantmust the variable share (the share of the total price which isestimate whether there is suggestions or improvements dependantof the amountof heating used) - the betterwhich with advantage could be carried outin connection profitability of the energy saving improvements.with other planned works carried outon the property,i.e.renovation. Advantages such as thermal comfortand well being arenotincluded.In order to compare the consumption of a variety of Added to the economic advantages is the advantages ofbuildings,the consumption mustbe seen in contextto thermal comfortand general well being through insula-the size of the building.The total consumption is con- tion is notmentioned in the Energy Certification (i.e.coldverted into consumption pr.sq.m – by comparing the surfaces – walls and windows withoutinsulation oftenquantity of energy used.The basementarea is included, cause draughtalong walls and floors).The economic valuebutusually only counts for 50 % of its area.This means added by an improved thermal comfortis notincluded inby way of example thata building with a floor area of the Energy Certification,and itis up to the individual/ the1,000 sq.m and a basementarea of 200 sq.m enter into community to price such an improvementin order to esti-the calculation with an area of 1,100 sq.m mate the overall benefitof the energy saving.The average expenditure of a flat For privately-owned flats the Energy Plan mustcontainThe Energy certificate gives a description of the entire an estimate of the mostprofitable energy and water6 building and also of the individual flat.The certification saving measures,which can be implemented jointly byof the flatconsists of consumption accounts for heating the owners.For block of flats itmakes sense to resolveby specification of the heating bill and by an over-view of the question of who (the owner or the tenant) will paythe average expenditure of the individual flat.For proper- for the energy saving measure and who will benefitfromties with specific average flattypes the energy consult- it.Questions like,- who pay the costof maintenanceantmustindicate the average consumption for each (owner),-improvements (tenant),- or shared paymenttype.For properties with a variety of differentflatsized (i.e.windows) are relevantquestions to be considered.the energy consultantmustindicate some average con-siderations – normally a category of flatsizes mustnot Consider integration of renovation and energy savingdiffer more than 10 sq.m. measures.Integrate energy saving measures with general renova-Calculated versus real energy consumption tion initiatives as itis less expensive to energy optimizeThe Energy Certification is being calculated by the level the property.Make the energy consultantaware of aof insulation and by existing electricity,water and heat- planned renovation project.The Energy Certificate willing installations on the basis of the standard use of the then contain suggestions for energy saving measures.Bebuilding.This results in a homogeneous estimation of aware thatconcerning renovation projects,the DanishENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSBuilding Regulation (BR) makes demands on a number of Finding an energy consultantenergy related issues,which the building owner (and The costof carrying outan energy certification is ruledowner-association or co-operational stake holders) will by marketmechanisms,- therefore there is no fixed pricehave to comply with.BR also makes demands on the for the task.Itis therefore a good idea to ask for quota-economy of the energy savings pr.energy unit.The tions from a few energy consultants.A listof authorizedexpenses through implementing the energy savings are Danish energy consultants is available at:notincluded.Ask the energy consultant,whether specific www.femsek.dkor,www.energitjenesten.dk.demands can be made in connection to the level ofenergy efficiency measures through the renovation. Help the energy consultantItis always a good idea to be prepared for the energyRenovation projects,covered by 25% rule of the BR (i.e. consultantby offering him relevantinformation con-cases where the alterations of the building envelope or cerning the building and the energy consuming installa-the heating installations form partof more than 25 % of tions.You can seek the advice of the consultantin eva-the total building envelope or more than 25% of the luating your ownlatestpublic property assessmentexcluded land value),- ideas of energymustbe energy certified before occupation,unless the saving initiativesbuilding is excepted demands concerning energy certifi- and to evaluate thecation.(i.e.preserved (listed) properties and buildings payback time.Itiswhere energy certification itis notpossible due to major indeed a good ideastructural defects of the building envelope or heating to collectall docu-system. ments concerningthe property and7WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGS• Journals containing information of consumption andrunning costs.• Data concerning prices for electricity,water,and heat-ing (failing this the calculations will be based onstandard prices).• Measurements of air capacity for specific ventilationsystems or inspection reports concerning ventilation,- and cooling systems.• White goods positioned in common areas and usedby all tenants,- or cases where the running costs isbeing paid through a shared costbill.• If possible,- renovation scheme for the property(often energy savings are particularly profitablewhen renovating atthe same time)Obtain data for the calculated consumptionAsk the energy consultantfor extractdata from the cal-culated consumption.This will allow a better comparisonwith the actual measured consumption,which will give aclear indication of where the variations are found.Obtain all energy saving suggestions.Ask the energy consultantto getall the improvementsuggestions.This would include also energy savingmeasures,which are notprofitable in proportion to thespecific rules in connection with Energy Certifications.Ask the energy consultantaboutwell-being and thermalcomfortimprovements.The energy consultantwill hold knowledge concerningthe well-being and thermal comfortof a certain energysaving measure,and therefore give advice if asked.Animproved thermal comfortcan be an essential reason forenergy saving measures,butunfortunately itis notgive the consultanta copy – this could cutdown the cost included as partof the Energy Certification report.of the certification altogether:Getinspiration from other Energy Certifications of• Bygnings- og Boligregisteret/The Danish building multi-storey buildingsand housing register (BBR),- or alternatively informa- Besides getting inspiration itmightbe a good idea totion concerning gross living area,heated accommo- look for Energy Certificates in similar multi-storeydation area and information concerning property buildings.The Energy Certification describes the actualusage. conditions in respectto energy consumption and how it• Measured construction drawings,(i.e basement,floor appears.For more information:www.femsek.dk8 and roof plans,front(façade) and sectional view,chartof heating systems etc.) Getassistance to understand the Energy Certification• The latestannual statements for consumption of from Energitjenesten (Energy Service)electricity,water,and heating, Itis notimmediately intelligible to everyone reading a• If possible,previous Energy Certification (i.e.ELO Energy Certification report,how to make use of it.Getcertification and building surveys). free advice and guidance from Energitjenesten,- both on• Cavity wall certification drawn up by authorized insu- how to make use of the Energy Certification reportandlator if such exists,-alternatively itis a good idea to how to getstarted implementing energy saving measures.letthe energy consultantinvestigate into thepossibility of cavity wall insulation.• Documentation for the thickness of insulation,tiebeam,sloping walls,vertical and horizontal skunks,cavity-walls,foundations,and crawl-space.• Statutory inspection certification as well as measu-ring of oil,gas,or other heating source systems.ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSGreen account and green housingA green and improved operation of the property is by far documentation for electricity,water and heating con-the bestsupplementto the Energy Certification,as it sumption and use the results as a basis for discussionsonly needs to be renewed every 5 years.Therefore notis among the tenants concerning contributing to saveinfluenced by every-day operations.Never the less the energy and water.The discussions can both entail energyEnergy Certification makes use of data from the every- savings in the building butcan also resultin a change ofday running through annual statements for consump- behavior.Awareness of the actual consumption oftion of electricity,water,an heating,documentation for electricity water and heating is the starting point.Herebystatutory inspections,measurements and consumption, itis possible to follow the consumption and compare- and journals containing information of running costs. with the consumption in previous years.Italso makes itGreen building managementis based on those data and possible to evaluate whether the presentenergy savingis really all abouthow to make the every-day running initiatives works according to the intention.and maintenance as green as possible by exploring themany possibilities for saving electricity,hotwater and A green accountform the basis of:amountof waste.There is a large potential to save in • Comparing the consumption of the individual tenantthese areas as two third of all energy,- and consumption with tenants in other blocks of flats,the greenof resources are tied up in the actual running phase.For accountmakes the differences visible.Itdoes notthatreason,all decisions concerning the building and its disclose who the individual tenantis,butthe indivi-operation/ improvements have a major influence on the dual tenantwill be aware of his own consumption,-energy consumption in many years to come and will which demonstrates whether the house-hold is afinally affectthe size of the rent. large-scale consumer,a small-scale consumer,ormerely a normal-scale consumer.In this manner theThere are two possibilities to getassistance to obtain a individual house-hold will be able to see the connec-greener and improved operation of the building:Either to tion between the heating,- and electricity bill anddraw up a green accountfor the multi-storey building or the CO emission.2by affiliated to Grøn bolig – miljødiplom for boligforenin- • Motivating green operation and maintenance habitsger (Green Housing – EnvironmentDiploma for Housing for the multi-storey buildingAssociations). • Publicizing who is the mostefficientenergy savinghousehold – again withoutdisclosing names,en-Green account courage to scaling down consumption and a possibleBy implementing a green account,the housing associa- change of behaviour.tions,boards and other property owners can produce9WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSGreen accounts are also an excellenttool when documen- Find inspiration from the municipality of Albertslund.ting thatan energy optimized renovation has produced Multi-storey buildings in the municipality of Albertslundthe savings already calculated.The green accountmakes (suburb of Copenhagen) publish green accounts foritpossible to follow the consumption for the multi-storey specific housing estates in the city,(also called.:Smallbuilding before the initiatives and after.This publication Green accounts) .The Green accounts estimate consump-offers many examples of green accounts produced as tion of heating and electricity by making itpossible fordocumentation for the achieved energy savings. the individual house-hold to compare with the restofthe housing estate withoutdisclosing which householdA green accountcontains amounts of individual con- consumes more or less energy.The Green accounts aresumption of electricity,water and heating for each indivi- distributed to all households in the housing estate.dual flat.This is notmeantto disclose any one (the Find the Green accounts here:www.albertslund.dk/amounts will remain anonymous),butto stress the MiljoegForsyning/groentRegnskab.aspx.dkimportance of comparing household consumptions andin doing so,- promoting an awareness of the consump- Green Homestion among the individual tenants..The Energy Housing Associations,boards and other property ownersCertificate state data pr.sq.m living space and notpr. can employ the diploma “Green Home – Environmentpresentoccupantof the flatbecause the intention is to Diploma for Housing Associations”to obtain a green andreflectthe condition of the building and the heating improved operation of the building.”Green Home”issystem.Thatis the immediate reason for notusing data related to other Danish diplomas and is developed fromfrom the Energy Certificate in the Green account,even the Green Diploma initiated by the Boligselskabernesthough there is a relationship between heating con- Landsforening/National Society of Housing Associationssumption and area of living space.The annual consump- (BL) in 2002.tion data can of course be obtained by the tenants them-selves or by energy suppliers,if the tenants consentto ”Green Home”is an offer to help all multi-storey buil-this.Energy suppliers already deliver data for the shared dings wanting to focus on environmentand energyenergy consumption. introducing a number of tools.In order to obtain “GreenHome”certification the following issues mustbeHowever,notall energy suppliers will deliver this service adressed:for free.The energy marketis liberalized and itis free for • An annual green action plan mustbe introduced.Theeverybody to choose an energy supplier who will deliver action plan mustinclude the areas of focus chosendata for multi-storey buildings Green accounts free of by the tenants,objectives,specific activities,distribu-charge or for a reasonable amountof money. tion of responsibilities,and a time table.• Information concerning shared amounts of con-SBS (Danish consultancy in Building and Urban Renewal sumption for electricity,water and heatingprojects) has published a guidance including a number • Systematic follow-up on results when the Diploma isof good tools to register and calculate consumption of renewed the following yearelectricity,water,heating and quantity of house-holdwaste.The guidance offer assistance to getstarted and Action plans and results will be published on the follo-organizing the work.In connection with the guidance a wing home-page:www.groenbolig.dk.Here everybodylog book/diary has been prepared.Here itis possible in a can getinspiration.Tools for specific supportconcerningconvenientmanner to collectrelevantinformation.Find environmental initiatives are available as well asguidance concerning Green accountand Green information offers by Energitjenesten (The DanishOperation here: Energy Service).10 www.sbsby.dk/Admin/Public/Download.aspx?file=Files/Filer/SBS/pdf/KomGodtIGangapril_04.pdf ”Green Home”include 9 effortareas,where the occu-pants of the multi-storey building mustputforward aCalculation sheets for the purpose of Green accounts minimum of 2 of the 9 effortareas,whilst2 effortareasThe Danish Building Research Institute (SBI) has published will be added the following year and so on.:a calculation sheetfor keying in the annual consumption • Electricityof heating,electricity,and water,- and if possible,the • Waterannual production of waste.The consumption is automati- • Heatingcally converted into amounts showing the annual heating • Wasteconsumption,annual electricity and water consumption, • Shoppingas well as waste production and CO emissions calculated • Cleaning and chemicals2pr.person.Find the calculation sheethere: • Transportwww.en.sbi.dk/miljo-og-energi/grone-regnskaber/gront- • Outdoor facilitiesregnskab-for-boliger.dk • PromotionENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSHeating supplyDanish homes use various technologies for space heat-ing and hotwater supply.The majority of housing (3 outof 4) receive heating supply form a corporate heatingsupply like districtheating and gas.Typically in city areas,the majority of multi-storey buildings are heated bydistrictheating or gas and the remaining are primarilyheated by oil.Heating installations usually has a sheltered existence inthe basement,- and the residents only notice whensomething goes wrong.The efficiency and operation ofthe heating system does notgettoo much attentioneither as itis leftto experts or to the boilerman when itis larger buildings.The new Energy Certification offersassistance for all multi-storey buildings.In cases where renovation include replacementof aboiler or heating supply itis worth investigating into theprofitability of improvements satisfying the require-ments of the Building Regulation (BR)Typically a heating system is confusing and inaccessibleto mostpeople.For thatreason a general view is neededin order to focus on eligible energy savings,a balancedheating economy and satisfying cooling.The mostimportantcomponents of the heating system will bedescribed and connected with helpful advice of how tobestsave energy,- and how to improve well-being andthermal comfort.Itis difficultto give general advice on energy savings forDepending on energy supply and the production of heat- the heating system in multi-storey buildings,as the heating,a heating system consists of heating installations,a loss to the surroundings (and hereby the heating con-heating distribution system,and lastin the chain the sumption) is dependenton:1.the structure and theheating consumer. building,2.Insulation level,and 3.Behavioural patterns of• By using districtheating,the districtheating water occupants.Generally multi-storey buildings constructedeither transfer the heating indirectly to the district before 1955 has a considerable higher heatloss/ heatingheating plantthrough a heatexchanger (the “new” consumption because walls,roof,floors and windows inway) or by circulation directly through the radiators the building are notsufficiently insulated.Ittherefore(the “old”way) . makes sense both economically and concerning the• When using oil or gas as energy supply,the heating is improvementof thermal comfortand general well-being 11transferred via combustion in a boiler to the central to bring the building up to a better energy efficiencyheating plant. standard by adding insulation,energy optimizing win-dows and replacing the heating system in order to liveSubsequently the produced hotwater from districtheat- up to the latestinsulation standards.The behaviour ofing,gas and oil burner is distributed into the central the occupants is notdependentof the home butisheating system (radiators) to supply heatand to supply affected by norms concerning room temperature (Forhotwater to the taps.In cases where the multi-storey further information see the section:Heating cost).building has a shared hot-water tank the central heatingwater is pumped through the radiators of the house by a If the flatis using an older heating system itis possiblecirculation pump.In addition the hotutility water is to save up to 30% of the heating consumption by re-pumped around where ever hotwater is needed,(i.e. placementto a new and more efficientsystem.fittings by sinks).The hotwater makes up approx.30 % Insufficientinsulation,often old heating systems,resultsof the total heating consumption and is therefore notan in large heatlosses.Inexpedientbalance in the heatinginsignificantpart. systems or a wrongly dimensioned radiator lead to in-efficientuse of the heating available.WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSA good way to find out,how the condition of the heating CO less than oil burners.Economically,natural gas typi-2system and how efficientitperforms,is to look keenly at cally has a better efficiency than oil burners (i.e.the gasthe energy consumption and register the currentheating burner is better attransforming the energy in the fuel toconsumption.Such a registration will shortly reveal a badly usable heat) and finally itis cheaper.If the gas burner isfunctioning heating system and form basis for replace- older than 15-20 years itwill pay off to replace itwith anment.