BSPC Working Group on Energy Security, Self-sustainability, Resilience and Connectivity 2023-2025

BSPC Working Group addresses naval defence, cyber deterrence and the potential of AI for securing vital maritime assets The sixth and final meeting of the Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference (BSPC) Working Group on Energy Security, Self-sustainability, Resilience, and Connectivity (WG ESSRC) convened in Tallinn, Estonia, from 18-20 May 2025, drawing more than 30 participants from across the Baltic Sea region. Delegates from the Åland Islands, the Baltic Assembly, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hamburg, Latvia, Lithuania, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Schleswig-Holstein joined officials and experts to explore the possibilities for addressing digital vulnerabilities and strengthening energy resilience in the region. Chair of the WG ESSRC, Mr Andris Kulbergs , expressed his sincere gratitude to all delegations, experts and the secretariat for their continued contributions to the WG. Reflecting on the substantial progress made since the Bergen meeting in March 2025, he underscored the present risks posed by cyber threats, stressing the need for swift, coordinated governmental responses. Emphasising the unity within the WG, he highlighted how this format has proven the ability of Baltic Sea countries to align on shared goals, exchange expertise and resources, as well as act collectively. Spotlight on Maritime Security, Cyber Resilience and Digital Innovations The participants engaged in a series of high-level site visits, including the e-Estonia Briefing Centre, Estonian Navy, CR14 and International Centre for Defence and Security (ICDS) : e-Estonia Briefing Centre : As a cornerstone of the digital leadership of Estonia, the e-Estonia Briefing Centre offers an immersive overview of how the country has become one of the most advanced digital societies in the world. Established in 2009 as an NGO, it is today part of Enterprise Estonia and plays an integral role in promoting the know-how and expertise in digital services. Participants were introduced to the digital transformation journey of Estonia by Digital Transformation Adviser Ms Johanna-Kadri Kuusk , who highlighted how digital identity, e-governance and AI-driven solutions are enhancing national resilience, public services and infrastructure management. Estonia was the first country to introduce i-voting in 2005, which now accounts for more than half of all votes cast, offering a secure, cost-effective and flexible voting method. The visit demonstrated that digital success is built on a citizen-centric approach, strong public-private and academic partnerships and digital-minded leadership. Estonian Navy : The Estonian Navy protects the territorial waters of Estonia and, in case of crisis, defends harbour areas, sea lines of communication and by-sea approaches to the coastline. Ships of the Estonian Navy regularly participate in major international exercises and operations that are carried out in the Baltic and the North Sea. Hosted at the Miinisadam naval base, the visit offered a comprehensive overview of the naval operations and defence responsibilities of Estonia. Deputy Commander Mr Johan-Elias Seljamaa emphasised that maritime surveillance is complicated by legal ambiguities, cross-border data sharing limitations and hybrid threats merging civilian and military interests. Improved coordination and clearer frameworks for information exchange are urgently needed, especially as the region continues to face evolving security threats. CR14 : Foundation CR14, established by the Ministry of Defence of Estonia in 2021, is based on more than 10 years of military-grade cyber range experience. It offers cyber ranges, cyber exercise automation, a digital library and cybersecurity simulation tools, as well as solutions that allow for the simple and effective planning and implementation of cyber defence exercises and activities. More than 3500 cyber experts are trained within a year. Head of International Relations of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) Ms Angelica Tikk presented the Centre’s mission to support NATO and its member nations with interdisciplinary expertise in cyber defence, spanning technology, strategy, operations and law. Established in 2008 following the 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia, the CCDCOE has since become a global leader in cyber resilience. Its flagship exercise, Locked Shields, is the world’s largest live-fire cyber defence drill. The work of the Centre highlights the importance of partnerships, national capability-building, and ensuring everyday cyber hygiene practices, such as two-factor authentication, as a first line of defence. Head of Marketing at CR14 Mr Martin Hanson briefed the participants about the work of CR14 and offered the participants the possibility to see the NATO Cyber Range – a platform and data centre enabling NATO to conduct its largest cyber defence exercises and training, such as the Cyber Coalition and the Coalition Warrior Interoperability exercise (CWIX). International Centre for Defence and Security (ICDS) : ICDS is the leading think-tank in Estonia, specialising in foreign policy, security and defence issues. Founded in 2006, it aims to be the regional knowledge hub of first choice for the security and defence communities of Estonia, its allies and partners. The ICDS team of experts – Head of Studies Mr Tomas Jermalavičius , Head of Defence Policy & Strategy Programme Mr Tony Lawrence and Research Fellow Mr Henrik Praks – shared their analysis on the protection of critical maritime infrastructure, regional naval cooperation and responses to hybrid attacks. Drawing on recent research, they addressed the evolving security environment in Europe, offering policy-oriented solutions for resilience and deterrence in the Baltic Sea region. The presentations highlighted the need for forward-looking cooperation to counter complex threats. Energy Security, Maritime Resilience and Regional Preparedness in the Baltic Sea Security and international relations expert Mr Raivo Vare outlined the growing vulnerabilities of Russia, highlighting its reliance on manipulated economic data, structural dependence on raw material exports and limited technological development. Additionally, Russia faces deepening demographic challenges, such as workforce shortages and a brain drain of educated professionals, all of which hinder its long-term economic stability and capacity for modernisation. Despite sanctions, Russia continues to fund its war effort through commodity exports, using mechanisms like the shadow fleet to bypass restrictions, posing both geopolitical and environmental risks. Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Estonia and former Ambassador to Ukraine Mr Kaimo Kuusk shared first-hand insights on the energy resilience of Ukraine during wartime. Drawing from his experience in Kyiv, he described how Russia deliberately targeted critical energy infrastructure while avoiding nuclear plants. He emphasised the importance of resilience and rapid repair capacity, noting that Ukraine’s ability to quickly restore power was vital to maintaining basic services. Critical infrastructure must be designed with redundancy in mind and protected through both physical defences and cyber preparedness. His core lesson was that, to ensure the survival of energy systems, countries must not only defend against attacks but also be ready to rebuild and adapt quickly under pressure. Director General of the Legal Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia Ms Kristi Land emphasised the critical importance of protecting underwater maritime infrastructure within the framework of international maritime law, particularly UNCLOS, which serves as the foundational legal instrument for the seas. While recent incidents have sparked calls to amend UNCLOS, she noted that reopening or amending this nearly universal treaty is impractical due to the complexity and length of negotiations involved. Instead, she advocates for focusing on clearer interpretations and harmonised implementation of existing UNCLOS provisions, alongside improving national laws to criminalise damage to underwater infrastructure, as well as developing non-binding regional codes of practice. Chairman of the Board at Eesti Energia Mr Andrus Durejko reflected on the lessons learned from the recent desynchronization of the Baltic States from the BRELL energy system , emphasising the importance of regional cooperation and forward-thinking. He stressed that small nations cannot afford to act in isolation – coordinated planning, unified decision-making and fair cost-sharing principles are essential. Highlighting Eesti Energia’s role as a vertically integrated energy provider with a focus on cleaner production, he underlined the need to strengthen collective resilience in the evolving regional energy landscape. Lastly, Senior Researcher at Tallinn University of Technology Dr Tarmo Korõtko explored the transformative role of digitalisation and AI in enhancing energy security . As energy systems become increasingly complex due to rising global demand and the integration of variable renewables, traditional engineering methods are no longer sufficient. AI offers powerful tools for managing this complexity by processing multidimensional data to improve stability, reliability and efficiency. However, challenges remain, including data integration, system transparency and scalability. Thus, AI should not be seen as a solution in itself, but as a vital enabler for achieving energy resilience, self-sustainability and improved system performance. Looking Ahead Chairman Mr Andris Kulbergs closed the meeting by emphasising the need for a detailed, regional strategy that strengthens the resilience of energy supply, communications and transport networks, including a specific action plan to prevent threats, and it should be coordinated with national initiatives and all EU institutions, NATO legal acts related to the protection of critical infrastructure. It was agreed that the WG would conclude its work during the summer and present the final results at the 34 th BSPC in Mariehamn in August.

