Compilations

30 BSPCYEARSBaltic Sea Parliamentary ConferenceCompilations of the statementsand answers of the Governmentsin the Baltic Sea Region1. Denmark 12. Estonia 133. Finland 254. Germany 495. Hamburg 826. Latvia 937. Lithuania 1188. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1449. Norway 16210. Poland 17811. Schleswig-Holstein 21412. Sweden 226Adopted by the BSPC WG CCB on 4 October 2021DenmarkDenmark Page 2Intergovernmental survey – BSPC Working Group on Climate change and bi- DepartmentCVSodiversityDateMarch 22nd 2022/ ASTBKI. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPCmember states and regionsClimate changeNational and global climate mitigation objectivesDenmark has adopted a Climate Act, committing to achieve a national 70 percentreduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to the emissions in1990. The law also sets a long-term target for Denmark to be a climate neutral soci-ety by 2050 at the latest, taking into account the target of limiting the global temper-ature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius in the Paris Agreement. The climate law furthermandates the setting of new national climate targets every five years with a ten-year perspective and sets a series of yearly reporting obligations, including a cli-mate programme describing how the climate targets will be reached and a reporton the global effects of Danish climate efforts. Along with the 2021 Climate Pro-gramme, the Danish government presented Roadmap for a Green Denmark, whichlays out 24 concrete political initiatives that will ensure fulfillment of the 2030-target.At this point, the government along with the Danish parliament has delivered reduc-tions of app. 10 mil. Tons CO2e in 2030, which means that we are halfway toachieving the 2030-target.Critical sectors where additional measures is imminentGreenhouse gasses from service and industry accounts for approximately one fifthof Denmark’s emissions. Green transitioning and energy efficiency of the industry’sfossil production are important elements in the green transition of society. The Cli-mate Agreement on Energy and Industry of 2020 prioritizes DKK 22.5 bn. to thegreen transition. The next step for the industrial sector is taken in the first phase ofThe Green Tax Reform, that creates strong incentives for companies to transition toa greener production, e.g. through taxes on the industries' process fossil energywhile easing companies’ transition to clean energy.The agriculture industry occupies more than 60 percent of the Danish land area,and by 2030, it will be responsible for 1/3 of the Danish greenhouse gas emissionsif action is not taken. In October 2021, the Danish parliament agreed on a GreenTransition of the Agricultural Sector, which ensures that the agricultural and forestrySide 1/11Denmark Page 3sector in Denmark delivers a substantial contribution to the 2030-target. Im-portantly, the agreement contains a binding climate target for the agricultural andforestry sector of 55 to 65 percent CO2e reduction in 2030 compared to the emis-sions in 1990. This equals a reduction of 6 to 8 M tons CO2e. The concrete reduc-tion initiatives include restoration of peatlands, reduction of nitrogen emissions tothe environment, greenhouse gas reducing requirements in the animal productionsector, more green areas and forests. The government is currently working on astrategy for realizing the emission reduction potentials from the agriculture agree-ment.The transport sector is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gasses in Den-mark. In order to reach the ambitious target of reducing greenhouse gas emissionsby 70 % by 2030, reductions in the transport sector is essential. Increasing the sus-tainability of the road transport sector, which accounts for about 90% of the green-house gas emissions in the transport sector in Denmark, is especially crucial. TheAgreement on a Green Transition of Road Transport sets out strong measures andcontributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions in the road transport sector by 2.1M tons Co2e in 2030. Furthermore, the agreement sets forth the ambition of having1 million zero- and low-emission cars on the roads by 2030. Reprioritization of theregistration tax is reducing GHG intensity of fuels throughout the production chainand significant investments and subsidies in green infrastructure and new technolo-gies further incentivizes green mobility supporting public health and reducing con-gestion.Current and planned mitigation measuresRoadmap for a green Denmark presents 24 concrete political initiatives to be imple-mented over the coming years. As stated in the roadmap the government will havepresented proposals no later than 2025 that ensure that all sectors are revisited,and that all decisions required to achieve the 2030-target will have been made by2025. In 2022, the government will present strategies on green transition of heavyroad transport, as well as proposals on a green energy and utilities sector, a greenindustry sector, green transition of air traffic, climate-friendly choices in everydaylife and follow up on the green tax reform – phase 2.Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate changeLandowners and municipalities have the overall responsibility for climate adaptation.The state supports their efforts through subsidy schemes for coastal protection, guid-ance and by making data and information available. In addition, the state determinesthe legislation, which is continuously evaluated, on which municipalities and land-owners' initiatives are based.Furthermore, Denmark is currently in the process of preparing a new national climateadaptation plan.BiodiversitySide 2/11Denmark Page 4In 2020 a political agreement was made in Denmark about a Danish Nature andBiodiversity Package with a DKK 888 mil. budget for 2021-2024. This agreementincluded up to 75 000 hectares of untouched forest, the establishment of 13 newnature national parks (increasing the total number of nature national parks to 15) anda Strategy on management of Threatened and Red listed species. Included in thisfunding was also DKK 4 mil. annually for 2021-2024 for a biodiversity council. As partof the agreement, a review of the existing legislation in the field of nature and biodi-versity has also been initiated in order to support a suitable legal framework for therealization of the Nature and Biodiversity Package as well as a clear legal frameworkfor the continued development of nature and biodiversity in Denmark. Furthermore,Denmark has set aside DKK 50 million for establishing urban forests in the metropol-itan area of Copenhagen.Regarding the marine ecosystem a number of stone reefs are being restored amongother as part of the initiatives funded by the Danish Nature and Biodiversity packagewith the aim of improving the local marine environment. Planning of further projectsis ongoing. Furthermore, financial contribution has been given to establishment of anew research center focusing on marine nature restoration. The protection of themarine environment is a focal point. Currently, 26 pct. of the Danish maritime area isdesignated as MPAs including 6 new SPAs. Furthermore, we are focused on desig-nating further MPAs under the marine strategy framework directive. This includes thefirst strictly protected MPAs in Danish waters. In March 2021, Denmark