(i.e.Energy Certification,- which focus on a viable energy certified gas burner with a more efficientoperation of the heating system,ventilation systems and condensing boiler – resulting in an efficiency increaseother technical installations by implementing new tech- from 70-85 % to 95-100 %.Selectthe bestenergy certifi-nology,well dimensioned adjustmentand a continuous ed installation - with an A-certified boiler - with a lowestadjustmentto need. emissions to the environment.For more information.:www.dgc.dk/tekniker/energimaerke.htm.Itis also essential to use the sufficientinsulation thick-ness in order to save energy.Make sure thatall warm Choose an oil burner with an efficientcondensing boilerpipes (incl.pipes for central heating and hotwater),other Using an oil burner cause more CO emisions and is a2heating installations including boilers and ventholes in very bad solution concerning heating production,ifunheated rooms plus hot-water tanks are sufficiently collective heating alternatives like districtheating orinsulated. natural gas can be found or organized in the specificarea.If these are notavailable itis both environmentallyIn the following the heating system of the multi-storey and economically profitable to replace the old oil burnerbuilding will be examined by focusing on some helpful with a biomass (i.e.a wood pelletburner,if enough spaceenergy saving advices.The investigation include areas is available) alternatively replacing the oil burner with asuch as:Energy supply,heating system,heating produc- condensing boiler.The oil will be exploited in a more effi-tion in terms of districtheating,gas,and oil),heatdistribu- cientway and CO emissions are reduced considerable.2tion by heatexchanger,boilers,central heating including For more information on efficientoil burners:pipes and radiator systems,radiator thermostats,circula- www.tools.sparolie.dk/positivliste.asp.tion pumps and finally the cold and hotutility waterpipes,hotwater systems and hotwater tank. Make use of the Energy CertificateItwill appear from the energy plan described in theEnergy supply and central heating installations Energy Certificate whether itis reasonable to replace theChoose districtheating where ever possible. heating system and the hotwater tank.New heatingEnvironmentally as well as economically itis profitable systems achieve a better combustion and new hotwaterto be connected to a districtheating system. tanks have a heatexchange resulting in reduction ofEnvironmentally because 90% of the districtheating is heatloss.The Energy Certificate is based on the latestsurplus heating from power plants (co-generation) and research reducing heatlosses.By selecting the latestA-incinerators (refuse disposal plants) and economically certified boilers,heatexchangers,and hotwater tanksbecause itis cheap.By replacing or purchasing a new combined with electronic control and monitoring,thedistrictheating system itis essential to getinformation costfor heating and hotwater can be reduced by up toabouthow efficientthe system is –Energy Certification 40%.on districtheating units does notexisttoday,butitis onits way. The new heating system mustbe dimensioned accordingto the heating demand.Choose natural gas where possible By exchanging the heating source from oil to districtIf surplus heatis notavailable,choose natural gas. heating,natural gas or a more efficientboiler,itis essen-12 Besides environmental advantages there are also tial,in order to obtain the optimal energy savings,thateconomical advantages by using natural gas. the system is dimensioned correctly in relation to theEnvironmentally,natural gas is a relatively clean fuel demand.If renovation initiatives like extra insulation,with a more efficientcombustion,discharging 25-30 % energy optimized replacementof windows and ventila-ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGStion system itis importantto carry outthis work previous adjustand ensure the righttemperature in the boiler.to dimensioning the heating system according to the Finally,the operational climate installation,adjustthenew and lesser consumption demand.The change of production of heating according to out-door temperatu-dimension of the heating system could also resultin res.Therefore,the heating consumption can be reducedreplacementof smaller radiators with larger scale by 20% in condensing natural gas boilers.radiators (up to 30% the existing size) in order to obtaina reasonable efficientcooling effect. Make a service agreementfor the natural gas installation.Pumps,combustion pipes and electronic equipmentwillHeating production be worn and mustcurrently be replaced.An operationalservice agreementwill prolong the life span,safety andDistrictheating ensure thatthe installation is operating optimally.TheFocus on the interaction between the heating installa- legislation does notrequire a service agreement,butgastions and the districtheating system of the building. boiler installations with a capacity over 100 W mustbeBy exercising a reasonable interaction here,-itwill be serviced every four years by an authorized technician.Forpossible to achieve energy savings and an improved further information:www.femsek.dk/sw39585.asp.cooling effect.Unfortunately this will notbecome visibleto the consumer butithas greatimpacton the district Oil burnersheating plantin connection with the total running costs Oil burners achieve the optimal energy efficiency whenand the price of the districtheating fuel. burner,boiler and chimney is adjusted to each other.Byreplacementitis a good idea to replace burner andMake a service agreementwith the Districtheating plant. boiler atthe same time in order to achieve an energyUsually a districtheating system operates withoutcom- optimized system.Always bear in mind to adjusttheplications.Nevertheless defectvalves may occur,- a chimney to the oil burner in order to avoid a wetmeter may fail or leakages happen.A service agreement chimney with tarry soot. 13will discover such problems in time and will ensure thelife span of the system as well as ensuring optimal A new oil burner makes mostuse of the oil by an energyoperation.Currentmaintenance and adjustment(adap- efficiency close to 100 % due to a minimized heatlosstion) of the system will ensure againsta badly utilized through chimney and boiler.The energy savings achieveddistrictheating system caused by poor cooling effectand can reach 25 % by replacing an old oil burner,- with anpaymentof extra fees.A good cooling can resultin a added profitof a cleaner environmentreward payed by the districtheating plant.The serviceagreementwith the energy suppliers also functions as a Choose a boiler dimensioned according to demand.quality control used by energy suppliers to meettheir If the multi-storey building has been insulated or theenergy saving targets setby the Government. windows have been energy optimized previous to thereplacementof the boiler itis importantto choose aNatural gas boiler dimensioned to the reduced heating consumptionA new natural gas system utilizes the gas very efficiently of the building.A boiler thatis too large will notutilize- primarily because the boiler is condensing,secondly the fuel sufficiently as the boiler will operate with abecause many systems are modulated and currently capacity inexpediently higher than needed and duringWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSmany shortperiods of time in order to keep the tempera- the temperature is high.Thatis the reason why the heatture.This results in a loss and possible developing of soot exchanger currently mustbe cleansed with acid in orderbecause of an inefficientoperation.Itis notadvisable to to operate with optimal efficiency.Furthermore,- old andspend money on a boiler thatis too large for the worn heatexchangers preventan efficientcooling effectdemand.On the other hand will a boiler too small for the of the districtheating water before itreturns to thedemand resultin difficulty in producing enough heating districtheating plant.during the coldestperiods of the heating season.HotWater.:Keep the hotwater temperature to approx.55Make a service agreementfor the oil burner. degrees centigrade.The pipe system mustbe worked outTo insure the optimal operation of the oil burner itis in such a way thatthe temperature by the mostdistantadvisable currently to adjustthe burner and in doing so hotwater tap does notgo below 50 degrees centigrade.achieve the bestoperation resultand an efficient This in order to minimize calcification of the heatinstallation.Danish legislation requires justthatthe boi- exchanger and avoid scorching danger for the user,andlers in oil burning systems mustbe cleaned outatleast to diminish the risk of growth of disease developingonce a year with the exception of the types of boilers bacteria like Legionnaires-disease.This disease onlythatthe chimney sweeps are obliged to clean after the infectthrough breathing in small drops of water typicallychimney sweeping.If the oil burner is more than five in bath water.years old an inspection by an authorized technician isrequired atleastevery five years.For more information: Boilerwww.femsek.dk/sw39585.asp.A service agreementsuch The boiler transforms the energy from the oil or gas to aas the voluntary so-called OR-Agreement,-consisting of usable heating source through combustion.The produc-an inspection involving dismantling,cleaning outand tion of heating in a boiler always involves a heatloss,- aadjusting burner and boiler system and by thatan considerable partof which consistof the loss of smoke viaoptimal maintenance and more profitable heating the smoke gasses conducted to the chimney,- as well aseconomy.Find a listof companies affiliated the OR- radiation/ convection loss from the surface of the boiler.Agreement.:www.or.dkAlways keep the boiler in good conditionHeating distribution Currentmaintenance of the boiler results in a bettercombustion and a better operational result.Lack ofHeatexchanger maintenance can cause a larger energy consumptionFor the mostadvanced districtheating systems ithas in and more pollution.Make a service agreementand avoidrecentyears been practice to transfer the heating from inspection and adjustment.the districtheating water indirectly to the radiatorsthrough a heatexchanger. Pipes and radiator system.The radiator system can consistof a pipe wire running aClean outthe heatexchanger on a regular basis circuitin the multi-storey building (an older 1-stringAll water from Danish waterworks con contains dissolved system) or two pipe wires running a 2-string circuitincalcium.When the water is heated itcan notcontain as the multi-storey building (the latest2-string system).Themuch calcium as when itis cold,this results in segregat- differences are as follows.:ing the calcium especially in the heatexchanger,whereSingle-string installations Double-string installations14Working both as in-take and water return sequences. Separated water in-take and water-return(Mixed central heating water) sequencesLarge flow Small flowMinor pressure-loss via radiators Major pressure-loss via radiatorsWater in-take temperature lower on Equal water in-take temperature to all radiatorsmostdistantradiatorsLow water in-take temperature High water in-take temperatureDifficultto obtain good cooling Easy to obtain sufficientcooling (easy in-direct(indirectadjustmentis difficult) (easy in-directadjustment)Difficultto obtain thermal comfort/ Easy to obtain thermal comfort/ well-beingwell-being in all roomsOften too high temperatures spring/autumn Adjusted temperatures all year round.due to heatgiven off to pipes in walls/floorsENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSInsulation of the heating pipes Adjusting 1- string installations before changing to 2-Adding insulation to heating pipes results in energy string systems.savings and the pay-back time is short– the energy Itis always a good idea to adjustthe 1-string radiatorsaving for 50 meters of pipe with bad insulation can be system in order to improve the cooling effect.After adjust-more than 8,000 kWh pr.year.Extra insulation of ing correctly the system will operate optimally withoutminimum 60 mm possibly adding insulation to the exi- having to pay extra penalty fees to the districtheatingsting insulation (For more information see the section.: supplier.Examples show thatthis is possible.If notpossible,“Insulation” replacementto 2-string systems is necessary in order toobtain attractive energy savings and heating economy.Ensure sufficientcoolingFor multi-storey buildings heated by districtheating itis Swedish experience points ata tendency showing thatimportantto ensure an efficientcooling of the district single-stringed systems are better adjusted than double-heating water (i.e.the actual difference between the stringed systems.Complaints from tenants substantiatetemperature for the in-take flow of the districtheating this finding.water and the temperature of the return flow of water).This will resultin energy savings atthe districtheating Windows can affectthe importance of the temperatureplantand eventually also to the connected house-holds. for the in-take of water flow,- especially if they areThe colder the districtheating water is when itis return- separately maintained and therefore differentin termsed to the plant,the more use has been made of the hea- of energy consumption.Typically the windows in theted water.The cooling process mustnotbe less than 30 worstcondition will decide the in-take temperature todegrees centigrade.If so,the districtheating plantwill the radiators.For each 1 grade centigrade itis necessarycalculate a cooling fee – normally a certain percentper to increase the in-take temperature,the consumption oflacking degree.On the other hand,if the cooling is districtheating will increase with approx.2-3 % of theexceeding 35 degrees centigrade the districtheating entire multi-story building and all tenants.plant/energy supplier will offer a reward.Change to 2-string system in connection with extensiveAlso for multi-storey buildings heated by condensing additional insulationboiler systems itis importantto ensure efficientcooling Connected to additional insulation of the multi-storeyfor the entire heating installation in order to make building (roof,facades,windows and basement) itwill beoptimal use of the heat. possible to reduce in-take temperature to the radiatorsby implementing a 2-string system and thereby reducingAdjustthe installation currently. the capacity of the pump withoutaffecting the generalAn effective way to cool down the districtheating water well- being and thermal comfortfor the occupants.Inis to adjustthe heating system of the building.Adjusting cases with a 1-string system itwill only be possible tomeans thatthe various strings are being balanced in reduce the in-take temperature for the radiators withoutrelation to each other.By adjusting each single vertical affecting the thermal comfort.You can notsignificantlystring in the system,the needed quantity of water made reduce the amountof circulating water withoutavailable is ensured.This will also ensure thatthe vertical deteriorating the pressure thatmakes the water runstrings operating where there is a large water consump- through the radiators.This would only cause lots oftion (vertical strings with large radiator area) will not complaints from occupants and penalty fees from the“steal”heating from the less demanding vertical strings. districtheating supplier because of insufficientcoolingeffect.The mostenergy optimized solution is to addIf the circulation in the hotwater installation is incor- insulation and to replace the system by a 2-string systemrectly adjusted the return temperature to the hotwater atthe same time. 15tank will be too hotresulting in a reduction in coolingeffectto the districtheating return water flow.Atthe Managementof central heating water in-take temperature.same time the missing balance causes waste of water in Itis possible to manage the in-take temperature for thethe flats who obtain a temperature too low for the utility central heating water either by altering the setting ofwater.Adjustmentincludes installation of thermostat the existing automatic or by installing a new automaticvalves if notalready installed.A perfectly adjusted heat- system,ensuring managementaccording to the out-ing system contains a series of advantages.: door temperature and the time of the day.Hereby was• Energy savings of up to 40 %. obtained a reduction of heatloss from pipes and adjust-• Well-being and thermal comfortfor occupants.- well mentof space heating was improved.A total energybeing is cheaper. saving between 5 and 20 % of the heating was achieved.• Sufficiently hotutility water in all parts of the build- There are various automatic solutions thatcan manageing. the energy consumption in such a way thatthe residents• No need to install extra boiler-capacity do notneed to remember to turn op and down the heat-• Extension of life-span for existing boilers and less ing.Smartmeters make sure thatthe room temperatureoperational problems and easy maintenance. always is constantand comfortable.The smartmeterWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSExample.:Adjusting a single-string districtheating systemA multi-storey building in Copenhagen,with 610 tenancies and constructed in1965,operates a 1-string heating system and produces such a poor coolingeffectthatthe districtheating plantdemand an annual penalty fee of approx.200.000 DKK (26,700 Euros)The system was adjusted by checking the dimension of the radiators,thequantity of water was adjusted,the individual vertical strings as well as theflow of the water was adjusted.The adjustmentvalves were correctlydimensioned,new sensors were installed and the electronics adjusted.Result.:The cooling effectwere improved by 11 degrees centigrade,- leading toa reduction in the heating consumption and the penalty fee were dropped.Theexpenses of approx.220,000 DKK had a pay-back time lesser than 3 months!Coolingin 1-stringSource:www.cloriuscontrols.com/pdf/articles/VVS-15-2001_v2_A4_scr.pdf.systemsExample.:Adjusting a heating installationPrivately-owned multi-storey building Elmegaarden,Struer,Denmark (townof 10,846 inhabitants).Four block of flats constructed from 1968- 1972 with105 separate flats.The multi-storey building is operating a 1-string heatingsystem with an inadequate cooling efficiency.The owner occupantassociation entered a jointagreementconsisting ofcurrentoptimization and fine adjustmentof the heating installation.Thismeantimplementation of a new compression regulator and replacementoftwo individually functioning valves for the hotutility water.Result.:The energy consumption decreased by 12 % (climate adjusted) from721,832 kWh in 2003 to 636,629 kWh in 2005.Through The ELO arrangement(see section Energy labeling) the property also achieved a Classification A -Energy Certification.The energy saving is calculated to 104,576 DKKcompared with the consumption withoutthe service agreementduring thetwo years,- meanwhile the estate agentestimated each individual apart-menthas increased its marketvalue by 25,000 DKK (3,300 Euros).Source.:www.varme.danfoss.dk/PCMPDF/DFDK%2023382%20CASE_Struer.pdf.also make sure thatthe boiler adjusts the temperature leaving the radiator reaches the righttemperature.Theof the radiator water according to whether the out-door return thermostatsenses the temperature of the return-16 temperature increases or decreases. ed flow of water – thatis the temperature of the waterand notthe temperature of the space heating.ThereforeAdjustthe radiator area and obtain a more efficient itcan notreactto i.e.sunbeams and therefore itleads tocooling effect a needless consumption of heat.The return thermostatReplace the smaller radiators to larger ones or imple- can insure a balanced cooling effectbutonly atthementan addition of radiators in order to expand the expense of the thermal comfort– therefore itis notradiator area by up to 30 % - this will improve the implemented in new buildings exceptfor floor heating incooling effectas itresults in lowering the heating bath rooms.A radiator thermostat(in-take thermostat)systems in-take temperature and will therefore cause consists of a thermostatsensor - recording the tempera-energy savings ture of the air in the room where itis placed,and a ventkeeping the rightadjusted temperature.Radiator thermostatsThe radiators are supplied with a tap or thermostat Use/introduce radiator thermostats.making sure thatthe hotwater can enter the radiator. If radiator thermostats are notalready implementedManual taps,being found in old radiator installations, then choose them.Radiator thermostats utilizes the freecan notbe adjusted sufficiently to close when the water heating potential from the sun,from lamps,installationsENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSand from individual occupants in the living space.If the the hotutility water only circulates hotutility water if asun shines or if there are many persons presentin the hotwater tap is open.room the thermostatvalve will close.- even though itiscold outside.The sensor registers the temperature in the Maintenance of the pumping systemspace and can either be build into the handle or be Itis possible to achieve energy savings when thepositioned on the wall.Since the sensor is sensitive to efficiency of the pumps are adjusted and atregulardraughtand cold bridges itmustnotbe covered by intervals,and wear and tear as well as dirtis discoveredclothing,towels,rags,furniture,or heavy curtains. in time to avoid extra energy consumption.If the build-ing has a CTS system (Central condition-control andCentral heating pumps management),the pumps should be connected up to it.Central heating pumps ensure thathotwater and utilitywater are circulated round the pipes.A number of tradi- Pipes and hotwater installations.tional pumps are used in many multi-storied buildings. The hotand cold water is circulated round the buildingEnergy can be saved if they are adjusted to run less or through a piping system independentof the centralperhaps indicated by timing – withoutaffecting the heating pipes.Itis possible to save energy especiallythermal comfort.If a multi-storied building has improv- from distribution and circulation of the hotwater.ed insulation and radiator system,the existing pumpsmightbe dimensioned too big compared to the size Mountthe adjusting valves on the vertical strings for theneeded,causing the system to use too much energy in hotutility water.relation to the efficiency of the system. This will ensure the correctwater distribution to thevarious hotwater pipes.The Regulations require thathotReplace to economy pumps water mustbe available from the tap within approx.10Replacing the central heating pumps to better pumps seconds.Because of thatthe hotwater mustremain hotcould mean considerable energy savings,especially if is in the pipes and ensured by a small pump thatkeeps thethe new pumps are better adjusted.The life span of a water circulating in a wire,which resultin a maximumpump is approx.13 years and mustbe replaced atregular fall in temperature of 3-5 grade centigrade.intervals.Choose an economy pump or an A-certifiedpump which saves up to 40 % of the electricity con- Mountthe thermostatic circulation valves on systemssumption compared with the traditional pumps and also with circulation of hotutility water.save water due to a lesser heating loss.For more infor- This will reduce an unnecessary circulation of hotutilitymation of how to calculate the possible savings: water which leads to energy savings.The valves actwww.sparepumpe.dk.An economy pump (A-certified) through one or more thermo-elements sensing theregulates the circulation of the hotwater flow as requir- temperature of the water and makes the valves to closeed.If the weather is cold the pump will operate more and open through respectively rising and falling waterfrequently than if the weather is warmer.The pump for temperature.17WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSThe hotwater tank Replace the hot-water tank when changing to districtThe hot-water tank stores the hotutility water.Itmust heatingbe dimensioned in such a way thatitperforms in If the building has changed from an oil-heating systemaccordance with the occupants need for hotwater.On to districtheating and the existing hot-water tank isthe other hand the tank mustnotbe dimensioned to a dimensioned to boiler heating,itwill pay off to replacesize where the water remain in the tank too long – the central heating tank with a new,as replacementresulting in bacteria reproducing themselves.In practice means an increased cooling effectof the district-heatingthe tank mustbe emptied atleast1 – 1 1/2times pr.day. water.Maintain