Wendelstein 7-X Fuehrung_27_05_24_4

Alonso[1], Andreeva[2], Baldzuhn[2], Beurskens[2], Beidler[2], Biedermann[2], Blackwell[17], Blanco[1], Bosch[2],Bozhenkov[2], Brakel[2], Burhenn[2], Buttenschön[2], Cappa[1], Czarnetzka[3], Dinklage[2], Endler[2], Estrada[1],Fornal[3], Fuchert[2], Geiger[2], Grulke[2], Hartmann[2], Harris[4], Hirsch[2], Hoefel[2], Jakubowski[2], Klinger[2], Klose[2],Knauer[2], Kocsis[5], König[2], Kornejew[2], Krämer -Flecken[6], Krawczyk[3], Krychowiak[2], Kubkowska[3], Kiazek[7],Langenberg[2], Laqua[2], Laqua[2], Lazerson[8], Maaßberg[2], Marsen[2], Marushchenko[2], Moncada[9,10], Moseev[2],Naujoks[2], Otte[2], Pablant[8], Pasch[2], Pisano[11], Rahbarnia[2], Riße[2], Rummel[2], Schmitz[12], Schröder[2],Stange[2], Stephey[12], Szepesi[5], Trimino -Mora[2], Thomsen[2], Traverso[13], Tsuchiya[14], Turkin[2], Velasco[1],Wauters[15], Werner[2], Wolf[2], Wurden[16], Zhang[2], et al.[1]CIEMAT, Madrid (Spain)[2]Max-Planck -Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Greifswald (Germany)[3]IPPLM, Warsaw (Poland )[4]Oak-Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge , TN (USA)[5]Wigner RCP, Budapest, ( Hungary )[6]Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich (Germany)[7]Opole Univerisity , Opole ( Poland )[8]Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton , NJ (USA)[9]CEA, Cadarache (France)[10]ThermaVIP Ltd., Cadarache (France)[11]University ofCagliari, Cagliari ( Italy)[12]University ofWisconsin, Madison, WI (USA)[13]Auburn University, Auburn , AL (USA)[14]National Institute forFusion Science, Toki(Japan)[15]ERM, Brussels (Belgium )[16]Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos , NM (USA)[17]Australian National University, Canberra ( Australia )A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E F O R T H E W 7 -X T E A M | F I R S T E X P E R I M E N T S O N W 7 -X |N I F S , TO K I | 3 0 . M AY 2 0 1 6 | PA G E 1The W7 -X TeamTWendelstein 7 -X –thescientist‘s viewThis work hasbeen carried outwithin theframework oftheEUROfusion Consortium, funded bytheEuropean Union viatheEuratom Research andTraining Programme (Grant Agreement No101052200 —EUROfusion) .Views andopinionsexpressed arehowever those oftheauthor(s) only and donotnecessarily reflect those oftheEuropean Union ortheEuropean Commission .Neither theEuropean Union northeEuropean Commission canbeheld responsible forthem .PD Dr.habil . Andreas Dinklage[1,2][1] Max -Planck -Institut fürPlasmaphysik[2] Universität GreifswaldWendelstein 7 -XBaltic Sea Parlamentarian ConferenceWG ‘Energy Security, Self -sustainability, Resilience and Connectivity’IPP Greifswald, 27.05.2024W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X 3To start with a most important take -away: Von Stefan.straub /Lysippos -Eigenes Werk,CC BY -SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid =128080138 and63239296The Wendelsteins are mountainsWendelstein 7 -X is amagnetic confinement fusion experimentM A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4© IPPOutline:•Greifswald -the home of W7 -X•Motivation: our future needs options•Nuclear fusion: out option•W7-X: achievements and the way forwardW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 4Welcome to Greifswald –the home of Wendelstein 7-X.A genuine European enterprise and international collaboration.Costs : device hardware ca. 460 Mio. €Total costs : (1996 -2021) ca. 1.4 billion €Contracts ca. 100 Mio. € toMecklenburg -VorpommernIPP isa bigemployer in Western -Pomerania1 € support from MV results in ca . 12 € in Western -PomeraniaKnow -how transfer toEU industry andstart-upsClose collaboration with Greifswald andRostock University, resp.Teaching at University Greifswald, TU Berlin, DTU Kopenhagen Fact sheet IPP GreifswaldW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X 5M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4© MAPS.GOOGLE.COMMax Planck SocietyFundamental Scienceca. 24.000 employeesca. 