sent 13 newMSFD MPAs in national consultation including 12 strictly protected areas. The aimis to further protect those benthic habitats which are not protected under the habitatsdirective, but which are vulnerable. This includes off shore habitats such as muddysubstrate some of which are HELCOM red-listed. Furthermore, management of thestrictly protected areas will lead to protection of the water column as a whole fromseafloor to the sea surface to protect marine mammals, fish species and areas withhigh productivity etc.Denmark has in February 2022 submitted 257 draft plans one for each Natura 2000site for public consultation. Each plan has a long-term objective and measures fornature management in the period 2023-27. The new plans have a special focus onpreventing further deterioration of nature types and species and more dynamic na-ture management.Danish nature and biodiversity is generally under pressure and only a few naturetypes or species have favorable conservation status. An important part of Danishnature is located in the coastal zone or close to the coast. It is expected that climatechange and rising water levels will be major challenges for coastal nature areas andhabitats for species over the coming decades.Side 3/11Denmark Page 5II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC memberstates and regionsMain provisions to combat climate changeThe Danish approach to combatting climate change is multidimensional, targets allsectors and must adhere to a number of guiding principles. The realization of Den-mark’s climate policy must be as cost effective as possible, take for example sus-tainable business development and sous public finances and employment into con-sideration and must result in real domestic reductions, and not simply relocategreenhouse gas emissions outside Denmark. One example of this approach is inthe Green tax reform.A uniform tax on all emissions is the most cost effective way to reduce emissions,as it sets a fixed uniform price on emitting greenhouse gas equivalents. This en-sures that reductions happen where the socio-economic costs are lowest. In De-cember 2020, the Danish parliament agreed on a Green Tax Reform in two phases.With the first phase of the green tax reform, energy tax rates on fossil fuel usageare increased for industries to ensure greenhouse gas reductions by 0.5 M tonsCO2e in 2025. The second phase will work towards introducing a uniform carbontax. A group of experts has recently presented its first report, which highlights thedilemma of introducing a tax on emissions without causing heavy industries to out-source production. Following this, the experts have suggested three different mod-els for a tax on emissions seeking to counteract CO2-leakage. The next step will benegotiations with parties behind the political agreement in order to determine thelevel of the emission tax and support for industries.Climate and biodiversity protection lawsThere is no specific law for climate protection, as climate requirements are a part oflaws tied to the emission source. The climate law contains mechanisms aimed atreducing carbon emissions thereby combatting climate change and protecting theclimate from global warming.The Danish biodiversity is mainly protected with the Natura Conservation Act, butthere is also a strong tradition for protection of biodiversity in the legislation of dif-ferent sectors e.g. environment, forest, energy, fishery, transport or extraction ofraw materials.III. Specific areas and aspectsMaritime areas and protected zonesSide 4/11Denmark Page 6Denmark has a number of Natura 2000 sites consisting of SPAs and SACs, theseare managed to protect the species and habitats in the areas that the sites are des-ignated for. This includes management in the surrounding zones to ensure the sitesaren't negatively affected. MSFD MPAs have so far had a focus on protecting theseafloor within the areas to protect the vulnerable species and habitats connectedto the seafloor within the areas. As mentioned above Denmark is in the process ofdesignating strictly protected areas MPAs. Twelve such areas were sent in publicconsultation in March 2021.A large number of marine Natura 2000 sites are located in the coastal zone andprotect both the marine habitats and the adjacent terrestrial habitats. Additionally,measures have been taken to protect the coastal zone (to 3 nm) from fishing withbottom contacting gears in large parts of the country, and to protect eelgrass.EutrophicationThe revised Baltic Sea Action Plan, adopted in October 2021, contains measurestargeting agricultural run-off, point sources incl. wastewater treatment plants, at-mospheric emissions and nutrient recycling. The update of the Baltic Sea ActionPlan is an important tool to achieve good environmental status of the Baltic Seaand Denmark is committed to implementing the actions. In the development of theupdated plan, Denmark submitted concrete action proposals with the aim to ensurean ambitious focus on marine litter, eutrophication and biodiversity. Denmark re-mains committed to reducing the input of nutrients to the Baltic Sea, by addressingall relevant sources of nutrient input. Denmark recently sent the third generationRiver Basin Management Plans in public hearing. These set an ambitious target fornutrient input reduction. Furthermore, Denmark has implemented HELCOM’s Maxi-mum Allowable Inputs (MAI) on nutrients in our national marine strategy as environ-mental targets on eutrophication.Sea-dumped munitionsAmmunition can be found in Danish territorial waters at a number of locations, e.g.at the Bornholm CWA (chemical warfare agents) dumpsite and in the southern partof Lillebælt. Denmark contributes to regionally coordinated actions on submergedmunitions and explosives in the HELCOM Expert Group on Environmental Risks ofSubmerged Objects (EG SUBMERGED). Furthermore, Denmark will take part inthe regional work on developing best environmental practice for comprehensive riskassessment of munitions, wrecks and hazardous submerged objects and imple-ment the best available techniques for environmental sound and safe managementin HELCOM (S34) as part of implementation of the newly updated Baltic Sea ActionPlan.Towards zero pollutionWhile the Danish Government does not have a single zero-pollution action plan, ithas policies, proposals and regulation on protecting air, water and soil with variedSide 5/11Denmark Page 7timelines and goals. Many of these policies are based on targets and requirementsfrom EU regulation.For example the “Green cities and an developing capital”-proposal from May 2021which presents the government’s initiatives including on the possibility of banningcertain diesels cars in low emission zones, the use of stoves in areas with districtheating and the use of pesticides in certain areas as well as introducing zero emis-sion zones for electric vehicles. Denmark is also active in strengthening regulationon industrial emissions and the implementation hereof. Finally as an example onwater, the Denmark is currently updating its water management plans in order tocomply with the EU Water Frame-directive.In order to avoid plastic pollution, the Danish Government supports a number ofprojects to ensure much more recycling, but also to make the necessary transitionfrom single-use plastics to products that can be used again and again. These pro-jects