the temperature of the hotwater atapprox.55 Itis equally importantfor districtheating installationsdegree centigrade. and condensing boiler installations to ensure a good coo-The piping system mustbe worked outin such a way ling effectin order to obtain an energy optimized opera-thatthe temperature by the mostdistanthotwater tap tion.The hot-water tank is very importantas itoperatesdoes notgetbelow 50 degree centigrade.This in order to all year long.In order to obtain maximum cooling thepay attention to possible calcification of the heating- cold water atthe bottom of the tank mustnotbe mixedspirals,- danger of scorching and to minimize growth of with the hotwater atthe top.Because of thatthe colddiseases developed by bacteria such as Legionnaires water and the water from the circulation pipe is led intodisease.The hot-water tank mustbe cleaned outat the tank calmly and quietly withoutcausing turbulence.regular intervals.If the tank is equipped with an electro-lyses-catalystitwill automatically connectwith theregular service checks.Example.:Skodsborgparken(Housing estate north of Copenhagen)Multi-storey building including owner-occupiedflats with a total of 25,000 sq.m gas-heated area.Problem:The housing estate has realized a veryhigh electricity consumption.In 2004 the primarycentral-heating pump was replaced with aneconomy pump for 80,000 DDK (10,700 Euros).Expected savings were estimated to 20,000 kWhpr.year.However after 8 months the saving hadreached 32,689 kWh – or 45,000 DDK (6,000Euros).The pay-back time 1.5 years.For more information.:www.sparepumpe.dk/cases.asp?mode=other&CaseID=31Districtheating Replacementof older indirectdistric heating 1300 kWhconnection to a new indirectReplacementof older directdistrictheating 1000 kWhto a new directconnection18 Weather compensatin single-stringed installation 790 kWh(authomatic valve replaced with a motor-valve1)Savings obtained by Replacementof older indirectdistrictheating 272 kWhcooling connection to a new indirectconnection30 % added radiator area 362 kWhFrom single-string to double-stringed radiator system 905 kWh(with a cooling effect10-15 degrees centigradeWeather compensation on single-stringed installations 455 kWh(5 degrees centigrade,- each 91 kWh)Insulation of pipes Heating pipes performing from “insufficient” 8750 kWh(notexisting or insignificant) to “reasonable”(DS 452/Danish Standard) insulation for 50 meter piping1 An automatic valveregulates according tothe temperature of theincoming water,whileThe standard-values above are examples of energy-savings particulary by using districtheating. the motor valve regula-tes according to eitherSource.:Vestforbrændingen,Copenhagen (Northern Europes largestEnvironmental company inthe outdoor or therespectof waste managementand recycling). indoor temperatureENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSAdditional insulationBy renovating multi-storey buildings some of the most cheep initiative.By implementing insulation products ofprofitable ways in which to save energy is to up-grade a good quality the life-span of the insulation will last40the insulation level of the building by adding insulation. years.Itis notjustthe insulation of cavity walls,roof,This is effective for facades,exposed house ends,ceilings skunk,walls and floors which produce energy savings.towards roof spaces,floors above basements – replace- Insulation of pipes and hot-water tanks is also importantmentof heating and hot-water installations,replace- and has a shortpayback time.mentof windows to Low E energy windows and imple-mentation of ventilation with heatrecovery.Itis very By looking atthe energy plan included in the Energyexpensive to heata leaking and badly insulated house. Certificate the optimal energy solution will be evidentfor the multi-storey building and here adding insulationItis always a good idea to insulate before the implement- often is a partof the plan.Butadditional insulation ising other energy saving initiatives.If the heating system notincluded if the initiative is notprofitable accordingis due to be replaced in connection with a major renova- to the special profitability regulations described in thetion the capacity of the new installation is dependenton Energy Certificate.Getadvice from the energy consultantthe existing standard of insulation and if itis being concerning the possibility to insulate the building,suchimproved its make sense to purchase a heating system information is notalways immediately available.Thewith a reduced capacity which will save energy used. information will become importantfor a renovationwhere the energy savings will be profitable.Remember thatitis notsufficientto insulate only oneplace because the hotair will flow towards the cold sur- When alterations of the building include replacementoffaces.The less cold bridges/thermal bridges in the house facade covering or roof itis importantto investigate– the less waste of heat.When the building is warm and whether itis profitable to insulate the exteriorwell insulated the risk for moist-formation in the struc- facade/roof in order to satisfy the requirements of theture of the building is lesser.Hereby the risk for rotand Building Regulative (Danish mandatory demands)fungus is avoided in timber.Be aware thatthe more Structural and technical conditions mightmake itinsulation – the more ventilation is needed.Then itcan impossible to insulate.Smaller (cheaper) butprofitablebe avoided thatwater-vapour given off through cooking, insulation works reducing the energy consumption inbath,ironing,drying of clothes and human movements the building mustbe executed even though The Buildingin the room often will be presentin the form of conden- Regulative (BR) can notbe metcompletely.An examplesation and humidity in corners and hidden spaces.For could entail insulation of a cavity-wall,such an initiativemore information see the section:Ventilation. mustalways be implemented if itis notprofitable toinsulate walls inside or to add insulation on exteriorAddition of insulation in the multi-storey building is walls.always good value for money:The implications are many,- itis possible to obtain a total economic saving during Often times insulation include more than justmineralsome years,-the global climate challenges (CO emissions wool.Itcan also consistof untraditional facade renova-2are reduced,and the general well-being and thermal tions where glass inclosure and tightening of the crackscomfortis improved.The cold and un-insulated surfaces and openings in the building envelope and replacementwhich often cause cold thermal bridges along walls and of bitumen sealantstrips.For more information read thefloors disappears and the general health of the house is section.Windows. 19improved.Roof/loftChoose a sustainable insulation thickness – prepared for Heatwill by nature always rise up,- therefore additionalthe future - as the insulation has a long life-span and insulation of the loftor roof is always a reasonable andoften itis much cheaper to insulate extra when renovat- profitable investment,especially if the loftis included ining is ongoing,instead of adding insulation after some the overall living space.years.Require information of how much itwill costtoup-rate the multi-storey building to Low Energy Insulate horizontal floor divisions facing unutilized loft.Classification 2 (Danish Standard – 25% below the man- Insulate horizontal floor divisions facing unutilized loftsdatory demand for new buildings) which will be the and sloping,- and skunk walls.This can be done bystandard from 2010.By choosing the bestinsulation blowing insulation material in between floor divisionsproducts with the lowestlambda value to gain the best from the roof space on top of the top flats,if the loftisresults compared with thickness – even though they are unheated,utilized for box rooms or for drying washing.a bitmore expensive.Constructroof flats as low energy buildingsAdding insulation is an efficientas well as a reasonably A couple of years back itbecame possible to expand theWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSmulti-storey building by confiscating the loftfor living language or area of total living space and can be executedaccommodation – a roof flat.Some occupants chose to withoutbeing inconvenientfor the occupants.exercise the alterations themselves,especially in casesjoining a loftspace with the flatbelow.Others choose to External insulation of the facade.sell the added loftspace to a contractor in order to avoid Old and cold exterior walls will become much warmer bythe risk of an unprofitable project.In the lastcase the implementing exterior insulation.The warm wall will main-multi-storey building often receive a new roof plus pay- tain the heating during winter – and reduce the heating-mentfor maintenance of the building.The contractor bill.Atthe same time itwill maintain the cooling effectcan then sell the flatas a privately- owned apartmentin during hotperiods in the summer.Buildings consisting ofthe owner association in cases where the building is solid walls (concrete or lightweightconcrete) with largeowned by an co-operative association. areas of eaves or box shaped houses can be insulated fromoutside immediately.In addition external insulation is pre-Putforward a claim thatthe multi-storey buildings must ferable if the façade is worn and ready for a major renova-comply with the Low Energy Classification 2 requirements tion,or if there are one or more cold ends of the building.or even better:Low Energy Classification 1.This can be The advantage by implementing exterior insulation is thatdone by making demands to a highly insulation standard the entire wall surface is being insulated – including alsousing the bestinsulation products,the bestinsulated horizontal floor divisions and partition walls withoutwindows and doors and to tighten the floats and im- reducing the floor area.The disadvantage by implementingplementing ventilation systems with heatrecovery. external insulation is thatthe major alteration results inrelative high costs because the windows usually mustbeWalls moved outto flush with the façade.External insulationMany multi-storey buildings have cold walls which of especially older multi-storey buildings requires anresults in cold bridges along floors,due to the cold air architectural assessment,buton the other hand itcanseeks downwards contrary to heated air which rise improve the visual expression of the building.upwards.By adding insulation the walls become warmerand the cold-bridges disappear.The walls of a house can Internal insulationbe insulated either by insulating cavity-walls,by external Solid external walls were typical for houses constructed upinsulation or by combining the possibilities to 1920,- with a lotof emphasis on the facades:The build-ing could be a listed building:In such cases internal insula-Insulate the cavity wall. tion is preferable as the external facades of the buildingExternal walls in multi-storey building from 1900-1970 can ́tbe altered and will resultin a warm building envelopeoften consistof a front-and a back-wall.The cavity between and an improved general well-being and thermal comfort.the walls can be insulated (cavity insulation) by blowing in The disadvantage by implementing internal insulation isinsulation material.Insulation of cavity walls is mostly pro- thatonly parts for the wall surface is being insulated - thefitable,butif the distance between the frontand back wall total of the living area is being reduced.Often itis neces-is limited the resultand by thatthe profitability will be sary to move electric installations and radiators,and exter-limited.Typically the distance between the walls are 80 or nal walls will become increasingly colder (especially if the130 mm and the effectof cavity wall insulation is reduced insulation thickness is over 50 mm) – causing risk fordramatically because of bricklaying connecting up to win- gradual destruction of the façade because of frostcracks.dows/doors and firm wall props.The advantages by cavity Since only parts of the wall surface can be insulated itcanwall insulation is thatitdoesn`talter the architectural resultin growth of mould fungus in areas notinsulated.ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTExample.:Lundebjerg/Ballerup (Council of Copenhagen with 30,000 inhabitants)Multi-storied building constructed between 1961-1964.14 three storey build-ing blocks with a total of 486 separate flats,hereby 459 mustbe renovated.Constructed with shining,polished walls.Major problems with thermalbridges,cracks in masonry and insufficiently moisture proved solutions.Thefacades and house ends are constructed as cavity walls previously insulatedand mustbe considered to contain only 50 % of its previous insulation value.Photo by DTU(The Danish Renovation year.:2000.External insulation of facades with 150 mm insulationTechnological inside timber construction and implementation of a new rain-shield mad fromUniversity) tile shielding (a rather expensive solution due to architectural considerations)The heat-loss is reduced by 35 % due to the external insulation of the facadeWindows:Originally made by wood coupling together frames and 2 layers ofordinary glass.Replaced in the late 1980-ties by PVC windows (plastic).Duringrenovation replaced to 1+2 layers of windows with Low E glass./(Bath roomwindows consistof 2-layered Low E windows).Balconies has been in-closed.Renovation of heating installations.:The original single stringed installationwas replaced by a double stringed system.Ventilation:The original natural ventilation-outletin the kitchen and bath-room was replaced with mechanical ventilation withoutheatrecovery.Mechanical ventilation with heatrecovery was dropped due to economicalreasons (notbecause of profitability)Total heating consumption:Before renovation:80 kWh/m2.Calculated heatingconsumption after Renovation,withoutrecovery of heat:46 kWh/m2Calculated heating consumption after renovation,with recovery of heat:19 kWh/m2 Source.Svend Svendsen,DTUSeek advice from authorized specialistand insurance the flatbelow and above.In such cases traditional insula-companies previous to the implementation.For relevant tion does notnecessaryly actsound absorbing.Getgoodadvice:www.bistruppark.dk/PDF/isolering.pdf.dk. advice concerning how to sound insulate here:www.ebst.dk/file/1936/lydisolering_mod_nabostoej.pdfInsulate window wallsThe spandrel walls underneath the windows is one of the Basementcoldestsurfaces in comparison with the surrounding Horizontal floor divisions above un-heated basementcan inwalls.If the out-door temperature is 0 degree centigrade mostcases be insulated from below and provided with aand 20 degrees inside the living space,the inside surface suitable covering finish.If the floor division is constructedtemperature of a spandrel wall (with a thickness of 23 as a layer of timber beams itis often possible to blow insula-centimeter) will be 14 degrees centigrade.Therefore tion into the construction itself.In cases where a closed sur-insulation of walls under windows will save both heating face with insulation in the ceiling or insulation is mountedand resultin an improved thermal comfortand well-being. directly on a layer of concrete itmakes good sense to imple-mentfor instance an Isover DUO floor division (Productof aRenovation by implementing new glass facades Danish insulation manufacturer).Itprovides good isolation,Provide the south and west-facing façades and the glass as this building material has a very efficientlambda-valuecovered external spaces of the courtyards with an energy of 33 mW/mK.In addition ittakes advantage of its alu-foil 21saving sun-membrane made of glass.The sun facing glass reflecting the lightfrom the few windows and thereforeextension will kill two birds with one stone,- firstof all it makes the basementspace more attractivewill resultin energy savings by making the bestpossibleuse of passive solar heat,- itwill extend the living space Insulation of pipes and hot-water tanksadding an out-door space which can be used mostof the Insulate both the hot-water tank,the central heatingyear.Finally,itsaves money on maintenance costs. pipes connecting the boiler with the radiators and thehot-water pipes connecting the hotwater from the hot-Itis importantto have natural ventilation,parts of the glass water tank to the taps.The heatemitted from thesefacades mustbe opening windows,and Venetian blinds installations only partly adds to the space-heating of themustshield from the sun,to preventtoo much heatin the house and only during the heating season.glass covered outdoor space.Itis also possible to install sunshutters,i.e.mobile PV (photo voltaic) solar cell covered Insulate the oil boilershutters sliding in frontof a window or French door. Oil boilers mustalways be supplied with 30-50 mm of insu-lation – remember to remove the cover of the old castironSound insulation from noise from other occupants boilers.Itis optimal to change to an entirely differenthea-Especially in older flats sounds travel through the build- ting source like districtheating or natural gas,where evering structure and itis possible to hear occupants living in possible.Insulation of gas boilers is normally notpossible.WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSExample.:Brandstrupgade 14,Aalborg,(Danish city in Northern Jutland,122,000inhabitants)Multi-story building constructed in1900 including 8 separate flats.Public fundedurban renewal project.BeforeThe renovation include replacementof plastic windows with a U-value of 3,0 W/m2Kto wooden windows with a U-value of 1,4 W/m2K.The establishmentof a glass patiowith solar panels on the south facing courtyard of the building and implementationof an energy alarm situated on the balconies,making the occupants aware of closingthe balcony door.In addition a mechanical extraction fan from the bathroom inorder to ensure sufficientchange of air.Energy saved for heating and hotutility water:23%.For more information.:www.sbi.dk/byggeteknik/bygningsdele/vinduer-dore-og-glas/boligbyggeri-med-glasfacader/sbipublikation.2006-01-12.6310031076/AfterExample.:Carl Plougsvej,Kolding(Town in Jutland with 87,000 inhabitants)Multi-story building constructed 1952-1954Implementation of 125 mm external insulation andreplacementof rain-shieldRoof.:Additional insulation up to 250 mm.thickness.Installation of Low E energy windows.Savings:(Documented in the green accountcalculated by SBI):Heating:16%Electricity:13%Example:Enghavevej 28 A-B,Hedebygadekareen,Copenhagen West.Multi-story building constructed around 1900.Assigned urban renewal funding.Renovation.:Flexible facades.• Large solar wall for pre-heating of air for fresh air-intake• Ventilations installation with a cross-heatex-changer with heatrecovery of heatand central airin-take.• Smaller ventilated solar walls for heating of stair-case.• PV solar cells on balconies and in bay-windows.22 • Balcony enclosures,extended window area andreplacementof windows to Low E windows.Consumption after the renovation.:Approx 8 MWh pr.100 m2for space-heating and hotwater.(The averageconsumption for Copenhagen is 13 MWh pr.100 m2).Energy savings for heating.:Approx 50% compared totraditional urban renewable projects.ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSExample.:AAB,Division 23.Østerbrogade 109,CopenhagenMulti-story building constructed 1925.Renovated in 1994.:Solar panels and energy savings• External insulation of façade• 178 m2of solar wall• 3-layered Low E energy windows• Low temperature heating in connection with acentrally placed radiator system• Ventilation with counter currentheatrecovery• Solar panels for heating purposes• Intelligent“smartmeters”for operating CTScontrollingEnergy consumption before renovating initiatives.:125 kWh/m2Energy consumption after renovation.:61 kWh/m2Total energy savings.:51 %MWh/100m2Bakkegaarden after renovation15141312111091994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20 0 0 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 0 6Problem:Lack of well-being especially in the house-Example.:Bakkegaarden,Roskilde (Housing Association `Sealand`,the main end flats – and a general need for renovationisland,outside Copenhagen). Solution:External insolation of the house ends by168 independentflats constructed in 1954 and 1959.Districtheating building a new wall.New balconies with glass en-closures with single layer of glass.Renovation andThe general thermal comfortwas problematic for the occupants,especially additional insulation of the roof.Improved ventila-keeping warm in the end flats situated atthe end walls.Balconies were tion.Bathroom plumber installations renovated.23worn down.The roof needed replacement.Renovation was started 1998:A new roof,insulation and expanded roof-eaves were implemented,External insulation of end of house walls by extra 100 mm insulation in connection with building a new facing wallmeantconsiderable improvements for the heating conditions of the end flats.New balconies consisting of one layeredglass enclosures (NotLow E windows) resulted in an improved and modern expression to the old fashioned looking1950’ies building.The heating system was replaced by new vertical strings for radiators and hotutility water.Mechanical ventilation with possibility to connectto cooker hood was implemented.The renovation and expanding ofthe balconies resulted in an increased electricity bill the firstyear,as many of the occupants raised the temperature byelectrical heating in the balcony enclosures in order to utilize the space as extra living space.When receiving theelectricity bill the electricity heating was reduced to such an extentthatthe consumption wentback to normal.Heating consumption Incl.hotwater in MWh/100 m21994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200613,6 13,4 12,4 11,9 11,1 9,9 10,9 11,5 11,5 10,5 10,6 11 10,9WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONExample.:Hedeboparken Roskilde (Housing Association `Sealand`)Constructed in 1971 with a total of 159 flats distributed on 22 staircases.Districtheating.Problems in connection with wear and tear included major damages.inthe buildings concrete elements.The heating consumption was toohigh due to many thermal bridges and poor thermal comfortand in-door environment.Noise related complications due to the nearby ringroad.Renovation of roof is nescessary.• Year of renovation.:2004-2005.:A new facing wall made by yellowbrickwork and insulation with 125 mm (added to the 75 mm existinginsulation notreplaced)• This was preferred to alternative sheetsolutions to improve appea-rance and later the clearly lower maintenance expenses.