15.700 early career scientists and visiting scholars22 Nobel -Prize LaureatesMax-Planck -Institute for Plasmaphysics (IPP)Fundamentals of FusionFounded 1960 by Werner HeisenbergGarching : ca. 700 employeesGreifswald: ca. 450 employeesW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X 6Das Max -Planck -Institut fürPlasmaphysikM A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4© MPG4800 scientists, engineers, students28 institutes, 3 associated partners162 associated laboratories1 plan: fusion electricity -mid of this centuryW7-X is a European success.W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X 7© WWW.EURO -FUSION.ORGMax-Planck -Institut fürPlasmaphysik | Andreas Dinklage | 27.05.2024Why?W E N D E L S T E I N 7-X 8 M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X 9The increased temperature in the atmosphere is due to humanemission of carbon dioxide**Klaus HasselmannThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2021Max Planck Institute forMeteorologyatmospheresolar radiationhot air +latent heatcoldair infrared (heat)radiationManabe’s modelM A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4© WWW.NOBELPRIZE.ORGW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 10The main source of CO2 is combustion of fossil fuels togenerate heat and electricity for a comfortable life.2021: 36.8 Gt CO2 worldwideOptions for energy supply: sustainability and risks -todayThe future energy supply? Options!Why options? And how about the future after 2050?W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 4 . 0 5 . 2023 13Sustainable Energy –without the hot air , D. MacKay ( Cambrige , 2009)Challenge today: acceptance Future challenges: Demand and CO2 RemovalNIMBYFusion in a nutshellMax-Planck -Institut für Plasmaphysik | Andreas Dinklage | 27.05.2024 W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X14How to make fusion an energy source for mankind?Fusion works . Every day.p+pD+e++nD+p3He+g3He+3He4He+2pFusion energy exploits nuclear forcesE=mc2Each reaction delivers ~10 MeV(about 10 million times more energy release than chemical reactions )Fusion issafeno CO2emissions und no long -lived wasteabundant fuelsteady -state capable (reactor power ~ GWe )Fusion: do all Christmas wishes become true?W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 16Quelle : Prof. U. Samm (FZJ) and IPPD+T → 4He+nLi4HeTTD4Hen0.05 g deuterium und 0.2g lithium= yearly energy for a European familyFusion processdelivers 17.6MeV/reactionbreeds its own fuelneeds D and LiFusion requires very high temperaturesMax-Planck -Institut für Plasmaphysik | Andreas Dinklage | 27.04.2025 W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X1710410310210110-110-210-310-41 10 100 1000Deuteron energy (keV)D-3HeD-DD+T→4He+n+17.6 MeVCross section (barns )Coulomb coll.(loss)~100 million KFusion is nuclear energy -but differentFusion is like a burner, fission like a charcoal kilnSmall amount of radioactive fuelHigh temperatures required→ inherent operation safetyNo long -lived wasteLarge amount of fuelHigh effort for operation safety and licensingActive waste management requiredMax-Planck -Institut für Plasmaphysik | Andreas Dinklage | 27.05.2024 W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X18Progress since the 1950’sMax-Planck -Institut für Plasmaphysik | Andreas Dinklage | 27.05.2024 W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X19Hobby (1957)How toruna fusion oven : temperature , fuelandinsulation(T ~ 150 Millionen K ) nTtEW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -XM A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 420Inertial fusionn big, tEsmallMagnetic confinementn smalltElargeQuelle: Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryQuelle: Emily Cooper, IEEE Spectrum magazine, 2013Quelle: David Kulla, 2023JET tokamak (2023)69MJ fusion energyW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 21Two lines oftoroidal magnetic confinement : both have a twistTokamak StellaratorQuelle: C. Brandt Quelle: C. Brandtcomplicated geometrytwist byexternal coilssimple geometrytwist needs large plasma currentstellarator : + continuously working andstable bydesign-helical fields may make trouble (IPP‘s first invention : modular coils )Optimization : shape