include amongst others:The Government has recently taken steps in our waste collection system, to have alot more separation of fractions, including plastic, for better treatment and recycling.The Government is in the process of implementing an extended producer responsi-bility scheme for packaging with the ambition to ensure economic incentives to de-sign better packaging that more easily can be reused or recycled.The Government is also taking steps to implement the measures of the Single UsePlastics Directive. Currently, the ban on certain single use products and the mark-ing requirements have been implemented, and we are in the process of creating aneffective framework for the extended producer responsibility concerning tobaccoproducts.Denmark has a very well functioning deposit and return system for beverage con-tainers, which ensure high quality recycling and less plastic waste in nature. Wehave banned free carrier bags in shops and raised the levies on single-use plastics.The Government has initiated public-private partnerships around the use of plasticin the following four sectors: Agriculture, construction, food services and retail.These are all sectors with a clear potential for increasing recycling and reducingplastic waste.Additionally, Denmark has set a goal of reducing waste from take away packagingby half before 2026.In 2020, the Danish authorities ceased issuing permissions for mass launch of bal-loons.Side 6/11Denmark Page 8Furthermore, Denmark is actively participating on both the development of and theimplementation of actions in the Regional Action Plan on Marine Litter in bothOSPAR as well as in HELCOM. These actions covers a broad diversity ofmeasures.EconomyInvestment priorities to reduce CO2 emissionsThe Danish parliament has agreed to invest in green technologies across sectors,including agriculture, industry, transport and energy. In total, more than DKK 85 Bhas been allocated to climate policies. Furthermore, the parliament has agreed tofund research projects related to climate change mitigation.The role of carbon capture, utilization and storage in achieving climate neutrality inthe government’s strategyCarbon capture and storage is one of the most important tools in combating climatechange and achieving the 2030-target. Capture and storage of carbon can reduceemissions in sectors, where reductions have proved difficult. For instance concern-ing incineration of waste and cement production.The Danish parliament has agreed on a strategy that will promote new infrastruc-ture and regulation for capture, transport, storage and utilization of carbon in Den-mark on market conditions. The agreement ensures that the first Danish captureand storage plants will be running by 2025, leading to emission reductions of 0.4 Mtons from 2025, contributing to achieving the 2030-target.Planned ban on coal usage in the electricity supplyIn 2017, it was announced that coal would be completely phased out of Denmark’selectricity supply by 2030. Furthermore, Denmark will donate 100 M DKK to the Cli-mate Investment Fund’s work of buying out and closing coal power plants and in-vesting in new energy sources.Strategy regarding the use of hydrogen for the next ten yearsThe Danish parliament has agreed on allocating funds to the development of greenPower-to-X fuels for planes, ships and trucks nationally and internationally. Theagreement contains a state tender of DKK 1.25 bn. for increasing hydrogen produc-tion and improving conditions for producers. The aim of the agreement is to estab-lish 4-6 GW electrolysis capacity in 2030, which will produce the hydrogen that pro-vides the energy for green fuels.InnovationPrograms used to promote innovations in climate protection and biodiversityThe Danish government has published a national strategy for investments in greenresearch, technology and innovation. The strategy sets a clear direction for theSide 7/11Denmark Page 9Danish green research and innovation effort in order to accelerate the developmentof technologies and solutions, which can help protect our climate, nature and envi-ronment. Research and innovation play a crucial role in attaining the ambitious cli-mate target of Denmark and safeguarding our nature and environment. With a newcomprehensive national strategy, the government sets a long-term direction forgreen research, innovation, development, and demonstration accelerating the de-velopment of new green solutions and technologies. The strategy points out fourmissions that serves as areas of special focus:1. Development of cost-effective solutions for carbon capture and storage thatcan be used to reduce carbon emissions and create negative emissionsfrom large industrial emitters, waste incineration plants, biogas plants, andbiomass based combined power and heating plants.2. Development of solutions to convert electricity from renewable energy toproducts that can be used to reduce emissions from parts of the transportand energy sectors where there are no existing cost-effective alternativesto fossil energy.3. Development of technologies and solutions significantly reducing climateand environmental impacts from conventional as well as organic food pro-duction and agriculture, including emissions from livestock, fertilization, andland reducing derived effects on nature.4. Development of new technologies and manufacturing methods that enablewaste reduction and better sorting and recycling of plastic waste into newplastics products.The Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Programme (EUDP) wasestablished in 2007 and funds work by enterprises and universities on demonstra-tion of new green energy technologies. This takes place in a number of promisingprojects, all of which support Denmark's 2030- and 2050-targets. Since its estab-lishment in 2007, the EUDP has supported more than 1,000 innovative projectswith about DKK 5.7 bn. The EUDP is technology-neutral in its prioritization and as-sesses applications according to nine criteria, including innovation height, climate-policy targets and commercialization potential.Innovation Fund Denmark invests a minimum of DKK 201.1bn in green research,technology development and innovation and thereby contributes to ensuringknowledge and creating technologies that support Denmark's goal of a 70 pct. carbonreduction by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050. Furthermore investments in greenresearch, technology development and innovation are essential for the transition to-ward a more sustainable society. In turn these investments will help Denmark obtainit's objectives regarding nature, environment and biodiversity.As a follow-up on the government’s strategy for investments in green research, inno-vation and technology, Innovation Fund Denmark invests in specific projects thatdemonstrates the largest positive effects on climate, nature and biodiversity whiletaking growth and employment into account within the seven aforementioned topics.Side 8/11Denmark Page 10MUDPThe main purpose of the Danish Ecoinnovation Programme, MUDP is to support thedevelopment and application of new environmental and resource efficient solutionsaddressing prioritized environmental challenges. Further, the ambition is to boost andstrengthen cooperation between companies, knowledge-based institutions and part-ners in the EU within the field of environmental technology.In