• Replacementof all window modules to PVC windows and enclosureof balconies.• Implementation of soundproof windows towards the busy ringroad inspite of the rather clumsy appearance.Subsequently theoccupants have shown greatappreciation due to having to hear thetraffic noice only if the windows are opened.• Insulation of the roof.Renovation and painting of the roof adds tothe life-span.• Heating plantwas replaced.• The main strings of the heating system in the basementwas sup-plied with adjusting valves in order to optimize the efficiency of thesystem.• Pumps were replaced in order to optimize the running of the plant.• New visible vertical piping were implemented for new radiator sup-plies (previous pipes were worn from being positioned under floors.• Implementation of heating and water sensors.The results for the occupants was an improved well-being and thermalcomfortand considerable energy savings,- especially for the flats situa-ted by the end walls.Improved usage of the enclosed balcony and largereductions of traffic noice.25Hedeboparken,Roskilde Town,after concluding therenovation242015101994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Heating consumption before and after the renovation in 2004/05.InMWh/100 m2ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSExample.:Bjergbakken,Rormosen 7-95,Roskilde,(Housing Association `Sealand`).Constructed in 1970 including 15 blocks of flats with atotal of 361 independentflats.Concrete elementsconstruction.Districtheating.Complications such as wear and tear of concrete structu-res with numerous cold bridges and lack of sufficientin-sulation especially in end walls,thermal bridges frombasementto firstfloor flats.Constantcomplications withmould and fungus especially in bath rooms,- because ofcold bridges and leaky windows.The bathroom had majorproblems with bath tubs facing the external wall andleaks and cracks in the façade containing only a minimumof insulation.In the walls under windows (spandrel walls)the cold-bridges along the elementedging accounted fora total of 45 %.Often the water entered the basementbecause of adamaged drainage tube.The roof was a completely worndown flatroofing feltelement,and ithad subsidedseriously.Itwas impossible to clean the ventilation systemunder the roof and one of the roofs was destroyed duringa stormYear of renovation.:2004/2005:• Replacementof roof-structure by implementing apitched roof and 250 mm insulation.• Reconstruction of a new facing wall on end walls andfacades insulation with 125-250 mm.• Foundations are insulated between the old and thenew foundation and new surrounding drainagesystem laid down.• Windows are replaced with wood/aluminium win-dows with Low E energy glass- including windows inthe basementwhich previous consisted of singleglazed windows.The total area of the windows arereduced.• New balcony glass en-closure and constructed byfolding units.• Establishmentof new central extractioninstallations.The renovation results in a new building with a pronounced Bjergbakken after the renovation initiatives 25improved modern architecture,improved well-being andthermal comfortwith no appearance of mould fungus.No currentregistration of the heating and water con-sumption has been made for `Bjergbakken` HousingAssociation.The heating consumption incl.the hotwaterfor 2006 is estimated to 14 MWh/100 m2.Butthis estima-tion build on only half a heating season after the renova-tion projectwas completed.Itis estimated thatthe heat-ing consumption incl.hotwater for `Bjergbakken` can becompared with the energy consumption for similarhousing estates such as `Hedeboparken` with an estima-ted average of 19 MWh/100 m2.The resultwas an energysaving of approx.25 %.WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSWindowsWindows are the eyes of the house,letting in daylight centigrade - withoutsensing itto be colder.Many peopleinto the building and expressing the architectural will experience an air temperature of 20 degrees as moreappearance and style which is so importantfor the fresh than an air temperature of 23 degrees – evenbuilding.Windows also has a greatinfluence on the though itis notpossible to measure differences in thethermal comfortinside the building as itis connected to quality of air.the heat-loss from the windows.The windows is thatpartof the building where the temperature is lowest Energy optimized renovation of windows mustalso becaused by cracks and cold bridges leading to poor seen in coherence with the heatdistribution,where anthermal comfortand an expensive heating bill – in spite integrated solution can save money:Typically manyof the factthatthe windows supply a large amountof multi-storied buildings from the 1920-ies to the 1940-iesfree solar-heating during the entire heating season. does notinclude cavity wall insulation in the facades,-Windows can also cause condensation problems and is and does nothave centrally situated radiators.Thisthe mostvulnerable access for transfer of noise into the causes a major variation in room temperature by thebuilding.Windows are constantly exposed to wind and external wall and by radiators.The original poorly energyweather and mustbe serviced frequently.These are performing windows will cause cold bridges by thesome of the reasons why optimal windows are essential windows which will be experienced as draughts alongfor the building envelope. the floor – even though there is no leakiness.Approx.80 % of the total window area in Danish houses Two solutions are available.:have fitted old-fashioned insulated glass units/thermo • The radiators can be removed and placed under thewindow or single layered windows supplied with a windows,- butas this is a rather expensive andremovable window.Thermo windows are mainly only a complicated solution,which often does notappeardouble layered window glued together around a metal attractive,because of intruding radiators and heatingprofile and containing ordinary air in between the gap. pipes in frontof the nice window elements.These windows were invented to avoid condensation and • Itis also possible to energy optimize the façade andto save energy.An alternative is a window where two the windows and letthe radiators remain where theylayers of glass is worked outas a removable window,- are.By renovating the original windows or replacingbutnone of these solutions are up to date.This means them with new energy-optimized ones the thermalthatthe heat-loss from the windows in multi-storey comfortwill be much improved as the cold bridgesbuildings make up approx 30% of the buildings energy will disappear.The energy saving can be in the rangeconsumption for new buildings,-for older buildings the of 50-80 % by replacing the worstperformingpercentage is higher.Leaking,- or worn down windows windows with the bestones.eatup a lotof energy.Draughts and cold bridges resultsin a poor insulation effectof the windows,- cold bridges Renovation or replacementfrom windows can be observed if a candle placed in the There is no unambiguous answer concerning the mostwindow frame causes flickering. optimal window solution.Itall depends on the architec-tural style of the multi-storey building and the existingThe optimal window solution of today is either energy windows.There is a possibility of renovating and insulat-efficientwindows with ”warm edges”,Low E windows or ing existing windows or simply replacing them with new26 removable inner parts of a double window made from windows.If quality windows are renovated and providedenergy efficientglass.The resultis a reduced heating-bill with for example Low E energy removable windows theyand a major energy saving causing well-being and ther- often times have less heatloss and have a longer life-mal comfortand will also contribute to reduction of span than new Low E energy windows of adaptedclimate change due to less CO emission.Replacementof design. 2windows consisting of the bestLow E energy with warmedged varies in quality.Make sure thatespecially sound- “Generally itis a good idea to renovatewindows when:proof windows and windows made from aluminium(See • they generally are composed of good quality,technic-below) Itmakes sense to ensure a warm window solu- ally as well as aesthetically,i.e.all windows producedtion.Fore impartial advise.:www.energitjenesten.dkand before 1950.www.bygningsbevaring.dk. • when referred to old windows with particular detailssuch as:profile,shape and partitions unique to theWarm windows produce a better thermal comfort.: building,A reduced heatloss results in a more eventindoor • they are composed with particular furniture,uniquetemperature and the possibility to keep a lower tempera- to the property and to the architectural buildingture,i.e.20 degrees centigrade instead of 23 degrees type,-costly to reproduce,ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSWindow types.: (used for filling up gas) can be noticed.You can alsoThere are two differenttypes of removable windows.:Self- recognize a Low E window if a lighted lighter is keptnearcontained windowsand connected windows.Removable the window pane surface,and one of its four reflectionswindows are mounted on the inner side of existing has a differentcolour compared to the others – then thewindow frames.The advantage is thatthese windows pane glass has a metal layer and itis a Low E window.have high sound-absorbing qualities due to the distancebetween the two pieces of glass.The disadvantage could Low E energy glass:A single layer of glass covered with abe thatplants etc.mustbe moved when airing. very thin layer of metal coating.Itis used for connectedConnected windowframes and connected removable windows and removable windows (box windows) aswindows are hinged directly on the inner side of the replacementfor the inner layer of glass and is used formobile frame and open atthe same time.The advantage insulating newer thermo windows.The glass can notis thatplants etc.does notneed to be moved during puncture,offers optimal sound absorbing qualities,shutairing.Removable,- and connected frames will always be outthermal bridges along the edge of the glass,- coldmore efficientwhen the window glass is smaller and the radiation and down draught.Employ as thin a piece ofwindow will lastlonger as there is no chance for a glass as the window area permits.For more information.:puncture contrary to the thermo window.Both removable www.energitjenesten.dk.and connected windows mustbe cleaned atfrequentintervals,butnotas frequentas externally and from Bottom glass-moulding made by aluminium,- does notinside.Itis essential thatthe tightness of the removable decompose by water,butis notmore efficientthan woodwindow to the frame is ensured,while the external for keeping water out.Aluminium glass-mouldings doeswindow mustnotbe completely tight,otherwise conden- notindicate possible damage on the window and increasesation will occur on the inside in cold weather.For more problems of internal condensation.(Choose larch wood ininformation:www.energiforsatsruder.dk. stead!)Energy optimized window:Thermo window,where the Window bars:Window bars in thermo windows emitinner layer of glass is covered with a very thin metal more heatloss and obtain less solar gain compared withcoating,detaining the in-coming solar energy during the windows withoutwindow bars.Through running windownight,- here the gap is filled with an insulating gas.The bars is energy wise a poor solution – “fake-bars”is by farheat-loss of a Low E window pane is less than 50 % of preferable.The disadvantages by using “fake-bars”is theheat-loss of a traditional thermo window pane and is risk thatedge-mouldings falling off (they are either gluedtherefore used to energy optimize the traditional window or clipped).In addition the entire window will have to bepane by replacement.Choose a window with a “warm replaced if the thermo window gets a puncture.For moreedge”reducing condensation atthe bottom of the inner information.:www.bygningsbevaring.dkside – “ cold edges”made from steel and aluminium aredated.If the Low E window is placed in a frame consistingof wood/ aluminium the warm edge have a poor perfor-mance,due to heatis leaking through the aluminiumframing in stead.The temperature on the inner side of aLow E window is higher than thatof a traditional windowand counter actthe experience of draughtyou can feelclose to a window when itis cold outside,- also calleddown draught.A Low E window does notresultin extraoverheating during summer periods – itonly works whenitis cold outside.For more information.:www.varme-vin-duer.dkand www.energivinduer.dk.A thermo window is aLow E window if the energy classification of the glass/ isindicated on the distance profile of the glass,- or if tworound wholes,each measuring a couple of millimeter,WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTION• if the life-span subsequently is reasonable compared to repair.Nextthing to do is to have getan overall eco-to replacementof a new window ,- and maintenance- nomic calculation including payback time.The calcula-costs” tion is an excellenttool previous to the actual initiativesand decisions are made because itenable a comparisonGenerally itis a good idea replacingwindows when: of alternative solutions and give a clear indication of pro-• The windows previously has been replaced. fitability by investing in quality products and long life-• The building is constructed after 1960 span.For more information.:www.bygningsbevaring.dk• If the wood is thoroughly rotten,like for instancepoorly windows from the1960-ies to 1960-ies Energy optimized renovation of older windows in terms(fabricated from wood containing an insufficient of legal tenancy rights is to be compared with newquantity of resin). windows.In 2006,Østre Landsret(The High Courtof East• When the windows have received poor quality of Denmark – the step between the local courts and themaintenance,of poor design (withoutsufficient supreme court) stated thatan up-grading in connectionwood protection i.e.thatthe wood has notbeen with repair and energy improvements of old windowsprotected from sun,rain and been keptsufficiently adding an increased utility value for the tenantcan bedry,causing fungus and insects to inhabitit) ,-and compared with replacementas regards to an increaseddoubtfull esthetics.The difference of rotand shrink- amountof rent.In a particular lawsuita private landlordage cracks is thatthe rotcracks run across the direc- had carried outan extensive renovation of the originaltion of the veins,while the shrinkage-cracks (thatare windows and mounted removable panes with Low Eharmless) runs along the direction of the veins. glass on the window frames.Østre Landsret;assessed• When the windows are in very poor condition due to thatthis was a better solution than to replace with newextended rot,- and dried-up damage in the wood energy windows and therefore also should resultin anwhich is beyond repair increased rentof 2/3 of the cost.”• Where the damaged parts can`tbe replaced withnew wood simply because the window is totally This settle with previous rule of thumb stating thataworn-out. renovation and upgrading of an old window only cancause an increase of the rentof one third of the expense,Geta independentassessmentof the condition of the - namely the share of improvement,whilstthe remai-existing windows. ning share is regarded as “saved maintenance”and the-Where ever the original windows are still in place in the refore does notaffectthe level of rent.Replacementofbuilding itis a good idea to getan independentestimate an old window with a new could possibly cause anfrom an impartial technical advisor.Itis notalways the increased rentof two third of the expense.This rule ofwindows looking the worstwhich are the mostdifficult thumb does mean thatthe replacementof many28ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSwindows in block of flats installed over the last30 years putty-folds and glass mouldings (putty-folds were mostemitmore heat-loss than the original ones,- had they common until the 1950-ies).Modern windows havebeen supplied with a traditional removable window. relative large glass areas and are often double-framed.Several million thermo windows withoutLow E glass has Fixed (notable to open) windows are often used asbeen installed over the last30 years.For further informa- sitting room windows.The windows can be energytion concerning the judgement.:www.bygningsbeva- renovated by using Low E energy glass (which can oftenring.dk be mounted in the rabbetof the existing window) forthe opening windows,- while the windows notable toRenovate windows installed up to approx.1960 open with a single layer of glass is altered to energyUp to 1960 heartwood was applied in producing win- windows,since a removable window solution will causedows,- itis the lowestpartof the tree and is particularly problems concerning the ventilation because of a toosuitable for windows because of the very solid structure tightouter window.of the wood combined with a large contentof naturalresin.This makes environmentally problematic issues Modern windows from 1960 till today.such as vacuum-preservation (with fungicides) super- Thermo windows is getting normal and the windowsfluous and ensure a long life-span.The windows are become larger until the Building Regulation (BR) duringworthy of preservation and can be repaired and energy the 1970-ies limitthe window area.Notall windows areoptimized with an excellentresult.Old windows are made from the bestquality wood.New materials aregenerally both more durable than new thermo windows, employed,new construction and production methods,more harmonious and of aesthetic beauty,suitable to the and the manufactures believed thatchemical waterarchitectural language of the building.Find good advice.: proofing were the solution for a poor wood quality (lesserwww.gi.dk/Files/Filer/GI/Bedre_Vinduer210604.pdf. hard wood and poor quality paint) The windows structureis often hidden inside the actual window frame whereGetassistance to calculate the heat-loss through your possible damages can occur withoutbeing discovered.windows and find the difference of original energyoptimized windows compared with new wood,- and If the multi-story building constructed in the 1960-ies iswood/aluminium windows.For more information,also already equipped with traditional thermo windows con-on sound-absorbing windows.: sisting of a healthy wooden framework,the rightsolu-www.bygningsbevaring.dk/files/Beregn_selv.pdf. tion would be to keep the windowframe and replace thethermo window panes with Low E energy glass.This isNew quality windows by heartwood can keep up to 100 also an economical solution as the pay-back time due toyears by correctmaintemance.Traditional window types the energy saving.The only problem is thatitdoes nottypically have a life-span ranging from 10 - 40 years.The countas an improvementand therefore itwill notleadwindow pane of a thermo window always has a limited to an increased rate for the tenant– so the owner has noaverage life-span of approx.20 years before a puncture. interestin doing it.That ́s why there is far between aGenerally a more expensive window will lastlonger than complete replacementof thermo windows to Low Ea cheaper window because of the better wood quality windows for blocks of flats.This is also the case whenand a better constructive wood protection talking aboutmulti-story building where the owner orthe co-operate stake-holders geta directbenefitfromUntill 1925 window bars and “dannebrog”windows (one the energy saving.wooden cross in the window – like a flag) with putty-foldwere employed.Putty and plate is mounted on the out- In the 1960-ies and 1970-ies many dannebrog-windowsside of the window frame.Signs of decay are visible – the were replaced by thermo windows withoutdivision,putty falls of ,plates are rusting – and implying that which did notfitthe appearance of the building atall. 