a magentized torus tofit with optimumphysics criteriaW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 22Criteria achieved ?YeaCoil designMagnetic surfacesSmall Shafranov -shifMHD -stabilitySmall neoclassical transportSmall bootstrap currentConfinement ofα-particlesFeasible coilsQuelle: R. Kleiber, M. Borchardt 2012W7-X is an optimized stellarator, sufficiently large to examinethe physics basis of a burning fusion plasmaW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 23Size matters (for burningplasmas and for life)Example: small mammals have anunfavourable surface to volume ratio.Optimization (the W7 -X principle aka QI)W7-X: how to design an attractive fusion power plantwith physics informed computer simulations?Quelle : M. Borchardt , R. Kleiber (IPP)By Trebol -a -Own work, CC BY -SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4607913W7-XW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 24PlasmaW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 25PlasmaR: 5,5 m: 0,53 mQuelle: IPPPlasma vesselW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 26PlasmaDivertorPlasma vesselvolume : 110 m3surface : 200 m2pressure : < 10-8mbarmass : 35 ttolerances : < 2 mmQuelle: IPPSuperconducting coilsW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 27PlasmaDivertorPlasma vesselCoil system50 non-planar coils,20 planar coils,NbTi super conductor(T < 3.4 K)Magnetic field on axis:2.5 TMagnetic field on coils:6.8 T bei 17.8 kAQuelle: IPPCentral support structureW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 28PlasmaDivertorPlasma vesselCoil systemSupport structureMax. force /coil: 3,6 MNQuelle: IPPPortsW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 29PlasmaDivertorPlasma vesselCoils systemSupport structurePorts254 ports32 typesQuelle: IPPCryostatW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 30PlasmaDivertorPlasma vesselCoil systemSupport structurePortsCryostatvolume : 525 m3surface : 480 m2vacuum : < 10-5mbarmass : 150 tQuelle: IPPCAD view ofW7-X (w/o peripheryW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 31PlasmaDivertorPlasma vesselCoil systemSupport strucutrePortsCryostatW7-Xheight : 4,5 mcross section : 16 mmass : 725 tcold mass : 425 theating : 15-30 MWpulse lengths : 30 minQuelle: IPPW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 4 . 0 5 . 2023 32View into the W7 -X torus hall 2021Quelle: IPP, Foto : Jan Hosan, 2021W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 33480 papers , h-factor 32 (~8 yrs) , 5090 citations(Web ofScience: Author W*7*X Team, 27.05.24)Achievements andtheway forward70 coils , each heavier than a car, precisely posititioned in space (< 2mm)W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 34Achievement 1? Optimized stellarators canbebuilt .© M. OtteW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T FÜR P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 35Achievement 2: Optimization works –thermocurrents arepredictable and agree w/ experimentsRed and blue show two magnetic field cases.The theoretical predictionfits with experimental findings.W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 36Achievement 3: Optimization makes thethermal insulation betterNot achievableW7-X standard W7-X high -mirrorLHD (3.6m) LHD (3.75m)ionse-totalW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 37Achievement 4: W7 -X demonstrates super -long plasma pulses .https://youtu.be/GTmje2qsVgYOur mission: assess fusion as energy supply for the futureOur mission: bring the stellarator line to maturityThe W7 -X principle brought the stellarator principle back to the lime lightImpact: stellarator start -Ups: 3x US, 1x Japan,1x France, 2x German, new proposal underway in China,Federal Ministry and Bavarian fusion initiativeW7-X is still warming up –new science ante portas .W E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 7 . 0 5 . 2 0 2 4 38SummaryOutlookW E N D E L S T E I N 7 -X M A X -P L A N C K -I N S T I T U T F Ü R P L A S M A P H Y S I K | A N D R E A S D I N K L A G E | 2 8 . 0 9 . . 2 0 2 3 39Quelle : “Hobby”, 1957, Nr. 8, S.68