the action plan for 2022, MUDP has a special focus on wild nature and biodiversity:“Nature and biological diversity is under pressure both on land and in water. Whenspecies and biotopes disappear, it is often irreversible losses. Global climate changeis contributing to accelerate the problem. MUDP supports projects that developstechnologies that can contribute to meet those challenges. This may be technologiesthat:• Limits pressure factors in the sea• Enables intelligent control and monitoring of large consecutive natural areason land and in the sea.International cooperationThe policy framework of Danish energy and climate policies are widely affected byEU legislation. Common targets, such as reductions of greenhouse gas emissions,promoting of renewable energy and energy efficiency improvements are set at EUlevel and implemented and supplemented by specific measures in the EU legisla-tion. Denmark is actively participating in the development of climate policies at theEU-level. In negotiations related to the fit-for-55 legislative package, Denmark ispushing for higher ambitions approaching 2030 and for a faster transition of the Eu-ropean energy sector.Denmark is, in close cooperation with Costa Rica, spearheading the work to createa new international alliance to promote a managed phase-out of oil and gas pro-duction called the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (BOGA). BOGA will gather a groupof ambitious governments that are committed to delivering a managed and justtransition away from oil and gas production. The objectives of BOGA are:• To raise global climate ambition by aligning oil and gas production with theParis Agreement goal of well below 2°C, pursuing efforts for 1.5°C.• Raise the issue of fossil fuel supply on the international climate and energyagenda, and promote dialogue on the need for a managed and just phase-out of oil and gas production.• Capture and leverage momentum from first movers to encourage others totake action, by providing a home for those new commitments.• Create an international community of practice that can support govern-ments in delivering their commitments to a managed and just phase-out ofoil and gas production.Side 9/11Denmark Page 11Denmark cooperates with a number of the world’s largest economies on the transi-tion to cleaner energy systems. Together, they represent two thirds of the totalglobal CO2-emissions. Through bilateral energy partnerships, the Danish Ministryof Climate, Energy and Utilities share experiences from the Danish energy transi-tion with the world. The 19 partner countries are China, the USA, India, Mexico,South Africa, Vietnam, Ukraine, Indonesia, Turkey, South Korea, Japan, the Neth-erlands, Germany, Poland, France, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Kenya, and Ethio-pia. Together, they represent two thirds of global CO2-emissions.The Danish Nature Agency and some municipalities have projects with neighboringcountries, but there is not an overview of terrestrial projects. For the marine environ-ment, cooperation with neighboring countries in the Baltic Sea area primarily takesplace through HELCOM.The fight for climate, nature and environment is on top of Denmark’s agenda when itcomes to development cooperation. It is a key focus in the Danish Strategy for De-velopment Cooperation, The World We Share, which among other things states thatDenmark will strengthen action to support climate change adaptation, nature, theenvironment and resilience in the poorest and most vulnerable countries; that Den-mark will assume international leadership within reductions, green transition, and ac-cess to clean energy; that Denmark will increase mobilization of finance and promotegreen Danish solutions within climate, nature and the environment; and finally thatDenmark will create hope and prospects for the future through green and socially justeconomic recovery and poverty-oriented development.Furthermore, the Danish Government has an ambition that at least 25% of ODA todeveloping countries from 2023 should go to climate change actions and at least5% dedicated to environment and biodiversity. This means that at least 30% ofODA to developing countries from 2023 will be green. In addition, the governmenthas set the ambitious target of dedicating at least 60% of climate-related ODA toclimate change adaptation actions from 2023.AdaptationDenmark is currently in the process of preparing a new national climate adaptationplan. The purpose of the plan is to look at the overall framework for securing Den-mark against the consequences of climate change, especially in relation to floods. Itlooks at, among other things, how to optimize the framework conditions for munici-palities and landowners.Involvement of citizens and stakeholdersThe Government has entered into 14 Climate partnerships with all segments of theDanish business community. The purpose is to ensure that the business commu-nity will contribute to reducing greenhouse gases in Denmark using methods thattake into account Danish competitiveness, exports, jobs and welfare. A CEO from amajor company within the sector chairs each partnership. In March 2020, the part-nerships presented more than 400 recommendations for the sector and the govern-Side 10/11Denmark Page 12ment. Since then the partnerships and the government have worked with imple-menting many of the recommendations. Embedded in the Green Business Forum,the Government’s Climate partnerships will contribute to strengthening dialogue be-tween Government, the business community and trade unions on opportunities andobstacles in the green business transition.With the Climate Act, it was decided that Denmark should establish its first nationalCitizens’ Assembly on climate issues where the Danish public could make theirvoices heard in the planning of national climate policies. The Citizens’ Assemblyconsists of 99 individuals selected by Statistics Denmark based on few simple crite-ria such as their age, geographic location, level of education and income. Theyhave been tasked with debating citizen-level dilemmas associated with the greentransition as well as providing input and recommendations to the drafting of the cli-mate action plans.The government has established the Youth Council on Climate with the purpose ofinnovating Danish climate politics and giving input to the minister on possible futuresolutions. The members of the youth council are appointed for a one-year term,coming from all parts of the country with different educational backgrounds and rep-resenting different approaches to the climate challenge.There is also a wide range of citizen and stakeholder involvement in Danish naturelegislation. Stakeholders are involved on both official and political levels and someare even members of various working groups facilitated by the Ministry of the Envi-ronment or its agencies. Citizens can also be involved in working groups, e.g. in thecurrent local stakeholder groups working with the implementation of the Danish na-ture national parks. Citizens can also become involved if they participate in publicconsultations, which can take place at local as well as a national level.Regarding drafting of River Basin Management Plans Denmark is using a highly in-clusive approach to engage the public at large in the drafting in order to ensure im-portant local entitlement and access new knowledge