29there is a need for maintenance.Largely all putty-fold The thermo windows have now reached an age wherewindows can be repaired and energy renovated by they have punctures.Consider a general window replace-establishing a removable window with Low E energy mentwhich as a whole is the bestsolution and find aglass.A rule of thumb says thatthe more divided windows suitable window for the buildings appearance,instead ofthe multi-story building have,the more energy saving justchanging to Low E energy glass.Nowadays itis pos-advantage by implementing removable windows com- sible to buy new windows which are copies of the origi-pared to replacing with new Low E windows.A remov- nally manufactured,linoleum painted windows with realable window solution also has the advantage thatit putty-fold,and thathave beautiful pulled glass on thedoes notalter the appearance of the building and can be outside and is supplied with Low E energy glass in aimplemented all year round. removable or a connected frame.Hereby itis possible tore-create the original architecture,obtain the optimalFrom 1925-1960 the firstmodern windows consisting of energy and sound-absorbing qualities atthe same time.a single layer of glass appeared on the market,Later thewindows were supplied with removable windows or Many multi-story buildings have replaced woodenconnected frames.The windows were equipped with windows to PVC windows,starting in the beginning ofWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSthe 1980-ies.The thermo windows will puncture. through the vacuum preservation process.Find a listofConsider a general replacementof windows obtaining manufactures here:the bestsolution and choose a solution of wooden www.dvc-vinduer.dk/medlemoeko.asp.dkwindows for two reasons,- primarily because of com-plications with older plastic windows.Frame and casing The technical requirements are notdiversified and thatare poorly insulated,- the wide frame and casing allow is why high quality window as for instance the Raadvadless daylight,ithas a poor energy balance,the surface is window thatis manufactured as a copy of a originaloften broken down and has often gotdamages.The putty-fold window is notDVC certified.elastic joints around the windows are often broken downand difficultto repair.Secondly a replacementto a Low E The window industry in Denmark also stands behind awindow pane will notbe the mostenergy optimized voluntary guarantee arrangementfor their costumers bysolution because frame and casing will create thermal- giving a guarantee of 5 years for the window underbridges and will notmake use of the possible energy certain conditions and where the window industry insaving.Atthe same time the new energy-glass will last Denmark providing security for the guarantee.Otherlonger than the restof the window and this is nota manufactures will probably provide a guarantee for 5profitable solution.A total replacementwould mean a years butitis importantto ensure how and who islonger life-span for the window,a reduced energy providing the guarantee.Also check if there are otherconsumption,better thermal comfortand an improve- quality,guarantee and control arrangements.For instancementof the multi-story buildings appearance and the there oughtto be guarantee arrangements for the glass.value of the property would increase.Remember to make For surface treatmentspecial information concerningsure thatthe old PVC windows are recycled.If notthe guarantee and maintenance mightexist.Notice thatburning of PVC will cause large amounts of hydrochloric some window manufactures provide a 10 year guaranteeacid in the smoke which mustbe neutralized,which – provided thatthe entire window with frame and casingagain will create a lotof dangerous waste. are cleaned outside atleasttwice a year.Withoutcorrectmaintenance the guarantee will notbe provided! ForModern bar-windows from the 1980-ies are a bad solu- further information:www.energitjenesten.dktion as they have large heatloss along all the edges ofthe window pane,and they are only thermo windows.A Choose windows with the optimal energy-balancegood solution would be a replacementto Low E windows Energy optimized windows obtain the bestenergywith “warm edges”.The wood/aluminium window is also balance.Make enquiries aboutthe entire window (glass,common butthey are notthe optimal solution. casing,frame and window bars) energy balance/energycontribution – (i.e.how much energy the window isReplacement letting in and out)– the difference between the heat-There are a number of reasons why itis importantto loss of the window and utilized energy from the sun (i.e.look around when looking for new windows.Generally free passive solar heating).Itis notsufficientto knowprice and quality hang together. the U-value of the glass,which is whatthe manufacturerusually states.Ask for the so called U- and G- valuesSelectwindows suiting the architectural language of the which take into accountthe measurementof thebuilding window the design,- all these information has con-Windows are importantto the character of the property sequences for the energy balance of the window.The U-– There is a greatdifference in the style of a town property value is a term expressing the heat-loss of the windowfrom the 1920-ies and a property from the 1970-ies. (namely how much heatis transmitted through theResearch into which window the block of flats is born glass – i.e.the ability to insulate) The U-value is preferably30 with,- especially if un-original windows are fitted in the as low as possible and has greatimportance to thermalbuilding.Choose dimensions and profiles as close to the comfortand condensation.The G-value is a reflection oforiginal windows as possible the ability of the window to admitsolar energy (utilizedsolar energy) and oughtto be as high as possible.Choose windows covered by a guarantee arrangementThe window industry in Denmark stand behind a voluntary The energy balance is a reflection of how many kWh thecertification with a number of technical minimum require- window allows outan in pr.m2of the entire window pr.ments to materials and manufacturing.When speaking year.For instance will the heat-loss from an old windowof minimum requirements itmeans thatthere can be a with only one layer of glass be around 300 kWh/m2pr.major difference in the quality of DVC certified windows year.Provided with traditional removable windows the/Danish Window Certification (DVC).The so-called 2-ØKO heat-loss will be 125 kWh/m2pr.year.If ithas been energycertification under the DVC certification requires that optimized by a layer of energy window the heatloss willthe wood facing the out-side consistof a heartwood be reduced to 59 kWh/m2pr.year.Old wooden windows–share of 100 % and thatthe wood has notbeen supplied with thermo window glass will typically have aENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSheatloss of 142 kWh/m2pr.year,- supplied with energy In 2007 the window manufacturerglass the heatloss will be reduced to 84 kWh/me pr.year. Protec launced a new energyNew wood/alu windows has a performance of 94 kWh/ improved,single-framed windowm2pr.year and a total heatloss of 125 kWh/m2pr.year if where frame and casing is produ-the windows have sound-absorbing qualities! The energy ced by a composite material,whilebalance is dependenton the size and construction of the the inner side is produced bywindow – frame and casing.For more information: wood.The Protec 7 window has awww.bygningsbevaring.dk/files/Vintab12slutrapport2.pdf. positive energy balance and iscompletely withoutthermalThe energy balance supply in a simple and informative bridges,-usually notthe possibleway aboutthe energy conditions for a window - the for wood/ alu combined windows.same way we getinformed abouthow many km/litre acar drives.The energy balance provides a figure which iseasy to convertto money my multiplying the kWh priceand is therefore a clear indication for how much energyeach window solution can save.The energy balance alsomakes itpossible to compare the energy balance for athermo window with a removable window/coubledwindow of the same size on a similar basis.However thewindow manufacturer is far from always willing toinform concerning the energy balance of the window.Nevertheless,- ask!Choose windows with ”warm edges”Both thermo and energy windows have cold bridgeswhere the two layers of glass is glued together.Itistherefore advisable to purchase windows with “warmedges”which minimize the cold-bridge (the cold edge)along the edges of the thermo windows and also reducethe total heat-loss of the window.Cold edges are especi-ally bad for small window panes.Only when you getatleast10 cm away from the edge,you can counton the U-value given for the window pane.”A”classified windows are notalways the mostenergyefficientonesThe voluntary Energy certification for windows backedup by the Danish Window Trade does notmake muchsense.The certificate does notstate the heat-loss of theentire window,as itdoes nottake into accountthe heatloss leaking outalong the edges and the metal edgeholding the frame together.Following two examplesshow the problems by the classification:Wood/alu windows obtain an “A”classification in 31spite of the factthataluminium is heatconductingand therefore leaks heatthrough the window frame.The alu edges keeping the energy windows apartalso mean heat-loss.This will show by condensationon the inner side of the glass,by running water downthe sides and by downwards draught.The glassclassification for the mostoptimal window solution.:Double layered existing window supplied with asingle layered energy glass only obtain a “F”classifi-cation,while all Low E glass windows is calculatingwith a heatloss twice as high as the energy renovatedoriginal window with “ F”classified windowsWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSThe Building Regulation (BR) implemented in 1995 demands thatthe heat-loss throughthe entire window (U-value) mustnotexceed 1.8 W/m2.New Dannebrog windows withordinary thermo windows and the more popular wood/alu windows,- even the bestonthe marketfitted into multi-story buildings since 1995,- have notcomplied with this U-A window before renovation value and have in factbeen illegal.Energistyrelsen/The Danish Energy Agency (ENS) has reacted on the calculation byentering into a voluntary agreementwith the Danish Glass industry,including theassociations for glaziers,window producers,construction firms and craftsmen(Glarmesterlauget,Vinduesindustrien,Dansk Byggeri and Håndværksrådet) tocampaign for the advancementof phasing outthe production of the traditional ther-mo windows for energy windows or more “energy effective solutions”.Atthe sametime a voluntary Energy certification was established,- butof a doubtful value to theconsumers (see below) - and in the new Building Regulation of 2006,the energyrequirements were loosened for windows in spite of the existence of several energyoptimized windows already on the market.The majority of window manufacturers didnotcomply with the requirements and thatwas whatthe Danish Ministry of Energy(ENS) decided to take into consideration.In the new Building Regulation new Dannebrog windows only needed tocomply with an U-value of 2,3 W/m2until 1/1 2008 – a requirementaccordingto Center for Listed Buildings (Center for Bygningsbevaring) can be perfor-med by the very firstwindows describetby wooden window bars and use ofputty atClausholm Slot(Clausholm Castle) in year 1731.These windows weresupplied with removable windows and old fashioned glass! From 1/1 2008the requirementhas been tightened to 2.0 W/m2.By renovation of oldDannebrog windows the requirementis still a U-value of 1.8 while forordinary single layered windows the requirementis a U-value of 1.5 W/ m2Block of flats atøsterbro,Copenhagen,where the windows were provided withremovable windows with energy glass,also atthe staircase.The renovation andpainting took only three weeks.The Energy certification can notbe employed by com- The sound absorbing quality is dependentof the distan-parison with differentwindow solutions,which is the ce between the two layers of glass,the thickness of thesituation thatthe costumer experiences.The reason for glass,the laminating of the glass,the construction ofthis is thatthe Energy certification state different frame,- and casing system,the opening function,theinformation for differentwindow solutions.This makes it jointtightness between wall/ casing,betweenimpossible for a building owner to find outwhether itis casing/frame and valves.The optimal noise and sound32 better to energy optimize an old window or replace itfor proofed window is obtained by applying special harden-a new and how profitable those two choices are in com- ed energy efficientglass (i.e.6 mm energy glass) mount-parison. ed on the inner side of existing window frames.Theresultis a window tightening both the inner and theFor thatreason the Energy certification of windows can outer frames.In order to avoid condensation the outhernotbe compared with the Energy certification of white frames mustnotbe completely tight.Hereby a sound-goods stating whether the energy consumption pr.year absorbtion of 45 dB is achieved,- a performance faralters for differentgoods.Thatmakes the voluntary better than even the mostsound proofed energyEnergy certification misleading and useless.The best windows.Furthermore the mostsound absorbing energysolution mustbe to find the overall energy balance for windows have a large heatloss,due to the distancedifferentalternative window solutions.(Look above) between the layers of glass is less – a reduction of even afew millimeters causes a significantlower insulationChoose removable windows by constantsound- nuisance level.Coupled windows does nothave the same soundIf you live close to a busy road or street,airportor train absorbing effectas removable windows,- butalmost.track itis possible to buy windows supplied with sound- Contrary the traditional opinion,3 layers of window glassabsorbing qualities and energy saving removable windows. does notimprove the sound proof compared to a doubleENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSlayered window.Deep window recesses reduce the to the façade and reduces the heat-loss.The heatissound absorbing ability of the glass and therefore the released and will warm up the flatwhen the temperatureglass mustbe positioned level with the outer edge of the is reduced.The solar gain in the out-door space will flowfaçade in order to obtain the optimal effect:www.byg- with the ventilation air into the building behind the oldningsbevaring.dk/files/Vinduers%20lydisolation,%20GI% façade due to the low pressure created by extracting air20arktikel,2.pdf. from bath room and kitchen.Maintain the weather strip of windows and doors. Concerning the energy efficiency itmightbe an expensi-Leaking weather strips causes a heatloss,as heatdis- ve experience to utilize the enclosed balcony as addedappear outthrough leaks and cracks.This will resultin an living space,because the added heating supply will haveincreased heatloss and poor thermal comfort.Inspect to be delivered by electricity.Itis proved thatoccupantsthe weather strips once or twice a year and check that will discover thatitis only profitable to use the new out-they are fixed correctly and thatthey are supple and door living space during periods where the solar heatingtight.The weather strips more than 10 years old mustbe will keep itwarm.Be aware thatan alteration of areplaced as the common reason for leaks is thatthe window for a French balcony can cause an extra largeweather strips will loose elasticity .In older multi-story heatloss,because the heatloss from the door is largerbuildings leaks can be caused by the jointaround the than heatloss from the wall.windows – so make sure thatthese are tight.Tightenwith tar and finish applying a mortar joint– neversealant.For windows supplied with a removable window itis theinner side of the existing window which mustbe suppli-ed with a weather strip while the outer window mustremain sufficiently un-tight.Covered balconies can cause energy savings.Many buildings constructed in the 1930-ies and forwardneeds replacementof balconies and French balconies.The alteration is often carried outin connection withrenovation of the facades or replacing ofwindows.If the balcony has a reasonablesize itcan possibly be covered by glass The Danish Window Industry has in recentyears focused on manufacturingelements.A glass enclosed balcony will windows with a minimum of maintenance and noton improving the energywork as a solar panel the same way as a efficiency in the construction.This applies to windows of wood/alu produc-greenhouse.The out-door space will be ed as a traditional wood window supplied with a aluminium frame.Theheated very quickly in sun shine and utilized frame offer optimal protection againstrain and solar lightetc.– butthesecorrectly itcan become an energy saving windows are generally performing less energy efficientthan windows madefactor.The glass enclosure works insulating entirely from wood (See above).Note thatthe guarantee for wood/ windowsonly applies if frame and casing is cleaned twice a year and the hinges arerubbed with oil once a year.Germany,on the contrary,has experienced a major developmentof thewindow construction,- which means thatitis possible to manufacturesingle-framed windows complying with half the U-value in the frame/casing construction in comparison with the majority of Danish windows!See the listof Danish window manufacturers producing windows fitted inlow energy construction of buildings (Notthe Dannebrog window)www.stenlosesyd.dk/erfaingeroggoderaad/vinduertillavenenergibyggeri.dkIn 2007 the window manufacturer Protec launced a new energy improved,single-framed window where frame and casing is produced by a compositematerial,while the inner side is produced by wood.The Protec 7 window hasa positive energy balance and is completely withoutcold,-usually notthepossible for wood/ alu combined windows.Considerations of the profitabilityaspectconcerning life-span and recycling of composite materials are notavailable today.Be aware thatthe gap profile between alu and frame isproduced by PVC in the classic version.WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONExampleVintapperhus,Jægersborgvej 68-76,Lyngby,(Suburb of Copenhagen) Private block of rentedflats,owned by the pension fund for lawyers etcThe building is a multi-story listed building of 3 floors,constructed in 1959 with basementand utilized roof space.Roof,windows and balconies were worn down and needed renova-tion.The starting pointof the alterations was to increase the thermal comfortfor theoccupants with respectto the architectural language of the building.Roof and dormer wasreplaced,the windows was replaced to new wood/alu windows supplied with heating andsound absorbing qualities and the balconies was renovated and supplied with a glassenclosure.The glass enclosure can be folded to the side.The occupants did notagree aboutthe necessity of an enclosed balcony,- butwhen the renovation was finished severaloccupants have realized thatthe glass enclosure will prolong the utility of the balcony by anextra month in both ends of the season.The removable glass enclosure means thatitispossible to sitin fresh air during the summer period.Result:The average consumption before renovation 42,000 m3natural gasAverage consumption after the renovation 38,200 m3natural gasSaving:9%ExampleFredericiagade,Østerbro,Block of flats,Copenhagen• The building has 24 worn down window units.Some onlyconsisting of a single layer of glass causing a large amountofheatloss.• 16 units of “Dannebrog”windows where one half is suppliedwith a single layer of glass,and the other half has doublelayered glass windows.• 8 window units consistof a 3 barred window and half ofthose are double layered glass windows.The windows was renovated and energy optimized in 3 weeks(all windows were supplied by removable windows made fromLow energy glass).Annual heatloss through windowsbefore energy optimized renovation: 11.800 kWh pr.yearAnnual heatloss through windowsafter energy optimized renovation: 3.200 kWh pr.yearEnergy saving 8600 kWh pr.year34 Total energy saving 73 %Normally itis assumed thatone third of the buildings heatlosswill be through the windowsENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSVentilationFlats mustbe ventilated in order to obtain the right Especially the firsttwo points are closely connected tocontentof oxygen and thermal comfortin order to ventilation.Firstly itis essential to state thatcooling issecure the well-being of the entire multi-storey building. very energy consuming and mustbe avoided in dwellings.By ventilation,the moistand health damaging substanc- Itis more expensive to cool up the air 1 grade centigradees admitted to the air will be removed.Atthe same time, than to heatitup 1 grade centigrade.Cooling should befresh air is supplied.Thatis why itis a condition that unnecessary in a well insulated building where thewindows air valves,and other openings allow access for insulation maintain the heatinside during winter andin-take of fresh air,and thatdoors into toilets,- and bath- maintain the coolness during summer.rooms is supplied with an air-gap or air openings.Poor .ventilation resultin poor thermal comfort,causing moist Humidityproblems,poor air quality and badly adjusted temperatures Humidity is caused by the presence and activities of the(room temperatures during summer periods gettoo residents in the house hold and is considered to be thehigh).All kinds of ventilation is connected to a heatloss essential source concerning pollution of the in-door air.and thus an energy consumption. Each person gives off approx.2 Liter of water per day inform of respiration or breathing.In addition steam isIf the multi storey building has implemented mechanical produced when occupants take baths,- cook,wash,dryventilation with heatrecovery (notan ordinary extraction clothes and clean,(1Liter) In a house hold of 4 personssystem) there mustbe paid attention to the factthatby the total production of water pr.day can reach 10 Liters,the 1/1 2008 according to Danish Building Regulation - which mustbe ventilated away from the flat.The more(BR),a compulsory inspection will be enforced in order to occupants in the flatthe more water steam producedensure thatthe operation of the installation comply with and the more airing is needed.the ventilation requirementand to ensure the energyconsumption to be as low as possible. Nevertheless itis difficultto sense a high air humiditybecause the human being do nothave a real sense ofGood thermal comfortaddresses.: humidity.Therefore itis a good idea to look outfor• Whatwe can smell – humidity,mould fungus, damp/condensation seton windows.This will reveal asolvents and smoke high air humidity or maybe a poor energy performing• Whatwe can sense – cold,heatand draught window as the humidity always will be visible atthe• Whatwe can hear - sound and noise coldestpart.Steam/ condensation are drops of water set• Whatwe can see – day lightconditions and blinding on cold places:WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTION• If 2 Centimeters of condensation is visible on the study has shown thatin one third of the flats,whereinner side of the glass in the bed room (in the occupants regularly dried washing inside the home,amorning) when the outside temperature is 0 degrees significantly higher humidity were measured than in thecentigrade itis mostpossible thatthe humidity is other flatstoo high.Dry off the condensation from thewindows. Dehumidifiers does notreplace good ventilation.Itis• If the window consists of Low E glass,the coldest much more effective to find the reason for the highplaces in the flatwill be corners along floors and humidity (which could be caused by insufficientventila-ceiling or un-insulated external walls.Avoid placing tion airing) and thus find a solution for it.furniture nextto poorly insulated external walls ascirculating air will dry up the surface and counteract Substances hazardous to healthcondensation. Indoor air is supplied with pollution from i.e.consumerproducts,from the construktion materials and furnitureGiven a comparative high air humidity over a long period in the house.Therefore,itmay be a good idea to increaseof time conditions for growth of certain mould fungus the ventilation on times where new products or materialscan occur,- resulting in discolouring on surfaces and will are being implemented,as itis often here the largestcause smell inconvinience.Dust-mites thrive on high air- quantities of unwanted substances are being produced.humidity.Fungus spores and dustmites can cause The harmful substances can come from items used inallergy symptoms to highly sensitive individuals. everyday life like burning candles,smoking evaporationfrom computers and printers.A few people have a senseYou can install a hygrometer measuring the relative level of “dry air”,butmostly this is really abouttoo much dustof humidity