BSPC Working Group addresses emerging geopolitical challenges, energy security risks, and the future of interconnected transport systems in Stockholm The fifth meeting of the Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference (BSPC) Working Group on Energy Security, Self-sustainability, Resilience, and Connectivity (WG ESSRC) convened in Stockholm, Sweden, from 16-18 March 2025, drawing 30 participants from across the Baltic Sea region. Delegates from the Åland Islands, the Baltic Assembly, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hamburg, Latvia, Lithuania, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Schleswig-Holstein joined officials and experts in addressing the possibilities for developing sustainable and resilient land and maritime transport solutions. The working group also further reinforced the importance of safeguarding critical infrastructure and ensuring maritime security amid growing geopolitical uncertainties. Chair of the WG ESSRC, Mr Andris Kulbergs , pointed out that since the last meeting of the WG in Bergen in November 2024, significant progress has been made in various areas of discussion. However, the geopolitical situation has changed fundamentally and is still changing daily. Therefore, the WG ESSRC is required to coordinate and communicate on the issues to be able to come up with the necessary action, as strengthening cooperation across the Baltic Sea region is more important than ever, and this commitment will be crucial for shaping joint policies moving forward. He also emphasised that the Baltic Sea countries should be the pillars of democracy and legality and continue to fight for the rule of law and freedom of speech. Spotlight on Transport and Resilience The participants engaged in a series of site visits, including the KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Candela , and the Swedish Coast Guard : KTH Royal Institute of Technolog y : Founded in 1827, KTH has grown to become a leading technical university worldwide. As the largest institution in Sweden for technical education and research, it brings together students, researchers, and educators worldwide. Its activities are grounded in a strong tradition of advancing science and innovation, focusing on contributing to sustainable societal development. KTH conducts basic and applied research, currently ranking 73 rd among 1,500 universities worldwide in the QS World University Rankings. Their research structures enable interdisciplinary and external collaborations that contribute to new knowledge, technologies, products, and services. Thus, during the visit, leading researchers shared insights on some of the recent research topics, such as sustainable transport development, power grid evolution, and industrial expansion in the Baltic Sea region. A demonstration at the Integrated Transport Research Lab (ITRL) showcased cutting-edge research in transport automation and electrification. The visit emphasised the role of technological innovation in shaping the future of mobility while ensuring energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. Candela : Candela was founded in 2014 by Gustav Hasselskog, who was determined to find ways to make electric boats with both range and speed that would ensure a better performance than the fossil fuel competitors. At the end of 2016, a full-scale prototype was launched, reaching the target of more than 50 nautical miles per charge at a speed of 22 knots. Serial production of the world’s first electric hydrofoil boat started in 2019, but in 2020, Candela C-7 became the best-selling electric boat in Europe. During the visit to Candela headquarters, participants had the opportunity to practically experience the potential of electric hydrofoil boats to revolutionise maritime transport. The innovative Candela P-12 is the world’s first high-speed and long-range electric shuttle ship. Cruising at 20+ knots on computer-controlled hydrofoils, it consumes 80% less energy than conventional ships. These vessels offer an energy-efficient alternative to traditional ferries and could play a key role in reducing emissions in the Baltic Sea region. Swedish Coast Guard : The Swedish Coast Guard surveils, rescues, and provides assistance at sea 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, along the entire Swedish coastline. It is a civilian government agency under the authority of the Ministry of Defence of Sweden. The Coast Guard also coordinates civilian needs for maritime surveillance, disseminates maritime information, and carries out the day-to-day maritime surveillance for many government agencies. The visit to the Swedish Coast Guard station in Djurö further reinforced the importance of safeguarding critical infrastructure and ensuring maritime security in the face of growing geopolitical uncertainties. Security in the Baltic Sea, energy security, and civil preparedness Professor at the Swedish Defence University and Maritime Systems Researcher at the Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Mr Hans Liwång, informed that the underwater domain of the Baltic Sea presents unique and complex challenges. Thus, it requires specialised knowledge. Unlike incidents on land, where causes are quickly identified, maritime incidents can remain uncertain for long periods, leading to unnecessary speculation. A more structured approach to incident reporting and learning is needed to improve resilience. He also emphasised that increasing diversity in infrastructure, such as multiple cables with different technologies and operators, would enhance resilience against coordinated attacks. Lastly, maritime security should be approached from an international perspective rather than a purely national one. Deputy Head of Security, Svenska kraftnät, Mr Fredrik Gustavsson, provided an overview of the Svenska kraftnät, which is the authority responsible for ensuring that Sweden’s transmission system for electricity is safe, environmentally sound and cost-effective. They also conduct