and information. This includethe involvement of small groups consisting of particularly interested Parties thatclosely follow projects central to the content and drafting of the 3rd River Basin Man-agement Plans. Moreover, two main platforms were established to follow all the workthroughout the development, i.e. Blue Progress Forum and Technical ReferenceGroup. Under the Agriculture Agreement on Climate DKK 16 M. has been assignedto the creation of Coastal Water Councils with the participation of several municipal-ities and locally interested parties, including agricultural organizations that shall lookinto possible alternative ways to deliver on the obligations under the Water Frame-work Directive.Side 11/11EstoniaEstonia Page 14Estonia Page 15Estonia Page 16Estonia Page 17Estonia Page 18Estonia Page 19Estonia Page 20Estonia Page 21Estonia Page 22Estonia Page 23Estonia Page 24FinlandFinland Page 26Lausunto 1 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3Mika LaaksonenKansainvälisten suhteiden asiantuntijaItämeren parlamentaarikkokonferenssin Suomen valtuuskunnan sihteeri00102 EDUSKUNTAViite: Lausuntopyyntö BSPC WG CCB -työryhmältä 5.10.2021Lausunto ItämeriparlamentaarikkokonferenssilleTo: BSPC Working Group on Climate Change and Biodiversity (CCB)Please find below the answers to the Intergovernmental survey (adopted by the BSPC WG CCB on4 October 2021) on the mitigation of climate change and on the protection of biodiversity from theFinnish Ministry of the Environment.I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPC member states andregionsClimate changeCould you give a policy-brief report about the measures and national strategies to combatclimate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures? The report shouldpreferably be structured according to the following policy areas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy or roadmap aimed atreducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbon neutrality, objectives in terms ofreduction and by what time – concrete measures to achieve the goals);The government will present a new National Climate and Energy Strategy and a Medium-termClimate Policy Plan in 2022. The Climate and Energy Strategy will cover all of Finland'sgreenhouse gas emissions and sinks in the emissions trading sector, the burden-sharing sectorand the land use sector. The medium-term plan and the strategy have been prepared in parallel.They are based on a common knowledge base, such as the baseline scenario for energy useand emissions.The Medium-Term Climate Policy Plan applies only to the so-called effort-sharing sector, i.e.non-emissions trading sectors other than the land use sector. The burden-sharing sectorincludes transport, agriculture, district heating of buildings, construction machinery, wastemanagement and emissions of F-gases and emissions from non-trading industries and otherenergy uses. According to the Commission's proposal, Finland's greenhouse gas emissionreduction target for the effort-sharing sector by 2030 is to be 50% compared to 2005 levels. Thecurrent actions in the baseline scenario are not sufficient to achieve the targets. The Medium-term Climate Policy Plan assesses the actions to be taken and how emissions will be reducedfor the effort-sharing sector so that the objective of carbon neutrality can be achieved. The planhas been prepared in parallel with the climate and energy strategy.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 27Lausunto 2 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3Moreover, the government adopted a roadmap for fossil-free transport in May 2021. Accordingto the roadmap, Finland will reduce emissions from domestic transport by at least 50 per centcompared to the 2005 level by 2030. The aim is to achieve an entirely fossil-free transport sectorby 2045. The Roadmap includes three phases. In the first phase, the Government willimplement a wide range of aids and incentives to promote emission-free transport. Among theseare the inclusion of biogas and electric fuels in the distribution obligation legislation, various aidsrelated to the procurement and distribution infrastructure of electric and gas vehicles, supportfor promoting walking, cycling and public transport services, transport infrastructuremaintenance and digitalisation in logistics.In addition, in accordance with Sanna Marin's government program, the industry sectors haveprepared their own low-carbon roadmaps in co-operation with the authorities. In their roadmaps,the industries present emission reduction opportunities and the conditions for theirimplementation.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;Overall, Finland has successfully met internationally agreed targets for reducing greenhousegases (GHG). It reached its Kyoto Protocol target (20% emissions reduction by 2020 comparedwith 1990) in 2018.Finland’s GHG emissions declined by 24% between 2005 and 2019. Emissions decreased inall sectors but agriculture. The energy industry and manufacturing sectors showed the largestdeclines due to a shift from fossil fuels and peat to low-carbon energy carriers (electricity,biofuels). Overall, emissions included in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS, mainly powerplants and energy-intensive industry) declined much more than the emissions in the effort-sharing sector in 2010-19 (by 44% compared to 12% in the non-ETS sectors). However, thedecrease of both groups of emissions slowed down with the more sustained economic growthof the second half of the 2010s, until the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world economy in 2020.In 2019, the EU ETS covered 45% of Finland’s GHG emissions, calling for focusing mitigationefforts in the non-trading sectors. In 2019, the energy industry (31%), transport (21%) andmanufacturing (12%) accounted for the largest shares of emissions, followed by agriculture(12%) and residential (10%).Overall, in keeping with the Government Programme, electricity and heat production must bemade nearly emissions-free by the end of the 2030s while also taking into account theperspectives of security of supply and servicing. After the energy industry, transport is thesecond largest source of emissions – and the largest in the effort sharing sector – in Finland.Measures to reduce transport emissions play a key role in attaining the 2030 target in the effortsharing sector. Reducing emissions from the land use sector is also critical, as well asstrengthening carbon sinks in the long and short term.