in the air .Many inexpensive hygrometers on in the indoor air.the marketare notvery accurate butcan still indicatevariations and thus inform how changes of habitand Cold,heatand draughtbehavior by the occupants can affectthe air humidity in A modern building should be so tightthatvirtually nothe rightdirection. unintended heatloss can happen through cracks andleaks.Since the oil crisis of the 1970-ties,many multi-Keep the humidity down around 40% in winter and cool story dwellings have implemented energy conservationperiods slightly lower,partly because of the possible in form of insulation initiatives and tightening of thehealth damage,and partly because moistair contains building envelope to such a degree thatthe energywater and thus is more expensive to heatup than dry air. consumption for heating up fresh air is justas large orIn summer,humidity will be higher – around 60%.A even larger than the heatloss through the façade,etc.36ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSHowever,itis far from true for older homes which oftenleak through many cracks and leaks.Itleads to an en-larged heatloss and a poor thermal comfortin terms ofproblems with draughtalong floor and ceiling,andmoisture problems,e.i.on cold surfaces.Here itis a goodidea to review and seal the house for leaks by i.e.;windows and doors,as well as the edge between floorand wall,so thatthe amountof supplied fresh air is notlarger than necessary.If the gap valves in the windows resultin thermal bridgesand draught- which happens if there is nota radiatorunderneath the valve - itis a bad idea to seal them –unless new vents can be established towards the openair.Here,for example sound proofed wall vents can fulfilthe need for ventilation in the building as well as thenecessary pressure relief to cooker hood and bathroomfan.If any inconvenience from draughtoccurs,theinstallation of plate valves is a good solution.Fresh airvalves can also be placed behind a radiator in order toheatup the outdoor temperature before itenters theliving spaces.The reason for ventilationThe principle for mechanical extraction is thatwhen thevents are operating a vacuum is created.The air flow infrom outside through all kinds of possible openings inorder to compensate for the vacuum.Both natural andmechanical installations supply fresh air through vents, For multi-storey buildings the surface area (façade,roofcoincidental leaks in the building envelope and through and basement) is considerable smaller than in ain-take by heatrecovery.The leaks will often cause an detached houses.Because of this the heatloss makes upuneven air in-take while the valves will resultin a more a lesser partof the total for the whole building than forconcentrated intake of air – causing risk of draughtand the detached house.The ventilation loss in propertiesthermal bridges with mechanical ventilation accountfor a larger partofthe total energy consumption for space heating and itisMake sure to air the flatsufficiently in order to ensure enlarged as the multi-storied building implementthatthe humid air is letoutof the dwelling together energy optimized initiatives such as insulation and Low Ewith the health damaging substances.Many houses energy glass supplied to the windows.mightnow be so tightthatnatural ventilation no longeris sufficient.The occurring damp problems caused by the Consider therefore the energy consumption by installingoccupants can be solved by installation of mechanical mechanical or controlled ventilation systems.A mechani-ventilation with heatrecovery,butmaybe itis a good cal ventilation system with heatrecovery will use moreidea to consider whether a change of behavior and electricity for ventilation and heatrecovery than a con-habits together with implementation of air vents and trolled natural ventilation system.On the other hand 37regulary airing of the rooms could solve some of the pro- houses with mechanical ventilation typically will have ablems - if notall. lesser heatloss and itis possible to ensure an improvedthermal comfortby installing for instance pollen filters.Choice of ventilation system By being energy conscious when planning the renovationWhich ventilation system is the optimal solution? There initiatives or by purchasing a new ventilation installationis no unambiguous answer because both natural and energy savings of both electricity and heating can bemechanical systems have advantages and disadvantages. obtained.For more information:Itis also possible to implementa mix of installations www.ecocouncil.dk/download/060808_ventolation.pdf- hybrid installations.Ventilation installations can onlyprovide the occupants with tools to ventilate the best A general economic assessmentmustalso includeway.The actual ventilation resultis dependentof the maintenance and operational costs.Remember thatabehavior of the occupantand the general attitude mechanical ventilation system with heatrecovery onlytowards ventilation.Well informed consumers oughtto operates optimal in buildings with a tightbuildingbe obvious in order to secure the optimal energy envelope.Often a compromise becomes the bestconscious behavior of the occupants. solution concerning thermal comfort,security of opera-WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGStion and economy.This could be based on mechanicalventilation with heatrecovery during the winter seasonand controlled natural ventilation during the summerperiods.Such a hybrid-solution is actually implementedin a projectconcerned with solar roofs – see www.sol-tag.net.Accidental natural ventilationThe ventilation is provided by fresh air valves in theexternal wall or through fissure valves inside the windowframe,via leaks in the building and by general airingthrough windows and doors.The radiators are oftenplaced under the windows in order to getan even balancebetween the relative hotair in the room and the rathercold air near windows/ external walls ( inclusive the in-take air) and to avoid thermal bridges from the windows.Many multi-storey buildings often is supplied with asimple mechanical extraction fan.In the kitchen the coo-ker hood often extractfood smoke and the bathroom isequipped with an extraction fan extracting the humidair.Leaking buildings has a large flow of air leading to alarge energy consumption.The windows supply the building with large amounts byairing and with lesser amounts from adjustable fissurevalves.In this way the natural ventilation of the buildingis improved and itwill notbe too tightdue to insulationand energy optimization/ replacementof windows toLow E energy glass/ Low E energy windows because itispossible for the occupants to adjustthe necessary venti-lation.Remove heavy curtains away from the windows asheavy curtains close to the windows resultin air notbeing circulated.How to obtain thermal comfortand well-beingA frequentairing – a minimum of 2 times a day througha shortand efficientdraughtlasting approx.5 minuteseach time will resultin fresh air withoutcooling of wallsand furniture which by longer airing would have to bewarmed up again causing an increased energy consump-tion.The airing through half opened windows during theheating season would resultin an unnecessary heatingconsumption and will cause draught.Limitthe amountof humidity and water contained inthe in-door air:• Avoid the drying of clothes inside the home – itisbetter to dry washing out-doors or in a ventilatedbasementor a loftused for drying washing.• Use potlids when cooking – itwill also save energy.• Use cooker hood or open the window.• Use the bath room extractor fan or open the windowduring and after baths and keep the door shutuntilthe damp air has disappeared.– use a humidity adju-stable ventilator until the damp air has disappeared.• Limitthe amountof health damaging supplements –airing when candles have been lit,when computerand printer has been in use and after smoking.ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTGood airing habits day,the temperature of the solar panel will rise to aItis a good habitto air a room after use.Air the bedroom temperature of 30 grades centigrade above the outdoorin the morning,air the kitchen after cooking and air the temperature and provide a good heating supplementforliving room in the morning and again in the evening. housing.Conversely the solar panel reduces heatlossThis way the produced water damp will notsucceed to from the wall,since no heatis given off to the surround-enter cold surfaces. ings outside and the pre-heating of the outside air isavoiding draughtwith cold air.The heatin the voidAdvantages and disadvantages between the translucentand the heated wall can also beThe advantages by accidental ventilation is thatitis a transferred to the ventilation system and managevery simple system.No ventilation channels are needed natural ventilation.See examples of solar walls here:and there is no need for electricity for the ventilators.No www.ens.dk/graphics/publikationer/vedvarende_ener-operational disturbances and noise nuisance (apartfrom gi/solvaegspjece_jan_07.pdftraffic noise) The disadvantages are the lack of possibilityfor heatrecovery of the hotout-letair.Besides,there is Advantages and disadvantages of controlled naturalonly a limited chance to obtain an improved level of ven- ventilationtilation.The ventilation level vary according to weather The advantage of controlled natural ventilation is thatbyand wind conditions.There is no possibility for intelligent using materials and the natural properties of structuresadjustmentaccording to need.As a whole the efficiency itis possible to achieve a unique indoor well-being andof the accidental ventilation is very limited. to save electricity.The disadvantages are thatitdoes notestablish heatrecovery compared to mechanical ventila-Natural ventilation mustaccording to The Danish tion and therefore a major heatloss will be allowed inBuilding Regulation (BR) no longer be applied in new winter.Natural ventilation is dependenton the outdoormulti-storey buildings because the heatloss is too large climate,and there are no options to filter the ambientand because buildings are so tightthatmechanical pollen as itcan be done by mechanical ventilation.ventilation with heatrecovery is necessary.Mechanical ventilationControlled natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation is an overall term for simpleThe natural ventilation can be optimized to a controlled extractor systems,mechanical ventilation with heatnatural ventilation by making use of chimneys as ventila- recovery and balanced ventilation with heatrecovery.tion shafts and supplementof fresh air ventholes plus With mechanical ventilation there is an exhaustthroughpre-heating of air from the outdoor through solar cooker hoods and ventilation fans in the bathroom.chimneys (see below) and solar walls.If the house has achimney supplied with a grate,a fireplace or a wood Cooker hoodsburning stove,the used air can be emitted through the A good cooker hood make a low pressure in the kitchenchimney.The chimney pipe effectwill extractair from and in thatway minimizes the risk thatthe steam andthe bottom of the pipe in an even flow withoutneed for smoke spread to the restof the dwelling.This implies,mechanical aid. however,thatthe door to the kitchen is open to achievethe full effect– and thatthe kitchen window is closed.Solar chimneys An open kitchen window alone,on the other hand,A solar chimney is a chimney produced in a transparent provides only for ventilation and fresh air in the kitchenmaterial like glass brick.Here the solar radiation will be and notnecessarily prevents the smoke from spreadingexploited for heating of the air inside the chimney throughoutthe dwelling.enhancing the upliftof the air in the connected ventila-tion system – the more heatsupplied to the chimney The use of cooker hoods with mostimpact 39and the higher itis,- the more the upliftinto the ventila- • Turn the cooker hood on before the meal starts totion system.Itis an advantage to place the yield high smoke and letitrun atthe lowestlevel for 5-15over the building as the upliftgenerally increases by an minutes after the meal is finished to ensure thatincreased distance between in-take (often on the smoke and moistis sucked out.ground) and the yield.The wind is also adding to the • Clean the grease filter in the hood ata regular basisup-liftas the wind speed rises in accordance with the as a greasy filter partly inhibits the air in extractingaltitude above the ground. through and increases the demand for electricity,because the hood mustwork ata higher level inSolar walls order to achieve the same effect.A solar wall is a stratified external wall which on the out- • Only use the hood atthe necessary level – a cookerside is covered with glass or a transparenttype of insula- hood consumes around one and a half times moretion.Behind the transparentlayer,a heatabsorbing wall electricity atthe highestlevel than atthe lowest.(i.e.solid bricks or concrete) is capable of obtaining thesolar heat.The heatwill slowly pass through the wall If the property is equipped with gas appliances for cookand heatup the rooms in the home.On a sunny winter ing,itis particularly importantto use mechanicalWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSventilation,since the combustion of gas releases signifi- The ventilation system is suitable for renovation projectscantamounts of water. seeking an efficientand energy-efficientsolution,butwhere there is no room for outdoor ducts.A goodUse economy cooker hoods with A-bulbs dimensioned design and proper managementare need-When buying a new cooker hood,itis a good idea to ed to ensure the optimal choice.Mechanical ventilationchoose a so-called economy hood.These will need less with heatrecovery also removes draughtinconveniencepower consumption and will need less quantity of air from the outdoor air ducts since the in-take temperatureextracted to remove a satisfactory partof the pollution to the dwelling is usually only a few degrees lower thanfrom cooking.Selecthoods with a low noise level.See the indoor temperature.the listof economy hoods here:www.spareemhaette.dk/and any teston:www.forbrug.dk.In many models,the Balanced mechanical ventilation with heatrecovery.ordinary bulb is replaced with an A-bulb.Or choose a By a balanced ventilation both supply of air and exhausthood which can use A-bulbs (see more below the section air is mechanical managed and the same amountof airon electricity consumption). thatis injected is also ventilated away through extrac-tion.This system makes itpossible to recover some ofUsing an energy-efficienthumidity-controlled exhaustfan the energy thatis lostoutof the building with the usedA ventfan can be switched to an economy engine with a air coming from outside.The pre-heated intake of out-low energy consumption,see:www.spareventilator.dk. door air is distributed to living room and bedrooms andA moisture-driven fan sucks only so long as the humidity therefore the air flow will move from the living roomis too high.Buy a sound proofed hood.Itis nota good into the kitchen and from the bedroom into the bath-solution to connectthe ventilation to the lighting room.Smoke and moisture from the kitchen will then besystem as itwill only function while the lightis turned prevented from entering into the living spaces.on (and perhaps a few minutes after) and thereforelimited in time.Itis always a good idea to close the door In this way,the new or renovated tightbuildings areto the bathroom when bathing and to dry up afterwards. better ventilated than old leaking buildings,butwithWarm moistair from the bathroom sets as water on cold much less heating consumption.Itis also possible towalls. filter ambientpollen from the outdoor air.The systemrequires a tightbuilding to preventtoo much outdoor airSimple mechanical extractor systems from entering through cracks and leaks resulting in lessHere the indoor air often is removed through a shared heatrecovery.exhaustfan placed atthe ceiling or roof.The outdoor aircomes into all the rooms of the dwelling through windows The ventilation system is well suited in cases where anthatopen,outdoor vents (column valves) and leaking optimal and energy-efficientsolution is needed andwalls (cracks and fissures).Itis therefore importantfor therefore enough space for both in-take air and outletthe circulation thatthe outdoor air can flow from the ducts mustbe ensured.A well dimensioned design andliving rooms and into the kitchen and bathrooms.If the proper managementare needed to ensure the optimaldoors to the kitchen and bathroom are closed,halted air outcome.and the necessary ventilation is inhibited significantly.Soitis notenough thatthe humid air is sucked outof the A well balanced ventilation system must,- according tokitchen/bathroom.Fresh air mustalso be drawn in, Danish Building Regulations (BR) be supplied with a heatensuring replacementof air.The large flow of air results recovery unitwhich has a temperature efficiency of atleastin a large energy loss. 65 %.Use a ventilation system with as high a temperatureefficiency as possible – up to 85-90% is possible.40 The mostenergy-efficientsolution is a controlled airexchange through ventilation ducts and fissure holes in Advantages and disadvantagesthe windows.The leastenergy-efficientsolution is an The disadvantages of the ventilation systems may beuncontrolled air exchange through leaking walls,where thatthey are relatively expensive to install,- thattherethe heatdisappear out,for example when itstorms in are higher requirements to maintenance and cleaningthe winter. and thatthere may be a risk of sound and draughtinconveniences.Butthe disadvantages can all be solved:Mechanical ventilation with heatrecovery The sound can be reduced by installing sound absorbersThe system requires a tightbuilding envelope to prevent inside the ventilation system and between the rooms,intoo much outdoor air from entering through cracks and order to preventnoise from for example conversation.leaks avoiding heatrecovery gains.The air is extracted Draughtcan be avoided by moving fresh air valves tofrom the kitchen and bathroom through outletfixtures, places where they cause less inconvenience and adjustafter which the heatis recycled and used to heatradia- the amountof air in-take.The advantage of this type oftors/ floor heating,- through an air/water heat-ex- ventilation system is thatitis stable and therefore in-changer,which can also be equipped with a heatpump. sensitive to variations in outdoor temperature,wind andtightness of façade,roof and basement.ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSSign up for an annual inspection of the ventilation system. • Selecteconomy ventilators when replacing oldAn annual inspection,where the ventilation system is ventilation systems.cleaned,automatic settings are being checked and • Economy ventilators save energy,find a listof typescondensation drains examined,is recommended.For here:www.spareventilator.dkexample itis essential thatthe plantis adjusted correctly– thatthe rightbalance between extraction and in-take Mould Fungusof air is ensured. In the vastmajority of flats,studies show thatthegrowth of mould fungus is caused by faults and damageInstall a CTS system (Building ManagementSystem) to the building,such as leaking roofs and water pipes,If the property is partof a larger multi-storey complex ascending humidity,thermal bridges and other con-which also has installed ventilation,a CTS system could struction defects.Mould fungus can only grow atplacesregulate,supervise and manage the buildings heating in the home where the humidity is high.Here the mouldand ventilation systems.The CTS system can be program- can spread and become the cause of diseases affectingmed to control room temperature,night-lowering, the occupants.The mostcommon symptoms are allergies,start/stop of ventilation system pumps,etc.Itcan also be asthma,fatique,headaches and breathing difficulties.programmed to register energy and water and would“discover”and forward the information if damage or loss Increased ventilation by itself,will notresolve problemsoccur somewhere in the system,i.e.radiators bursting with high humidity in flats,where a clear link betweenduring the weekend. the level of ventilation and the level of moistin the flatisnotfound.Choose a ventilation system with low energy consumption.The purchase of a ventilation system offers huge potenti- As a starting point,the growth of mould in homes is notal to reduce energy consumption and to optimize the the responsibility of the occupant.The occupants mighttotal economy by both reducing energy consumption, help to create more unfavorable conditions for moulddistribution of air and for heating the ventilation air: fungi by exercising sufficientventilation,by avoiding• Choose a ventilator with high efficiency and sound drying of washing in the flat,by nothanging paintingsproofing fixtures. or placing furniture by external walls,by avoiding pot• Choose a motor with high efficiency – energy plants with high water consumption and by avoiding theefficient– to operate the ventilator.If the ventilation use of humidifiers.Moulds cause damage both bysystem is operating more than 4,000 hours a year, growing and whilstdry and mustbe removed.Find tipsthe extra costhas a pay-back time within the first to avoid mould fungus here:www.teknologisk.dk/bygge-few years. ri/13968• Choose a heatexchanger with high efficiency (whichcan save up to 80% of the heating consumptionthrough heatexchanging in-take air with outletair).