and support research projects to manage critical challenges to the national electricity grid and possible risks in the power system. He also informed about the threats that the electricity sector is facing, including cyberattacks, physical damage and sabotage, unreliable supply chains, and different kinds of hybrid activities. To deal with these challenges, the Svenska kraftnät is taking different measures to maintain the electricity supply in all social conditions, such as remedial measures, preparedness, security, and dialogue with stakeholders. Analyst at the Swedish Energy Agency, Ms Rebecka Bergholtz, informed about the Swedish Energy Agency, which is the national authority for energy policy issues charged with promoting sustainable and resilient energy use and supply in Sweden. It supports research, innovation, policies, and actions to enable the energy transition while increasing the overall resilience of the energy system. She also emphasised that efforts are being made to ensure energy resilience in times of conflict by analysing supply and demand gaps and ensuring robust energy availability for critical sectors. Cooperation of the Baltic Sea states in international organisations The members of the WG ESSRC also had been updated about the current activities of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and learned about the work of the Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe (CPMR) Baltic Sea Commission. Director General of the CBSS, Mr Gustav Lindström, informed that the CBSS was established in 1992 as an inter-governmental political forum for cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region. It currently consists of 11 members: the 10 Member States of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland and Sweden, plus the European Union. Today, the CBSS serves as a primary platform for political dialogue, encompassing international cooperation in areas agreed on by its members. He highlighted that the CBSS focuses on its current three long-term priorities – Regional Identity, Safe & Secure Region, and Sustainable & Prosperous Region. On 13 January 2025, Toomas Hendrik Ilves and Gabrielius Landsbergis were appointed as the high-level rapporteurs of the CBSS following their nomination by the Estonian Presidency. They are now working on a report on the future of the CBSS, which will be launched in May 2025. President of CPMR Baltic Sea Commission, Mr Tomas Mörtsell, informed that the CPMR Baltic Sea Commission is an international, independent organisation of Regional Authorities across the Baltic Sea Region. Established in 1996, it serves as a forum for policy-oriented cooperation and lobbying amongst Regional Authorities. The organisation supports the main goals of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region and works for a stronger involvement of regional stakeholders in the governance and implementation of the EU Strategy of the Baltic Sea Region. Looking Ahead Chairman Mr Andris Kulbergs closed the meeting by emphasising the urgency of cooperation across the Baltic Sea region to ensure preparedness for any future risks. It was agreed that the WG will reconvene in Tallinn in May 2025 for its sixth and final meeting, focusing on maritime cybersecurity and accelerating the transition to a single digital market resilient to internal and external threats.

BSPC Working Group Tackles Russian Shadow Fleet and Undersea Cable Threats at Bergen Meeting The fourth meeting of the Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference (BSPC) Working Group on Energy Security, Self-sustainability, Resilience, and Connectivity (WG ESSRC) convened in Bergen, Norway, from 26–28 November 2024, drawing 35 participants from across the Baltic Sea region. Delegates from Åland Islands, Baltic Assembly, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hamburg, Latvia, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Norway, Poland, and Schleswig-Holstein joined officials and experts in addressing escalating threats to regional energy and maritime security. The working group continued discussing energy security in the Baltic Sea Region and encouraged collaboration in energy and sustainability research and innovation. The meeting occurred amidst pressing concerns about the Russian shadow oil tanker fleet operating in the Baltic Sea and the recent sabotage of critical undersea cables linking Helsinki and Rostock, as well as Lithuania and Gotland. These incidents underscore the need for enhanced maritime surveillance and robust protection of the region’s critical offshore infrastructure. Chair of the WG ESSRC, Mr Andris Kulbergs, pointed out the importance of the meeting due to concerns about the growing threat posed by the Russian shadow oil tanker fleet in the Baltic Sea, as well as the highly publicised damage to two critical undersea cables in the Baltic Sea. These incidents affecting connections between Helsinki and Rostock, and Lithuania and Gotland highlight the increasing vulnerability of the critical offshore infrastructure to sabotage and other security threats, as well as the need to act together to enhance critical infrastructure protection and strengthen the collective response of the Baltic Sea region. He also emphasised that this meeting was a kind of jubilee as, after 20 years, the BSPC was back in Bergen because the 2004 annual conference took place there. Spotlight on Infrastructure and Innovation The participants engaged in a series of site visits to critical facilities, including the Kollsnes Process Plant , the Royal Norwegian Navy , and the renewable energy company Eviny : Kollsnes Process Plant : Managed by Gassco, this facility exemplifies Norway’s role in securing energy supplies for millions of Europeans. The site plays a pivotal role in gas transport and innovation, including ongoing hydrogen and CO2 transport systems studies. During the visit to the Kollsnes Process plant, the members of the WG could learn more about Gassco and Equinor. ( Link to the