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 28Lausunto 3 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-33. Current and planned mitigation measures;The government will present a new National Climate and Energy Strategy and a Medium-termClimate Policy Plan in 2022, including the latest measures to mitigate greenhouse gasemissions. While these are still under revision, of the effort-sharing sector, the roadmap forfossil-free transport was adopted already in May 2021. The measures of the three-phasedroadmap are particularly relevant for road transport, which accounts for the majority of transportemissions. The overall targets defined in the first phase are1.Replacing fossil fuels with alternative power sources (including measures like developinginfrastructure for distribution of electricity and biogas and including biogas and electricity todistribution obligation legislation)2.Speeding up the vehicle replacement rate (including measures like continuing incentives forpurchasing an electric car or converting a car to use ethanol or biogas)3.Increasing efficiency of traffic systems (including measures like promoting walking and bikingand public transport, increasing incentives for public transport in medium-sized and big cities)In the draft Medium-term Climate Policy Plan the agriculture section includes1.Measures related to changes in land use (including, e.g. limiting clearing of forests for newfields, limiting transferring former peatlands for agricultural use, promoting reforestation,transferring farmland to wetlands)2.Measures related to use of fields and methane emissions from dairy farms (e.g. use ofprecision agriculture, reducing methane emissions using specific forage)Related to warming of buildings, supporting the replacement of oil heating with other techniquesis a key measure. Also in construction machinery the replacement of fossil fuels is a keymeasure, e.g. increasing biofuel distribution obligation and promoting change to electricalternatives.4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.Adaptation measures are laid out in the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. TheNational Climate Change Adaptation Plan is part of the climate policy planning system regulatedby the Climate Change Act. The current plan was adopted in 2014. The plan specifies the keymeasures in support of adaptation that was to be implemented in the next few years from itsadoption. A new Adaptation Plan is currently being prepared in The Ministry of Agriculture andForestry.The European Commission adopted a new adaptation strategy in February 2021. It aims tostrengthen climate change preparedness and adaptation as part of building a climate-resilient,carbon-neutral Europe by 2050. The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy links adaptation toall policies. The strategy commits the EU and its Member States to continuously promotingadaptation capacity, strengthening resilience to vulnerability and reducing vulnerability toclimate change. The European Climate Law, on the other hand, requires Member States todevelop and monitor the implementation of comprehensive adaptation strategies and / or plans.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 29Lausunto 4 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3Biodiversity1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and national strategies to protectbiodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?Finland is currently preparing a new National Biodiversity Strategy and an action plan to 2030.This process will be completed in 2022. Assessment of Finland’s previous biodiversity strategy,covering 2013-2020, concluded that although some aspects have seen progress, the actiontaken was not effective enough to halt the loss of biodiversity.The new strategy will enhance the protection of biodiversity and promote the restoration ofdegraded ecosystems. In addition, methods to measure the actions and their impacts will bedeveloped. The strategy takes into account the objectives of the UN Convention on BiologicalDiversity and the new EU Biodiversity Strategy.A new Biodiversity Strategy will be needed as the biodiversity of Finnish natural environmentscontinues to decline. The decline is even faster than before if measured by the number ofthreatened species. The aim of the strategy is to halt the loss of biodiversity and turn the trendtowards recovery by 2030.The Government approved in December 2021 the updated Finland’s Marine Strategy. TheMarine Strategy applies a holistic ecosystem based approach, and the marine biodiversitycomponent is very strong in all parts of this strategy. The strategy consists of three parts: theInitial assessment of the state of the marine environment, determination of a good status andenvironmental objectives with indicators (2018), Monitoring Programme for Finland’s MarineStrategy (2020-2026) and Programme of Measures of Finland’s Marine Strategy 2022–2027.The Strategy covers Finland’s territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone.The report ‘Status of Finland’s Marine Environment 2018’ presents an assessment of the stateof the marine areas in 2011–2016. It also covers human-derived pressures on the marineenvironment, and includes an economic assessment which shows the value of achieving goodenvironmental status.The Monitoring Programme for 2014–2020 consists of 13 programs, with a total of 44 sub-programmes under which information is collected on species, biotopes, the quality of marinewater, and pressures on the marine environment. A responsible authority was appointed foreach sub-programme.The updated Programme of Measures of the Marine Strategy in Finland aims to improve thestatus of the marine environment and reduce pressures on it. The programme of measuresgives an overview of the measures taken so far for improving the status of the marineenvironment. It also sets out 63 new measures for implementing the marine strategy andpresents an environmental report, analysis of the costs and benefits of the measures, andassessment of the impacts of the measures. Out of these 63 new measures, 9 are directly linkedto improve the state of marine biodiversity.The Marine Strategy is closely connected to river basin management plans, which cover coastalwaters, lakes, rivers and groundwater. The updated river basin management plans for 2022-2027 were approved by the government in December 2021. The river basin management plansinclude measures to reduce pressures from catchment area, e.g. in agriculture and forestry,industrial and domestic wastewaters etc. In addition, the river basin management plans includemeasures for restoration of water bodies, including restoration faldas, glo lakes andeutrophicated bays in the coastal area, removal of migration barriers and restoration ofspawning habitats, and in restoration of eutrophicated lakes.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 30Lausunto 5 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-32. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats ofparticular importance for the protection of biodiversity – terrestrial as well as marine?Findings from the Red List of Finnish Species (2019) indicate that for example fells, mires,forests and rural biotopes are habitats of specific importance for the protection of biodiversity inFinland. Species are becoming threatened the fastest in fell areas, mires, aquatic habitats androck outcrops. Only some improvements have occurred among species living in such areas.The majority of threatened species live in forests and rural biotopes, as well as otherenvironments established as a result of human activity. Part of the species in such habitats havebecome threatened, but at the same time, the situation has improved for other species. As awhole, species in such habitats are declining at a slower pace than in fell areas and mires. Theforests and rural biotopes are home to the largest number of species, which partly explains thelarge number of threatened species.The knowledge on underwater marine habitats and species has increased significantly in recentyears, thanks to The Finnish Inventory Programme for the Underwater Marine Environment(VELMU). Some underwater habitats can