• Selectenergy-efficientadjustmentfixtures,which Example:Jagtvej 177,Copenhagen,Co-operative ownershipjustcovers the demand for air flow,temperature association.and humidity.Air changes are usually setso thatmosthomes ventilate satisfactory.This means By construction of roof flats and renovation of the restofthatventilation during periods with few or no the building,controlled natural ventilation was implemented.occupants athome may be too high – therefore The existing chimney was re-plastered inside in order toregulation according to demand,as for example make ittight.The efficiency of the extraction fans from the“day”and “night”,mightbe a good idea. bathrooms were improved partly by drawing in fresh airfrom the outside courtyard atbasementlevel,partly plac- 41ing a venthood atthe end of the ventilation ductfrom theroof.The air is being pre-heated as itflows up the chimneyand is drawn in behind the centrally situated radiators –this also helps to pre-heatthe outdoor air.In each room afresh air ventsupplied with an air filter is connected to theradiator.Ventilation in the kitchen is supplemented by ademand-driven cooker hood.Data concerning the total energy consumption forheating and ventilation after the renovation is still missing.WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSFacts:Consumption by old fansFull speed:68.7 kW * 18 hours = 1237 kWh/dayHalf speed:22 kW * 6 hours = 132 kWh/dayA total of 1,369 kWh/dayConsumption by using economy fansFull speed:28.9 kW *18 hours = 520 kWh/dayHalf speed:12 kW *6 hours = 72 kWh/dayA total of 592 kWh/daySavings:(1369-592) kWh/day *365 = 283.000 kWh/ year283,000 kWh/year *1,72 DDK/kWh = 487.000 kWh/yearInvestment 998.000 DDKPay-back time 2 years!Photo:KMEK (Ann Vikkelsøe) Example:Blågårds Plads,CopenhagenMulti-storey building constructed in the 1980-ies,11 blocks of flats with a total of 863 flats,constructed with 32 extraction fans.Replacing fans.The reason for the change was occupants complaining abouttoo muchmoisture in some of the flats during the years 2001-2002.Therefore itwas decided toinspectthe site and replace the 39 old fans with new economy fans.After the renovation and implementation of a CTS system (Building managementsystem)over 50% of the electricity consumption was saved.Additional savings could have beenmade if the ducts had been cleaned and the heating installations re adjusted.After the replacementthere are no longer complaints concerning poor thermal comfort.Several occupants feltimprovementof well-being.Example:Lineagården,Frederiksberg,CopenhagenConstructed 1920.Renovation 2000:Solar ventilation-towers with counter-currentheatrecovery.Some plants utilize electricity for solar cells for electricityfor operating ventilators.42 Replacementof single-glass windows with new Low E win-dows.Energy consumption before renovation: 149 kWh/m2Energy consumption after renovation: 84 kWh/m2Total energy consumption savings: 44 %The sun chimneys are atpresentoutof orderENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSExample:Sundeved Gade 26-28,Hedebygadekareen,Copenhagen West.Constructed by the turn of the century.Awarded urbanrenewal funds.Renovation:“Sol i byfornyelsen”(Solar energy in urbanrenewal schemes).New glass façade towards the courtyard with optimaldaylight-factorReplacementof roof and the underlaymentwith highinsulation.Solar panels integrated into the roof structure.Removable windows with Low E glassVentilated Solar wall with PV solar cells (Photovoltaic)Mechanical ventilation with heatrecovery fromextracted air.Low temperature heating with heating-pipes andcentrally situated radiatorsLow energy light-bulbsEnergy consumption before renovation:150 kWh/m2Energy consumption after renovation:86 kWh/m2Overall heatconsumption after renovation:Approx.7.8 MWh.per 100 m2for space heating and hotwater consumption (average consumption forCopenhagen:13 MWh per 100 m2). 43Energy consumption savings:57 %WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSHeating CostsFor rental housing with shared districtheating The mentfor all – regardless of individual heating consump-Danish Building Regulation (BR) requires costs for distri- tion – and ,in turn,reduction in the rentfor flats situatedbuted heating is recorded and distributed individually in exposed locations.By the Danish Law of Tenancyaccording to the actual consumption of the household. Agreements itis the majority of the occupants whoExemptis multi-storey buildings where the costof decide whether heating costs will be divided accordinginstalling meters is too high in relation to the potential to meters (and if so,whattype),or divided according tosavings – for example in areas with energy supply by flatarea.If tenants require installation of new meters,districtheating plants with low consumer duties. the landlord may require tenants to pay for the expense,Furthermore,- The law suggestthatwater consumption for example in form of a separate rentincrease forcan be distributed individually,- butinstallation of hot improvements.water meters will often be a costly operation if there areseveral hotwater pipes in each flat,- thatis why this is For block of flats rented for business purposes there arenota legal requirement. much greater freedom to decide,whatis included in theheating consumption accounts and how itis divided forThe purpose for setting up meters,is thatitis important the involved tenants.Other distribution methods canto be able to see the results of an energy-conscious occur,butoften the general guidelines are followed.Atbehavior and the individual occupantcan only take least40% of the consumption-dependentpartof theadvantage of this if through individual recordings. paymentmust,however,be settled according to theStudies show thatindividual settlementhelps to reduce individual tenants consumption.energy consumption for heating and hotwater for theentire building.Atfirstoften with up to 20 % savings,- Fair distributionand later savings of approx.10 %. The heating records is compiled on the basis of measu-red consumption and divided into the costof heatingThe principle for allocating the costs of heating to indivi- and the costof hotwater.Costs for heating and hotdual flats vary from property to property.Typically there water are distributed on a fixed and variable key (accor-are two ways to distribute the heaton the accounts,the ding to meter).The reason for the “fixed and variablefirstof which is the mostcommon: key”is thatthe occupantalways – regardless consump-tion – mustpay for the maintenance of the energyAccording to meters:The total costs are divided accord- supply system providing the heating and water available.ing to the heating distributing meters installed on theradiators.The breakdown of expenditure on the heating In practice the buildings total consumption of heatingconsumption mustbe shown in the property`s heating for the flats is divided after a special system thattakesconsumption accounts.Some buildings compensate for into accountthe flats heating consumption,size andexposed locations.The compensation is calculated either number of tap fixtures.The system consists of 3 parts:1.from a standard table from the heating meter company Heating the radiators.2.Heatloss in heating pipes andor from a standard heating loss calculation.In certain hotwater pipes and 3.Consumption of hotwater.Thecases a special energy meter is applied which covers the total consumption is divided as follows:entire flat.Approx.35 % on the flats individual heating meters –44 According to area:The total expenditure is allocated the partof the heating bill the occupier can influence.according to the living area.This requires thatthe build-ing is exempted from the installation of heating distribu- Approx.35 % on the heat-loss in heating pipes in rela-tion-meters,usually with a time limit. tion to the size of the flat.If there is no meter in theflat,approx.70 % will be divided according to flatThe principles for allocating the costs for hotwater size.consumption are also distributed in two ways.Either bynumber and type of tap fixtures and number of rooms Approx.30 % after the hotwater consumption isor,- by the hotwater meter.As far as hotwater meter is measured,after how many hotwater tap fixtures inconcerned the marketoffers volume-meters,thatare the flatand after how many rooms in the flat.accurate and easy to read,also for the occupant- andevaporation meters.However,these are no longer The legislation (BR) requires thatthe sharing of the costauthorized for new installations and therefore only of the hotwater should be based on the number andoperated in a few buildings. type of hotwater tap fixtures (added up in tap-shares)and number of rooms in the flat.A tap-share is notSome residential landlords prefer uniform heating settle- merely a statementof the number of taps,butanENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSThe official heating season in Denmark is countedto lastfrom 1stof October to the 30th of April(totally approx.212 days).Practically the heatingseason is counted from 15th of September to 15thof May (totally approx.232 days).inclination of the consumption in the individual hot thatdetects the total heating consumption of the flat.water taps:Usually the tap-shares are calculated as Such buildings have typically installed a hotwater tankfollows:Sink faucet1 share,shower faucet2 shares,Bath in the flat.With electronic meters,itis possible totub with shower,3 shares,Kitchen tap 3 shares and each measure the heating consumption very accurately,butliving room 1 tap-share.The legislation does notinclude on the other hand the meters will costsignificantly moreprivately-owned apartments,having signed special than evaporation meters,and these are perfectlyagreements concerning division of costs for the adequate in mostcases.consumption of hotwater.When individual paymentforthe consumption of hotwater is introduced,studies Heating accountsshow thatthe buildings consumption of hotwater Heating accounts may only include the costof energydecreases within the firstyear with approx.20% for the (oil,gas etc.),- the total costof heating and expensespostto stabilize ataround 10%. according to energy savings in buildings (Energycertification,inspection of heating plants and boilers).AllThe distribution of the costof hotwater is typically 40- other expenses mustbe covered by the rent.Any penalty 4560 % for metered consumption,10-20 % for shared con- fee obtained for bad cooling mustbe paid for by thesumption according to sq.m and 20-35 % for room tap- owner and mustnotbe imposed on tenants heating bill.shares.If there is no hotwater supply from a shared hot The heating statementmustinclude the total energywater tank the typical division could be approx.70 % consumption justlike the Energy Certificate reportmustaccording to the consumption of the heating meter and be included.30 % according to sq.m.If information concerning the heating installation of theHeatDistribution Meters building is lackingm,itis possible to find information inIn general heating distribution meters are installed on the buildings operational manual.Itcontains a descrip-radiators.Heatsensors do notmeasure energy,butthe tion of corrections for exposed locations,requirementstemperature of the radiator.There are two types of for readings and maintenance of the actual meter-type,meters,evaporation-meters and electronic-meters.These an annual inspection-reportand any discrepancy state-two types are typically installed in buildings where there ments (used in appeal cases).are more heating pipes in the flat.If there is a shared setof pipes into the flatthere is typically a heating meterWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSGetthe mostheating for your money. operation and adjusting the heating consumption inHeating consumption in the individual flatis also depen- such a way thatitboth for the sake of well-being and fordenton the behavior of the occupants.As occupier of a economic reasons produces optimal results.flatyou are notin charge of your heating consumptionin the same way as a residentin a detached house – you There will of course always be differences between theare also dependentof the heating consumption of the heating consumption of the individual house-holds.Thisother occupants:Some occupants mightdue to heating is mainly due to the chosen room temperature and bath-considerations turn down the heating in one of the ing habits.Butis rarely the same individuals who haverooms,butthis is nota good solution for the neighbor both high room temperature and take many baths.who whishes a room temperature of 21 degrees centi-grade and therefore mustuse additional heatto Room temperaturescounteractthe cold wall they getfrom the economical Use/install radiator thermostats.neighbor.Thus,whatis saving for one,- is increased They are a necessity for obtaining optimal thermal com-spending for the other. fortand exploitthe radiator heating:Thermostats willensure the desired temperature in the room –they adjustButall occupants in the community may also have an the heating up when itis cold outside and down whenexpense as a resultof this.In the firstplace because une- solar gain is admitted,when people give off heatto theven radiator temperatures leads to uneven cooling and room,burning candles etc.They also ensure the bestthus a risk for the return temperature to rise so cooling of the hotradiatormuch thatitresults in penalty fees from the water.Itcan be feltwhendistrictheating supplier.Secondly uneven heating the temperature of theof the building can cause risk for the formation of radiator surface drops fromcondensation and the risk for moisture damage in the place where the waterthe brickwork of the building. enters into the radiatorand to the level where itFor districtheating the consumption is settled i leaves it.If there is norelation to how much heating is distributed to thermostatic valve on thethe building and how well itis cooled – utilized - radiator,cooling is notsoin the building before the cooled districtheating efficientand itmeans awater is returned to the districtheating plant. higher heating bill,as theTherefore,itis importantjointly to make the most heating is notutilizedheating for money by ensuring a reasonable optimally.The defaultset-ting of the thermostatissomewhere between 3 andEnergy saving central heating pump 4.Typically itis possible tosave 5-20 % of the heating46ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSconsumed by installing radiator thermostats (See more to lower the room temperature during the day.Suchin the section concerning “Heat”). day/nighttemperature “lowerings”is a good idea inbuildings where the temperature decreases rapidly andAlways use all the radiators in the same room with the quickly can be heated up again (poorly insulated build-same setting of the radiator valves.Itensures that ings),because energy savings equal to the time the roomradiators “operate”evenly and give off the mostcomfort- temperature is lowered can be achieved.In buildingsable heating and mostvalue for money.This also applies performing well ataccumulating the heating (wellif the demands are differentaccording to the rooms of insulated) only limited energy savings are achieved bythe flat.Many occupants prefer 21 degrees centigrade in switching off or reducing the heating over a shorterrooms and living room,butonly 18 degrees centigrade in period.the bedroom.If so,remember to keep the door shuttothe cooler room.The reason is thata fully heated radiator Whether this also leads to an energy saving overalloften uses more heatthan,for example a couple of depends on the heating system.In the firstplace itmustradiators thatoperates on a quarter of the operational be considered whether the buildings heating system iscapacity.Be aware thatwhile thermostatic valves are geared to handle the peak load,which will occur in theidentical,itis notcertain thatthey deliver the same morning,if all occupants have lowered the temperatureamountof heating.For example will a radiator warming atnightand therefore turn up simultaneously.Districtup a large room,use more heating than a radiator placed heating plants struggle to cope with such situations.Ifin a smaller room. the radiator system furthermore is a single stringedsystem itwill reduce the cooling and by thatreduce thePutup a thermometer and check currently the temperature. optimal utility of the heating leading to penalty fee fromItis a good way to keep track of the temperature desired. the energy supplier for poor cooling.Atbest,itis possibleThere is a tendency,mainly to elderly occupants to have to achieve 10-15 % energy saving by managing the heat-a slightly higher temperature than middle-aged and ing operation.However,itis importantnotto turn offyounger occupants,butthere are wide variations.For the heating so long ata time thatthe temperature gosome choosing 20 degree centigrade in the living room is below 15 degrees centigrade.connected with saving heating,for others itis connectedwith the factthatfrom active outdoor activities they are Do notplace a sofa in frontof the radiator.used to the cold and seem to become lazy in a warm This will lock in both radiator and heating meter. 47room.Conversely,some like to be comfortable and not Resulting in unevenly distributed heating and extrafreeze and has therefore chosen 22 degrees centigrade or heating consumption.more in the living room.For every degree the temperatureis lowered,approx 5 % of the heating can be saved,main- Do notcover the radiator by washing.ly in well insulated homes. The meter will register this as an additional heatingconsumption,because the radiator can notgetrid of theOperate the heating with a programmable thermostat heating Concerning the moisture level itis also a badThere is no need for the heating temperature in the idea to dry washing on the radiators (See underrooms all day long.With thermostats having the option “Ventilation”)of manual preset,-the setting of the temperature in therooms during the week can be a way of saving money on Do notlower the temperature below 15 degrees centigradeheating.Itjustrequires presetting to a lower room for longer periods.This could provide a breeding groundtemperature those periods during day-time when nobody for mould fungus,if there is a tendency for excessiveis home or during the nightwhen the demand is low moisture in the flat– itcan also cause inconvenienttoo.During weekends the thermostatcan be presetnot draught.The temperature should never go below 15WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSdegrees centigrade by airing,since itcan entail an Do notwash the dishes in running hotwater.additional heating consumption because of re-heating Running hotwater means an unnecessarily high heatingfurniture.Cold rooms also pull heating from other rooms, and water consumption.Wash up in a bowl or two inste-inclusive the flatof the neighbor. ad or use an energy saving dishwasher – withoutrinsingservice in hotwater before itis placed in the dishwasher.Install a room-sensor in connection with the thermostatto register and thus control the room temperature.The The heating season begins in the autumn,when the out-sensor of the thermostat,registering the room temperature, side day temperature reaches 12 grades centigrade or lesscan either be a build-in unitin the door handle or be for atleast3 continuous days and expire in the springplaced on the wall.A location on the wall is good if the when the day temperature reaches 10 degree centigraderadiator thermostatis positioned under a leaky window, or higher for atleast3 continuous days.(Danishup againstan un-insulated wall,behind curtains or in Technological Institute).directsun light,-because itensures an even space-heat-ing and therefore good thermal comfortand well being.Bathing habitsTypically approx.30 % of the total heat-ing consumption is used for heating thewater and for the heat-loss by circula-tion.Therefore italso makes sense tosave hotwater consumption.This can beachieved by ensuring thatthe tempera-ture from the hotwater never exceedsapprox.50 degrees centigrade.Highertemperatures can cause limestone for-mations in the hotwater system,whichcan ultimately lead to calcification of thewater heater and thus an increased heat-ing consumption.Today,taking a bath has notmuch to dowith being un-hygienic or dirty,butmoreaboutpleasure and well-being or per-haps applying to the normality of freq-uentbaths.Nevertheless itis reasonableto save hotwater withoutcompromisingthe comfort.Use/ purchase a temperature-controlledshower battery.This saves on both heating,water andtime – the in-builtthermostatensuresrapid and constantsetting of the tempe-48 rature approx.38 degrees centigradesprinkling water – even when turning offthe water to soap in.Complete mixingwith an economy shower-head,whichlimits the quantity of water by mixing airinto the water withoutgiving a feelingof standing under a lukewarm shower.Use water saving fixtures and/or perla-tors by kitchen- and hand zinks.Thissaves on both heating and water.Perlators limits the amountof water flo-wing outof the tap and hence the heat,which is used to heatup the hotwater.ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSJoint ElectricityConsumptionMulti-storied buildings have electricity consumption forthe common good and therefore itis settled by all theflats.The focus is on outdoor as well as indoor lighting.This can easily lead to excessive electricity consumptionif the lighting hasn’tbeen examined from utilityperspective.Naturally there should be outdoor lightingduring the evening/night,butdoes ithave to be on allthe time? Should itonly be there when needed? – Shoulditbe on partof the evening when people are around?aboutthe same applies to the lighting in the staircase orin the basement.The mosteffective piece of advice is toturn the lights off,when they are notneeded and theimportantthing is to find out,when there is a need forlight,and when there is not.Another piece of good adviceis to use energy saving equipment,including ABB,getgood advice here:www.faba.dk/Default.aspx?ID=128Outdoor lightingOutdoor areas could be:paths,parking plots and possiblygarage installations.Here outdoor lighting can havemany functions.Firstly,of course to ensure thataparticular area is illuminated,in order for everyone tomove safely,when itis dark.Secondly,to welcome and motion-sensor is also good to preventburglaries.Bemake people feel safe,and also to preventburglaries. aware thatthere are significantdifferences in how largeDepending on the function,there are various ways in an area the sensor covers.The disadvantage of thewhich to control the lighting,- even though notall motion-sensor is thatitis on stand-by atall times andlighting is suitable for automatic use. has an energy consumption of 9 kWh per year.A motionsensor is bestused in conjunction with incandescentUse A- lightbulbs,if the lightis to be kepton for longer lightbulbs and notwith A-bulbs,since control electro-periods of time nics continuously emita weak creep-flow,which canA- bulbs turns on slowly atlow temperature and may shorten a bulbs life-span.Recently,a special A-bulb hasnotgive full brightness.The brightness is reduced if the come to the market,which tolerates an unlimitedlamp cover is open,butrarely if itis closed.In cold amountof on and off switching and therefore canenvironments itis bestif the A-bulbs turn the lamp base replace the use of normal bulbs in combination withdown wards.Pick a bulb from www.a-paere.dk.Compact motion-sensors (Osram El Dulux Facility).The bulbs usetubes or fluorescenttubes are another energy efficient up to 80% less electricity than ordinary incandescentpossibility in enclosed lamps which are cheap in opera- lightbulbs and have a long life-span of 15,000 hours.tion.Choose fittings with so-called HF-ballasts to avoid apossible flicker-effect.HF ballasts are also standard on Fluorescentlamps and compactfluorescentlamps canvirtually all recentinstallations.LED-bulbs can also be an notbe used outdoors,since they are notreliable in frost 49option and are especially efficientfor doors,house and cold - they turns on slowly atlow temperatures.numbers and streak-lightingUse power clock on/off with twilightrelayUsing motion-sensor if the lightis only to be turned on for An on/off clock – with timed sensor– turns on and offshorter periods of time automatically in accordance with the settime.SuchA motion-announcer (motion detector or PIR-sensor – timed control can be setto turn the lights on/off at(Passive Infrared sensor) consists of a detector,which differenttimes -7 days a week if wanted.This can also bedetects heatradiation (infrared radiation) and an electro- relevantfor preventing burglaries and for Christmasnic unit,which turns the bulbs on or off.The manage- light-chains.Itcan,with advantage be combined withmentis often combined with a sensor thatdetects Twilightrelay (lightsensor),which turns on the lightlighting levels and ensures thatthe lightis switched on automatically when itgets dark,and turns off once itonly if there is notenough daylight.A motion-sensor gets light,no matter whattime of day itis.Combinedturns on the lightautomatically by a movementin a with an on/off switch itcan be timed for night-blockageparticular area and shuts off automatically when there is where the lightwill be turned off automatically in ano longer a movementin the area.Therefore,the specified period of time.Use A-bulbs or perhaps LED-WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSbulbs.For outdoor use you can choose between either Use A-bulbs,if the lighting is to be turned on for longerincandescentlightbulbs with motion sensor,or use A- periods of timebulbs with an on/off timer. A-bulbs are therefore suitable for staircases and otherjointareas if you do notuse motion-sensors,e.g.;a lift.ItUsing multiple forms of automatism in the same fittings provides comfortto some occupants,thatthe area is litItis also possible to combine the various kinds of auto- constantly.Choose a bulb from www.a-paere.dk.matic control devices in the same fittings like:clock- Compactlamps or fluorescentlamps is another energy-timer and motion-sensors,where the lights turn off efficientsolution for larger staircases,and economical infrom,e.g;.11 pm to 06 am,butturns on if the motion- operation.Choose fittings with so-called HF-ballasts,sensor is activated.Fittings with a setting for light- with flicker-free lightthatgives greater lighting and hassensitivity,motion,time and constantlighting is also a a longer life-span.HF Ballasts are in factstandard on vir-possibility.Which solution is mostprofitable for building, tually all new installations.Remember thatused lampswill be advised by the energy consultantin the Energy are to be disposed of as electronic wasteCertification report.Use motion-sensors if the lighting is only to be on inDistributing the lightevenly shorter periods of timeOrganize the lightin such a way thatthe fittings give an Motion detectors (movementsensor or PIR-sensor –evenly distributed lightas orientation-lights without Passive infrared sensor) are perfectly suitable for corridorsabrupttransition from strong lightto darkness.Atthe and jointlaundry areas.A motion sensor will automatic-50 same time the lighting mustnotdazzle and give any ally switch on by a movementin a particular area andmirror effect.Itis importantto maintain the fittings and will automatically switch off when there is no movementclean them regularly.For better orientation itmightbe a in the area.good idea to employ a stronger lighting by entrances etc;Use Push buttons with builtin time-controlIndoor lighting Use of push buttons which turn off automatically after aThe jointindoor areas are typically staircases,corridors settime is also a good and inexpensive solution for stair-and basements and in some cases shared premises.Here cases and back stairs.the lighting also has the primary function to ensure thearea is lighted in order for everyone to move around safe- Use of sound-control in bigger basementsly,butitalso has a function to feel welcome and create Sound-control of the lightmeans thatthe lightwill turnsafety.Depending on the utility there are differentways on when the system detects a sound.Very suitable inin which to control the light,even though notall lighting bigger basements where an installation of multipleis suited for automatism motion-sensors can be too expensive compared to theenergy savingsENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSVentilation Replace the washing machine and make washing withBuildings with mechanical ventilation use electricity for low temperature economicaloperating the extraction system.A qualified guess says The above study shows thatitis profitable to replacingthatup to 17% of the total jointelectricity consumption the washing machines over 10 years old.The savings onis used for air exchange purposes.See more under the electricity and water resultin a pay-back time of 4 to 5section on ventilation. years.Compared to the traditional jointlaundry,thelaundry of the future has to be refitted in such a wayLift thata 20 degrees wash mustbe significantly less ex-Installing a liftmeans an increased energy consumption, pensive than a 40 degrees wash and the washingunless itis replacing an older one,which often is less machines mustbe equipped with a more advancedenergy efficientthan a new.On the other hand,a liftand temperature-selecting mechanism than today.other disability measures increase security,comfortandquality of life for the elderly and disabled.On average it Turn off the mangle,when notin usecosts around 5 DKK (70 Euro cents) in energy consump- If the jointlaundry is equipped with mangles:A mangletion every time the liftis used.Therefore itis always a thatis turned on more than 1 hour a day,uses approx.good idea to take the stairs,also in terms of fitness.Use 2,000 DKK (270 Euros) of electricity a year.Therefore turnA-bulbs for lighting inside the elevator. them off when notin use.Jointlaundry Connectthe washing machines with hotwaterJointlaundries are an advantage for the environmental If the laundry is only connected to cold water,the machi-and energy saving,compared with privately owned was- nes use electricity to heatup the water from 40 to 60hing machines.Correctuse of industrial washing machi- degrees to be ready for wash.Here itwill provide greaternes can save both washing powder,water and energy savings to connectthe washing machines to the hotconsumption for heating and drying.However,the cor- water supply,since itis heated by natural gas or districtrectoperation is notstraightforward.An information heating,which is both less expensive and more environ-campaign has been running in 9 municipalities in mentally friendly.Greater Copenhagen called “My Beautiful laundry”.Thecampaign aims to inform how jointlaundries can reduce Dry your clothes outside - preferable in a covered lockedwater and energy consumption,whilstalso avoiding the courtyarduse of environmentally harmful detergents.In connec- Itis still the mostenergy efficientchoice drying the was-tion with the campaign a pamphletoffers advice for hing outside.In many multi-storey buildings itis possiblechoice of washing powder and washing machines,envi- to establish clothes-lines between the blocks of flats orronmentally friendly implementation and operation of alternative locations to dry washing.Establish a coveredjointlaundries in multi-storied buildings.Find ithere: locked up courtyard for drying washing.Besides,dryingwww.miljow.kk.dk/dk/vaskerikampagne washing outside was very usual before the tumbler-drierwas invented!Wash with low-temperatureThere is no need to wash “boiling wash”at95 degrees Tumbling drying is very energy-consuming.If itis necessarywhen 65 degrees is sufficientto wash for example linens. to use them,then purchase the A-certified products withSome Housing Associations have participated in a study natural gas heating (if there is a natural gas supplyconcerning renovation/renewal schemes of jointlaundries available) and humidity sensor- promoting low-temperature washing.In the study the Natural gas heating,instead of electric heating of thewashing temperature was lowered from 60 degrees to tumbling dryers will provide savings of up to 35%.The30 degrees and from 40 degrees to 20 degrees, time spenton drying will be 50% less and the clothes are 51equivalentto electricity savings of 60% obtained only dried more carefully,because ittakes less time.A tumbleby using less heated water.The resultwas obtained by dryer runs with natural gas and has the same powerusing a recently developed specific enzyme-based,low- connection as an electrical dryer,butin addition ithas antemperature washing agentthatcomplied with the extraction valve where the moistair from the washingrequirements of the Nordic Swan label and the require- and the combustion air are letoutinto the open.Anments of the Asthma-allergy association.The washing intake valve ensure fresh air supply for drying andagentwas dosed automatically to avoid overdose. combustion is admitted.Purchase an A-certifiedThe resultwas thatthe washing was as efficientwith condensing- tumble dryer supplied with automaticeco-friendly washing agentas with traditional washing moistsensor and save energy.powder.New energy efficientwashing machines wereused in the study,resulting in a reduced electricity con- Make itmore expensive to wash with high temperaturessumption of 50 %. Use a paymentsystem,where itis expensive to wash athigh temperatures.Itactually costs more in energyconsumption and will make some choose 60 degreesinstead of 95 degrees.WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSIndividual energy consumptionEnergy consumption depends on the size of the home, evaluated.Elsparefonden is also behind a voluntary labelthe size of the household,the household income,the – a recommendation – which is used for the mostenergyamountof electrical items and notto forgetelectricity efficientproducts in particular productcategories.Thehabits.Elsparefonden,(The Danish Electricity Saving label is available for A-bulbs,white goods,circulationFoundation) indicates that1000 kWh.per person per pumps and electricity saving- and measuring equipment,year is a reasonable power consumption – and without e.g.:Autopoweroff plug bankgiving up lights,television,computers and white goods.This can be achieved through greater awareness and by Danish Energy Suppliers gives free advice - both in leafletspurchasing the mostenergy efficientappliances.If you and on their website - On how to save energy by cook-live alone a more realistic benchmark is 1.500kWh/per ing,washing and dishwashing.They also letyou borrowyear,since there is a basic standard consumption for a saveOmeter – an electricity measurer,where you canevery household for e.g:refrigerators regardless of how easily check your electricity devices energy usage.Findmany people are living in the household.The figure your company here:below shows a more specified standard consumption www.danskenergi.net/Web/Indhold/om+os/Medlemmerdepending on the size of home and household.There is a .greatpotential for savings up to 40-50% of the estimat- The Danish Consumer Agency and The Danish Consumered normal consumption.See more here:www.elspare- Council testa wide range of domestic electrical appliances,fonden.dk. where the energy consumption is involved.Check if thedevice you are aboutto buy is tested here:You can,withoutreducing your comfortand/or buying www.forbrug.dk/test/om/samarbejde-med-dansk-biblio-new appliances – easily cutapproximately 20% of your tekscenter-dbc.energy consumption by firstand foremostmonitoringyour electricity consumption,cutting unnecessary Generally,itis a good idea to take a closer look atyourconsumption away,changing habits and do some main energy consuming installations in your householdthings a little differently than usual. – your stand-by consumption,hard white goods and yourlighting.These have greatpotential for savings.Getfree advice aboutenergy savings at:Elsparefonden(“Electricity Saving Foundation”),www.elsparefonden.dk. Standby consumptionis the energy used when electricalFor anyone who doesn’twantto use more electricity devices are on stand-by and notin use.Normally standbythan necessary,and for you who wants to know if your consumption is about10% of your household energyhousehold uses more or less electricity than everyone consumption,with a rising tendency since the number ofelse,and also if you wantyour electricity consumption household devices with a standby function is rising.AsFlats,normal electricity consumption pr.year excluded electrical heating,in kWhm2livingarea 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 people 6 people52 40 1130 1480 1830 2180 2530 288060 1350 1700 2050 2400 2750 310080 1570 1920 2270 2620 2970 3320100 1790 2140 2490 2840 3190 3540120 2010 2360 2710 3060 3410 3750140 2230 2580 2930 3280 3630 3980160 2450 2800 3150 3500 3850 4200180 2670 3020 3370 3720 4070 4420Source:Energitjenesten (The Energy Service).Calculated on the basis of Gram Hansen,Kirsten:Household electricityconsumption,- who uses how much,for whatand why.SBI 2005:12.Electrical consumption is calculated as follows:consumption / year = 340kWh + sq.m living space x 11 kWh + x number of people x 350kWhENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSAutopoweroff plug bankan example a TV can use as much electricity in the 20 as there mightbe several hundred of DKK to be savedhours itis turned off,as in the 4 hours itis turned on. every year per item.Choose if possible also environment-Especially multimedia as computers,modems,printers, ally marked hard white-goods,which in addition toTV,satellite receivers,DVD and music systems use a lotof requirements for energy saving also impose requirementselectricity on the standby function.You can tell if an item to the materials used,or water use,e.g.;dishwashers andis on standby as they often show a red or a green light. washing machines.Find the righthard white goods andNormally itis unnecessary to have devices on standby. prices here:www.hvidevarepriser.dkand the eco-labelledBuy a TV Autopoweroff plug bank and connectitto your white goods here:www.ecolabel.dk/produkter.TV equipment(as DVD-player/recorder,satellite receiver,antenna amplifier,surround sound system and video Use a cooker hood with low power consumptionplayer),then itwill automatically turn everything off There are greatpotential for energy and heating savingswhen you turn the TV off with the remote control. by choosing a cooker hood with low power consumptionfor lighting and ventilation,and with a minimum ofBuy an Autopoweroff plug bank and connectitto your extraction of air to remove the food smell.Switch to anPC,itwill automatically turn all the units off connected A-bulb if possible.Putthe cooker hood on the lowestset-to the PC,when you turn itoff after use,e.g.;monitor, ting which can keep the smell of food outof the kitchenprinter,modem,scanner,speakers etc;When you turn off – a cooker hood uses approximately 1.5 times more ener-the power,the electricity is cutto the “economy-rail”and gy on the highestsetting compared to the lowest.Ayou avoid a standby consumption. labeling standard system has notyetbeen established inthis area,butmeanwhile a voluntary system is availableCheck your personal standby consumption on www.sluk- here:www.spareemhaette.dk.Ask how much air the coo-nu.dkand find also here devices with the loweststandby ker hood is expected to extractfrom the kitchen toconsumption.Find products with the loweststand-by remove the smell – the smaller the quantity of air,theconsumption here:www.energipilen.dk.Choose less energy consumption.(see also ventilation).electronic devices with a low standby consumptionwhen you are purchasing new components,- with Lightingconsumes a lotof energy,resulting in a greatadvantage to your walletand the environment. potential for energy savings.You can reduce electricity 53consumption by,e.g.taking (better) advantage of theEven though your TV has a switch on the frontitcan daylight,choosing the rightbulbs (A-bulbs for ceilingseasily consume power anyway.All your power consuming light,and other basic lighting) and by placing lights anddevices,e.g.;chargers for phones,radio,satellite dishes, fittings wisely.Using only energy consuming light,whereantenna amplifiers,etc;can make up to 10% of your total you read or work.The lightis only to be turned on whenelectricity consumption.Therefore always turn off the needed,– turn itoff manually or with the help of controlswitch on the wall. managements tools,daylightsensors and motion sen-sors.Read aboutA-bulbs and suited lamps here:www.a-White goodsare the mostenergy consuming devices in paere.dkand find good advice aboutthe furnishing ofthe home and therefore the area where you can save the your house with the bestpossible lighting here:most.Keep the righttemperature of your refrigerator www.boliglys.dk.Only buy lightsources,which clearly(+ 5 degrees) and your freezer (-18 degrees).Fill up the mark the energy consumption.machines,e.g.;the washing machine,dishwasher andeven ovens as much as possible.Choose the mostenergy Use electronic lightdimmersefficientwhite goods (with the energy label A++,A+,A) Reduce the lightintensity as required and use electronicWINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSlightdimmers to regulate the lightintensity instead ofthe revolving lightdimmers which use electricity withpoor resistance,built-in the dimmer switches.There are 2types of A-bulbs on the marketthatcan be dimmed,either gradually,either by an electronic dimmer or by theon/off power switch.By dimming a bulb you can saveup to 60% of energy compared to the bulbs normalconsumption.Use LEDs - the future of lightsourcesLightemitting diodes (LED) are small electronic componentsthatemitlightwhen electricity is sentthrough them.LED`sare the future lightsource with the potential for big energysavings,since a LED only use from 0.1 W to 5W.The benefitsof diodes is thatthey are small,robustand have a very longlifetime,compared to conventional lightsources,- up to25.000 – 50.000 hours is possible,e.i.25-50 times longerthan incandescentlightbulbs.Since they are small in size,they can be builtinto,e.g.;shelves,cabinets,handrails andstairs.Some LED`s can be implemented into regular sockets,butthe disadvantage is thatlightfrom an LED bulb is notas strong and the range smaller.LED`s musttherefore berelatively close to the item thatis to be lit.Fluorescentlamps develop heatand therefore wasteelectricityFluorescentlamps develop a lotof heatand waste agreatdeal of energy for anything butmaking light.Therefore a special “safe-box”mustbe applied for imple-mentation.Fluorescentlighting is “good”lightand incan-descentlightbulbs with fluorescentlamps are the sour-ce of lightthatcomes closestto daylight.The mostrecentenergy saving lightbulbs are very close to be justas good.Be aware thatmostof the lamps are “born”witha 50W halogen bulb and a transformer,butoften 20W or40W is more than adequate.Since the transformer runsall the time,regardless if the lightis on or not,itis agood idea to turn off the switch on the wall.Halogenbulbs give a lotof warmth and therefore electricity con-sumption is relatively high compared to the amountofproduced light.If halogen bulbs are used in lamps,tur-ned on for many hours a day if can pay off to investinthe new metal halogens,butthey don’tfitin all sockets.54 Check whether itis possible to apply a metal halogenbulb instead.ENERGY LABELING GREEN DIPLOMA HEATING SYSTEMS INSULATION INITIATIVESAND ACCOUNTENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSBibliographyLading arkitekter + konsulent(2006,2.edition),`Bedre Internet:vinduer.En vejledning til bygningsejere`.(A guide to www.bl.dkBoligselskabernes Landsforeningbuilding owners),Grundejernes Investeringsfond. www.llo.dkLejernes LOAvailable as a PDF file on www.gi.dk www.abf-rep.dkAndelsboligernes Fællesrepræsentationwww.ejl.dkEjerlejlighedernes LandsforeningSamvirkende Energi-og Miljøkontorer,(2000),`Bliv varmpå ditvindue` (Gethoton your window). www.gi.dkGrundejernes Investeringsfond.www.lbf.dkLandsbyggefonden.Energistyrelsen (2001,Final report),`Evaluering afEnergiledelsesordningen` (Evaluation of Energy www.energitjenesten.dkManagementsystem) www.ecocouncil.dkwww.bygningsbevaring.dkMichael Jensen,Ole (2004),`Barrierer for realisering afenergibesparelser i bygninger` (Barriers to realize energysavings in buildings),Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut.Mayland Nielsen,Rie (2004),`Implementering af EU`sbygningsdirektiv om energimæssig ydeevne`(Implementation of the EU directive on energyperformance),Byggecentrum.Kommunikationskompagniet(2004),`Ny energiattest-ordning for lejligheder` (New energy certificationscheme for apartments)Nørregård Larsen m.fl.Barrierer for implementering afenergibesparende foranstaltninger i den almene bolig-sektor.Rambøl,2002.Ventilation,DetØkologiske Råd (The Ecological Council),200655WINDOWS VENTILATION HEATING COSTS ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONENERGYSAVINGSINMULTI-STOREYBUILDINGSEnergy saving inmulti-storey buildingsLarge energy savings can be realised inmulti-storey buildings – private as wellas non-profittenancy buildings and co-operative and owner-occupied flats.Simple things can be done like savingelectricity and water.Much can be achiev-ed by additional insulation,replacementof windows,ventilation etc.This can oftenbestbe done when the building mustbe renovated for other reasons.Energylabelling of buildings provides a goodtool.Butitmustbe followed by imple-mentation of the actions recommendedin the energy labelling report.Also barriers mustbe overcome.This canbe the economic interests of owners andtenants – whether those who pay for theinvestments also getthe benefitof theenergy savings.Itcan be lack of knowledgeand consulting.This bookletprovides agood start.Although itis written in aDanish contextwe hope thatitcan alsoinspire in other countries.Blegdamsvej 4B · 2200 København Nwww.ecocouncil.dk · info@ecocouncil.dk