presentations about Gassco & Link to the presentation about Equinor) Gassco is the integrated Norwegian gas transport system operator and is responsible for safe and efficient gas transport from the Norwegian continental shelf. Relationship Manager of Gassco, Mr Pål Rasmussen, highlighted that the role of Gassco is to ensure that everything booked is ensured to the market – freight volumes, timing, and quality. The three main projects include operatorship, which provides for physical operatorship for process plants, pipelines, and receiving terminals; gas transport from field to market; and further development of Norwegian gas infrastructure, including studies for the transport of hydrogen and CO2. The Site Manager of Kollsnes, Mr Bjarte Padøy, informed about Equinor – an international energy company committed to long-term value creation in a low-carbon future. Equinor compasses oil and gas, renewables, and low-carbon solutions, aiming to become a net-zero energy company by 2050. Royal Norwegian Navy : Delegates explored the network of maritime security collaborations involving NATO, government entities, and the private sector. Discussions included rules of engagement for suspicious vessels and strategies for safeguarding infrastructure in international waters. During the visit to the Royal Norwegian Navy, the branch of the Norwegian Armed Forces responsible for naval operations, the members learned that the maritime security network is made up of a whole-of-government maritime approach – people from the industry, NATO, governmental organisations, and international organisations gather together to discuss issues jointly regularly. It was also possible to discuss rules of engagement in case of suspicious vessels and the need to raise awareness and cooperation to have a policy for critical infrastructure in open international waters. Eviny : A leading player in renewable energy with a 100-year commitment to sustainable energy solutions, including onshore and offshore wind power, as well as hydropower, plays a vital role in the green energy transition. ( Li nk to the presentation ) Senior Adviser of Eviny, former MP and State Secretary for Energy, and a former long-standing member of the BSPC Standing Committee, Mr Per Rune Henriksen, informed that Eviny is one of the biggest renewable energy and technology companies In Norway. For 100 years, they have made solutions for sustainable production and distribution of green energy. They are also now leading the way in ensuring more energy and power in nature, such as offshore and onshore wind and hydropower. Deep Dives into Regional Threats Russian Shadow Oil Tanker Fleet Experts Professor Henrik Ringbom from the Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law and Mr Alexander Lott from the Norwegian Center for the Law of the Sea at the Arctic University of Norway (UiT) provided an overview of the complex regulatory landscape surrounding the shadow fleet, emphasising the urgent need for coordinated measures, including maritime surveillance and intelligence sharing. They informed about the multiple layers of regulation regarding such issues, including prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction in flag and coastal states. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was also assessed in the context of safeguards to ensure that coastal/port states do not abuse their powers concerning foreign ships. The discussion is tied to recent EU initiatives from November 2024 to counter sanction evasion and bolster maritime security. ( Link to the presentatio n ) The WG members deepened the topic of the threat posed by the Russian shadow oil tanker fleet in a discussion with the experts. The WG chairman, Andris Kulbergs, highlighted that this issue, which was also discussed extensively in the prior meetings in Helsinki and Greifswald, was strongly highlighted in the BSPC resolution adopted in Helsingør. The resolution urged the governments to prioritise measures such as enhancing maritime surveillance, intelligence sharing, regulatory enforcement, and international collaboration to mitigate environmental and security risks associated with these fleets. It was agreed that the timing of this discussion is particularly relevant, as both the European Parliament and the European Commission adopted significant and detailed measures on this issue on November 11 th and 14 th . These decisions focus on countering the shadow fleet, preventing sanction evasion, and addressing environmental and security risks. These developments highlight the urgency of coordinated action. Undersea Cable Sabotage The group also addressed the high-profile sabotage of undersea cables, examining legal frameworks like UNCLOS and gaps in jurisdiction. Delegates agreed on the need for strengthened regional cooperation and rapid response mechanisms, emphasising the importance of pre-emptive planning. Surveying Regional Governments A significant outcome of the meeting was the decision to launch a survey targeting national and regional governments in the Baltic Sea states. The survey, developed by the BSPC WG ESSRC, seeks to assess: Existing measures for monitoring shadow fleet activities and plans for enhancing maritime surveillance. Legal opinions and procedures in place to address undersea infrastructure sabotage. Gaps in current legal frameworks and potential initiatives for bridging these gaps. The feasibility of establishing regular high-level Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) meetings to address critical infrastructure protection. The survey aims to foster a coordinated response and will serve as a foundation for discussions at the next working group meeting in March 2025 in Stockholm. ( L ink to the survey ) Looking Ahead Chairman Andris Kulbergs closed the meeting by emphasising the urgency of building resilience across the Baltic Sea region. The WG ESSRC will continue addressing these critical challenges, ensuring the Baltic Sea remains a bastion of cooperation and sustainability.

The Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference (BSPC) is pleased to announce the release of the Interim Report from the BSPC Working Group on Energy Security, Self-Sustainability, Resilience, and Connectivity (ESSRC). This report marks a significant milestone in the ongoing efforts to enhance the region’s energy security and resilience following the group’s establishment at the 32 nd BSPC in August 2023. Background and Purpose The Working Group was formed in response to the heightened need for energy security and self-sustainability in the Baltic Sea region, particularly in light of recent geopolitical challenges. The BSPC recognised the urgent requirement to address the vulnerabilities exposed by the region’s previous energy dependencies, notably the reliance on fossil fuels from Russia. The group’s mission is to explore and recommend strategies that promote energy independence, sustainable development, and increased resilience across member states. Key Meetings and Discussions Since its inception, the Working Group has convened three major meetings: Riga, October 2023 : The inaugural meeting established the guiding principles and action plan for the Working Group. Discussions focused on the critical areas of energy, defence, transport, and digital connectivity, setting the stage for future collaborations. https://www.bspc.net/inaugural-meeting-of-the-bspc-working-group-on-energy-security-self-sustainability-resilience-and-connectivity-in-riga/ Helsinki, March 2024 : The second meeting emphasised the geopolitical implications of energy security, strategies to counter hybrid threats, and the importance of regional cooperation. Experts provided insights into the ongoing energy transition and the need for enhanced interconnections across the Baltic Sea region. https://www.bspc.net/energy-policy-and-energy-security-in-the-baltic-sea-region-with-attention-to-the-protection-of-critical-infrastructure/ Greifswald, May 2024 : The third meeting centred on safeguarding critical infrastructure, particularly in maritime transport, and the challenges of maintaining regional stability. The discussions underscored the significance of robust defence and transport networks in ensuring energy security and resilience. https://www.bspc.net/protecting-critical-infrastructure-energy-transformation-reducing-energy-dependency-research-for-the-energy-of-the-future-and-the-dismantling-of-a-nuclear-power-plant/ Highlights of the Interim Report The Interim Report encapsulates the progress and findings from the first two meetings, offering a comprehensive overview of the region’s energy landscape and the strategies needed to secure a sustainable future. Some key highlights include: • Energy Security and Self-Sustainability : The report discusses the necessity of transitioning away from fossil fuel dependency, particularly on Russian energy, towards more sustainable and renewable energy sources. It highlights the potential of green energy, including wind and hydrogen, as well as the importance of regional collaboration in energy research and innovation. • Resilience and Connectivity : The report emphasises the need for greater interconnectivity in the democratic Baltic Sea region, advocating for a more integrated and resilient energy market. It also addresses the crucial role of digital and transport infrastructure in supporting energy security and resilience. • Political Recommendations : The report proposes a series of political recommendations aimed at enhancing regional energy security, promoting sustainability, and improving resilience. These recommendations will be presented at the 33 rd BSPC in Helsingør, Denmark, in August 2024. Next Steps The Working Group will continue its efforts, with the aim of delivering a final report by June 2025. The ongoing work will include a detailed evaluation of the third session and further discussions, expert consultations, and the development of actionable strategies that can be implemented across the democratic Baltic Sea region. Conclusion The BSPC Working Group’s Interim Report represents a critical step forward in addressing the energy challenges facing the democratic Baltic Sea region. By fostering collaboration and innovation, the Working Group is laying the groundwork for a more secure, sustainable, and resilient future. The BSPC encourages all stakeholders to engage with the findings of this report and to support the continued efforts to strengthen energy security and sustainability in the region. The full Interim Report can be downloaded here and on the Working Group’s webpage . We invite all interested parties to review the report and contribute to the ongoing dialogue on energy security and resilience in the Baltic Sea region.

The Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference (BSPC) is excited to present the latest compilation of statements and answers from the governments within the Democratic Baltic Sea Region, addressing critical issues of energy security, self-sustainability, resilience, and connectivity. This comprehensive document is the result of a meticulous intergovernmental survey conducted by the BSPC Working Group on Energy Security, Self-sustainability, Resilience, and Connectivity (WG ESSRC). Key Highlights: Focus Areas : Energy Consumption Projections and Production Plans : Detailed long-term forecasts and strategic plans for energy production. Development of New Energy Interconnections : Future projects aimed at enhancing cross-border energy cooperation and infrastructure. Balancing Power Systems : Strategies to ensure the stability and reliability of energy systems while integrating renewable sources. Hydrogen Production and Supply : National and regional objectives to foster the growth of hydrogen as a sustainable energy resource. Each government’s statement addresses critical issues such as long-term energy consumption projections, energy production plans, development of new energy interconnections, strategies for balancing power systems, and objectives regarding hydrogen production and supply. Future-Proofing Energy Security : These governments’ insights underscore their commitment to ensuring robust and resilient energy systems that can withstand future challenges and promote sustainable development. This compilation provides valuable insights into the collaborative efforts and innovative strategies adopted by these governments to secure a sustainable and resilient energy future for the Baltic Sea region. It serves as a crucial resource for policymakers, stakeholders, and the public, offering a transparent view of the strategic plans and initiatives aimed at enhancing energy security in the Democratic Baltic Sea region. We invite everyone to explore these detailed governmental responses to better understand the collaborative efforts and innovative approaches being adopted to secure a sustainable energy future for the region. Based on these statements and comprehensive information, parliamentarians can track progress in different policy fields and identify further action needs. The compilation will be updated as soon as further statements are received. You can download the statements of the governments here .

Third meeting of the BSPC Working Group on Energy Security, Self-sustainability, Resilience and Connectivity in Greifswald On 26-28 May 2024, the Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference Working Group on Energy Security, Self-sustainability, Resilience and Connectivity (WG ESSRC) held its third meeting in Greifswald, Germany. About 40 participants – mainly delegations from the Åland Islands, the Baltic Assembly, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, the German Bundestag, Hamburg, Latvia, Lithuania, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Norway, Poland, Schleswig-Holstein, and Sweden, as well as officials and experts from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and the European Commission – attended. The working group continued its discussions on energy policy and energy security in the Baltic Sea Region with a particular focus on Protecting Critical Infrastructure, Energy Transformation and Reducing Energy Dependency. The participants visited one of the world’s leading research facilities for the energy of the future and a decommissioned nuclear power plant to learn about the dismantling of the facility Vice-Chair of the WG ESSRC, Philipp da Cunha, emphasised that ensuring clean and affordable energy and its security is a common goal of the Baltic Sea region. Against this background, Greifswald was the ideal target for the working group, as the Lubmin site would secure a centrepiece of the state’s energy supply. The third meeting of the BSPC Working Group on Energy Security and Independence, Resilience and Connectivity of the Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference (BSPC) took place in the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald from 26 to 28 May 2024. The focus was on joint measures to reduce energy dependency and cooperation to ensure clean and affordable energy. The event began on Sunday evening, 26 May 2024, at the Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald with a joint visit to the exhibition on the 250 th birthday of Caspar David Friedrich, the world’s most famous painter of Romanticism, and the exhibition on the historical development of the region and its changing anchoring in the Baltic Sea region. On Monday morning, the meeting was opened by Dr Christian Suhm, Scientific Director of the Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg Greifswald, who reported on the wide range of scientific events relating to the neighbouring country Poland and the Nordic and Baltic countries. Christian Pegel, Minister of the Interior, Construction and Digitalisation of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, emphasised in his speech that the security of critical infrastructure is fundamental for coexistence. Communication and power grids must be adequately protected. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has a large number of critical infrastructures, including the harbour in Rostock, numerous wind farms, gas pipelines and LNG terminals. In view of recent developments in the Baltic Sea region, there is an increased exchange of information between state and federal authorities, but a centralisation of responsibilities for the entire Baltic Sea region could be a more effective joint measure. NATO should also be made more aware of the need to protect the Baltic Sea region. Dr Stefan Fassbinder, Lord Mayor of Greifswald and World Mayor 2023 welcomed the participants from all over the Baltic Sea region and informed them about the city’s commitment to the Baltic Sea region. Protecting critical infrastructure The discussion on the security of critical infrastructure was deepened in a discussion with Mr Franco Accordino, Head of Unit “Investments in High Capacity Networks”, Directorate-General for Communication Networks, Content and Technologies of the European Commission. The focus was on the European vision for connectivity in the digital economy. The European Commission’s aim is to build an intelligent, efficient and resilient EU backbone infrastructure, to guarantee the EU’s sovereignty over critical assets and to strengthen the EU’s presence in the global context. Financing should consist of a mixture of funds and private investment. Prof Dr Andreas Noack from Stralsund University of Applied Sciences reported on the topics of cyber security and cyber crime. Criminal activities in cyberspace pose an ever-increasing threat to society. Companies are increasingly investing in their cyber security. Attackers come from different areas, including intelligence services, terrorists, organised crime, hacker groups and individuals. The greatest danger is “social engineering”, in which human weaknesses are exploited to create or find security loopholes. Cyber attacks are sometimes prepared and carried out over many years. One possible step towards prevention is the increased use of open source applications, as these can be analysed more comprehensively. Dr Henrich Quick, Head of Offshore at 50Hertz Transmission GmbH, spoke about the security of wind turbine s . Offshore turbines are particularly susceptible to drone attacks. A comprehensive security concept is therefore required. Even cables located deep in the water are not inviolable. At the same time, the grid expansion map with all projects in the 50Hertz grid area is publicly accessible. The aim of Russian scouting activities in the Baltic Sea is, therefore, not primarily to map the infrastructure but rather to create fear and uncertainty in order to influence the investment behaviour of potential investors with regard to large long-term investment projects. Dr Quick emphasised that we must not fall victim to this fuelled fear and uncertainty. Energy transformation and reducing energy dependency Prof Dr Thomas Luschtinetz from Stralsund University of Applied Sciences reported on the development and prospects of hydrogen. The import of green hydrogen to Germany could be particularly important for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, as it could lead to a significant increase in jobs and added value. He underlined that a stronger exchange of knowledge with the industry and the creation of transport routes are needed to utilise the potential of hydrogen sensibly and politicians must create the necessary legal framework and provide support. It is necessary to decarbonise industrial activities to reduce CO2 emissions in the Baltic Sea region and dependence on oil and gas imports. Dr Gabriele Hoffmann, a consultant at the Ministry of Economics, Infrastructure, Tourism and Labour in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, presented the “ GreenIndustrialAreas ” project, which has taken on precisely this task. The aim of the project is to certify green (climate-neutral) industrial areas to promote innovations to reduce CO2 emissions. A transnational standard for the certification of green industrial zones is to be supplemented by a toolbox that provides decision-makers with an overview of the latest technologies for the decarbonisation of commercial activities. Prof Dr Stephan Knabe, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Deutsche ReGas, gave an overview of the company and its contribution to the energy transition . In addition to an LNG terminal in Lubmin, preparations for an energy terminal in Mukran began this year. Another focus is the planning of the large-scale H2 electrolysis plant in Lubmin, which will be used to produce green hydrogen. The electricity required for production is to come from offshore wind power and onshore electricity. The aim is for the green hydrogen to be fed into the future hydrogen network via the planned GASCADE pipeline. Katrin Zschau, Chairwoman of the Committee on Climate Protection and Energy of the German Bundestag spoke in particular about the need to optimise cooperation between industry and the environment to improve industry’s interests in protecting expensive facilities in the Baltic Sea region. She cited underwater cables and wind turbines as examples. A look into the future and a journey into the past The meeting participants were able to experience the energy transition in Greifswald firsthand through two on-site visits. Mr PD. Dr Andreas Dinklage first presented the structure and operation of the “ Wendels tein 7-X ” experimental facility at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Greifswald. During the subsequent tour, the MPs discussed with the experts the suitability of the “Stellarator” type of power plant and the potential of fusion energy as an alternative energy source. After a presentation by Mr Kurt Radloff, Head of Corporate Communications at “ Entsorgungswerk für Nuklearanlagen GmbH” (EWN) , on the dismantling of nuclear facilities and the challenges of decontaminating building materials and finding a final storage site for contaminated waste, the meeting participants visited the decommissioned Greifswald nuclear power plant in Lubmin, which is currently being dismantled. Working group: Planning and outlook Following the presentations and the exchange with experts, the MPs, led by WG Vice-Chairman Philipp da Cunha, discussed the interim report and the recommendations for action for the 33 rd Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference, which will take place in Denmark from 25 to 27 August. Preliminary proposals and demands for the resolution were drawn up, which are to be adopted by consensus of all member parliaments at the annual conference. The Norwegian Parliament will host the next meeting of the BSPC Working Group on Energy Security and Independence, Resilience and Connectivity, which will take place on 24-26 November 2024.