be considered especially important for maintainingbiodiversity and functioning of the ecosystems. On soft and sandy bottoms these include e.g.habitats characterised by pondweeds and other marine vascular plants as well as eelgrassmeadows. Healthy infaunal communities (i.e. animals living within the sediment) are importantfor maintain biogeochemical cycling. Also coastal reed belts are important for biodiversity,although their increase is often considered a negative result of eutrophication. On rockybottoms, bladderwrack belts and blue mussel beds maintain high biodiversity.The second assessment of threatened habitat types in Finland (2018) listed a total of 42 BalticSea habitats, of which 10 were estimated to be threatened: bladderwrack and red algal bottoms,Monoporeia/Pontoporeia shrimp bottoms, Unionid mussels bottoms as well as estuaries wereconsidered endangered (EN); sheltered charophyte bottoms, eelgrass bottoms, sea ice, fladsand glo-lakes were listed as vulnerable (VU). Four habitats were considered near threatened.However, 14 habitat types were classified as data deficient (DD), which shows that ourknowledge of underwater marine habitats still needs improving.Of the endangered species, 19 live primarily in the Baltic Sea (12.2% of endangered species inthe waters, and 0.7% of all endangered species). The Baltic Sea is home to 83 Red List speciesliving primarily in water (18.2% of Red List aquatic species and 1.2% of all Red List species).The majority of these are algae, fish and birds. Most of the species on the Baltic Red List liveon rocky and boulder bottoms.3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity is most at stake inyour country at the present time.The most important societal driver behind biodiversity loss is the use our natural resources,especially forest resources. The most extensive habitat type in Finland is forest, and over 40%of our species live in forested habitats. In the Red List of Finnish Species (2019), the numberof forest species considered to be threatened was clearly the highest, almost one third of allthreatened species. Forest industry products account for one fifth of Finland’s goods exports.So far, economic growth has inevitably meant using natural resources to an accelerating extent,and it has not been possible to decouple increasing material well-being from the decline inbiodiversity.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 31Lausunto 6 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3Due to changes in agricultural practices, the percentage of threatened species in rural biotopesand cultural habitats was also considerable, almost a quarter of all threatened species.According to the Red List of Habitats (2018), the share of threatened habitats was also thehighest in seminatural grassland and wooded pastures as well as in forests. The rate of loss ofmeadows, wooded pastures and grazed woodlands has been very high and the quality of thesehabitats has also declined. Traditional livestock farming practices have been discontinued orbeen altered so that they are less sustaining of the characteristic features.The most rapid increase in threatened species and habitats has occurred in alpine habitats,where the impact of climate change is most evident. In aquatic habitats, the situation is worston the coast, in streams and in small water bodies. Southern parts of Finland host the highestnumber and share of threatened species and habitats. This is due to a high level of pressuresfrom land use and water constructions (e.g. dredging, ditching and damming) causingmorphological alterations.Eutrophication continues to be the most important threat to underwater marine habitats in theBaltic Sea. It was considered to be the most significant cause of deterioration for almost allthreatened (Vulnerable, or Near Threatened) marine habitats, such as biotopes consisting ofbladderwrack (2 species of the brown algae family Fucus sp.), red algae, Stoneworts, commoneelgrass, habitats with Pontoporeia species (small crustaceans) and some of the musselhabitats (with Unio species). In the future, climate change is expected to exacerbate theeutrophication of the Baltic Sea and, in the long run, a decrease in the salinity of the seawatermay significantly change the ecological communities.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 32Lausunto 7 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC member states and regions1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?An important piece of legislation regarding the combat of climate change is the national ClimateChange Act (609/2015). The Act is currently being revised. More on the Act in subsection 2.There is also other relevant legislation. For example, a national act banning the use of coal forenergy generation in 2029 was passed in 2019 (416/2019).Finland is bound by the objectives, obligations and political decisions of the European Union'sclimate and energy legislation. At the heart of EU climate policy are emissions trading, nationaltargets for non-trading sectors, ie. the burden-sharing sector, and the LULUCF sector for landuse, land-use change and forests. The Regulation on the governance of the Energy Union is akey instrument in EU climate regulation. The governance model is the monitoring system ofEU's climate and energy policy, which guides the goals of the Energy Union and the realizationof emission reduction targets.2. Is there a climate protection law?There is a national Climate Change Act, which was passed in 2015. The Act is currently beingamended; the government bill was handed over to Parliament 3 March 2022. The Act is to enterinto force in July 2022. The new Act will include the national target on climate neutrality by 2035.Furthermore, new emission reduction targets for 2030 (-60 % compared to 1990 levels) and2040 (-80 % compared to 1990 levels) will be included in the Act and the current target for 2050will be updated (90 % compared to 1990 levels, but aiming for -95 %). A new target concerningstronger carbon sinks will also be added to the Act and the planning system will be extended tothe land-use sector. There are also new provisions on the rights of the indigenous Sámi people,who live in the North and will suffer from climate change.3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?The most important national legislation on biodiversity is the Nature Conservation Act(1096/1996), which is currently being revised. In addition to the Nature Conservation Act,guidance on planning and other land-use have impacts on biodiversity. These are mainlyregulated by the Land Use and Building Act (132/1999), which is also under revision. The NatureConservation Act implements the Habitats Directive (1992/43 / EEC) and the Birds Directive(2009/147 / EC) 81, which are the main legal instruments of nature protection in the EuropeanUnion.4. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?Please see the text above on Nature Coservation Act.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 33Lausunto 8 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3III. Specific areas and aspectsA. Maritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?The marine protected area (MPA) network in the Finnish marine area consists of different typesof protected areas. Most of the MPAs are a part of the Natura 2000 network and cover about9.9% of the marine areas. The HELCOM MPA network covers about 7.7 % of the Finnish marineareas, but except for one area in southern Åland, they overlap with Natura 2000 sites (SeeFigure 1 for overlap between protected areas). There are also six marine national parks.However, water areas are not included in the Eastern Gulf of Finland National park, only islands.Protected areas in private waters (YSA) cover about 1.9 % of the marine areas. In addition,Finland has one marine Unesco World Heritage Site in Kvarken area and several RAMSARwetland conservation sites. The different types of protected areas are summarized in table 1.Figure 1. Rough illustration of coverage and overlap between different types of natureprotection areas within the Finnish marine area.In total, marine MPAs cover approximately 11 % of the Finnish marine waters. (includingterritorial waters and the EEZ). Therefore the current Aichi 11 target of 10% set in theConvention on Biological Diversity is reached.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 34Lausunto 9 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3Table 1. The types of protected areas within the Finnish marine area, their classificationaccording to the IUCN protection classes (with class I representing the highest level ofprotection and their coverage (in %) of the Finnish marine area. Natura 2000 sites or other areasincluded in the international networks (HELCOM MPA, Unesco World Heritage Sites, Ramsarsites) are not generally classified to IUCN classes but here corresponding IUCN classes arepresented in brackets. The different types of protected areas overlap, and thus, their coveragescannot be summed. Percentages have been calculated 1.10.2020.Protected area Protection level Number Percentage (%) Legaltype according to of areas of the Finnish FrameworkIUCN marine areaclassificationNational parks II 5 1.9 NaturePrivate I-IV 619 1.9 Conservation Actprotection areas (1096/1996)Protection areas IV 7 0.2for sealsOther state I-V 42 0.1ownedprotection areasNatura 2000 (IV) 170 9.9 Partly Naturesites (SAC, SCI, Conservation ActSPA) (1096/1996),partly otherlegislation, e.g.Water Act orFishing ActHELCOM MPAs (IV-V) 34 7.7 InternationalRamsar sites (IV-V) 17 2.2During the past decades the coverage of protected areas in the Finnish marine area hasincreased, mainly due to expansion in the Natura 2000 network. A considerable addition to thenetwork was achieved in 2018 with large additions to the Archipelago Sea and Tulliniemi Natura2000 areas. New areas were also included in the HELCOM MPA network. However, as theambition in protection level increases both at EU level and globally (CBD), the existing networkof marine protected areas needs to be further developed. At EU level, the target is to protect30% of marine areas, of which 10% should be strictly protected. Nationally, the aim of expandingthe network has been included in the Programme of Measures for Finland’s Marine Strategy2022-2027. When expanding the network, also other area-based conservation measures canbe considered (Other Effective Conservation Measures, OECM). The concept and criteria forOECMs are currently under discussion both nationally and in a Baltic-wide context withinHELCOM.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 35Lausunto 10 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-32. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established in yourterritorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?There is currently only few strict zero-use zones within the marine protected areas, for examplethe core areas within the protection areas for seals. The set regulations on protected areasdepend on the type of the area, and they vary also area-specifically, depending on the naturevalues that the area is aiming to protect. The improvements in protection efficiency are plannedto take place via updating the management plans for protected areas, or through evaluating thestate of the Natura areas (NATA evaluation), with the aim to improve the protection of especiallykey species and key habitats. These actions are taken for example within the LIFE IP projectBIODIVERSEA. Furthermore, one of the aims set in the Programme of Measures for Finland’sMarine Strategy 2022-2027 is improving the efficiency of the MPA network, in the light of theEU Biodiversity Strategy aiming for 10% strictly protected marine areas. However, at this point,the criteria for strict protection are still under development.3. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?HELMI habitats programme (2021-2030) led by the Ministry of the Environment, aims tostrengthen Finland’s biodiversity and safeguard vital ecosystem services. One of the targetareas in the programme, is restoring coastal habitats, such as sandy beaches and small waterbodies, e.g. coastal lagoons. For example Natural Resources Institute (Luke) has alreadycarried out restoration of coastal lagoons in 2019-2021, with the aim to improve their value asnursery areas for coastal fish.The restoration of key habitats (charophytes and eelgrass, flads and glo-lakes) is included inthe Programme of Measures for Finland’s Marine Strategy 2022-2027. A national plan forrestoring marine habitats will be made within the EU LIFE IP Project BIODIVERSEA (2022-2029). Within the project, also restoration measures for key habitats (charophytes andbladderwrack) will be piloted and based on the results, best practices for restoration will beestablished. The restoration of eelgrass has already been successfully piloted by Parks &Wildlife Finland and WWF in 2020-2021.In addition, the Programme of Measures for Finland’s Marine Strategy 2022-2027 includesmany other concrete measures to enhance functioning of coastal ecosystems, e.g. removingreed to support biodiversity, reducing impacts of recreational boating on underwater vegetation,and to improve management and reduce impacts of small-scale coastal dredging that often hasnegative impacts on shallow coastal areas.Construction in coastal areas is regulated through Land Use and Building Act (5.2.1999/132)and certain types of actions (e.g. dredging > 500 m3) require permits from local authorities(Water Act 587/2011). Larger-scale constructions and activities require Environmental ImpactAssessments (EIA, Act on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure 252/2017).Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 36Lausunto 11 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3B. Eutrophication1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?Eutrophication is the main challenges for the ecological status of the inland and coastal waters,and the by far the main challenge for the Baltic Sea. The main pressures for eutrophication arenutrient loading from diffuse sources, mainly agriculture. In addition, new studies have shownthe impact of forestry, especially the role of drained peatlands.The river basin management plans set out measures needed to reduce the nutrient loading fromdifferent sources in order to achieve the good ecological status. The measures in agricultureinclude e.g. buffer zones, winter time vegetation, wetlands and water management, nutrientrecycling and amendment of phosphorus binding materials like gypsum or structural lime. Themeasures have been coordinated with the preparation of CAP strategic plan in order to ensureeffective implementation. In addition to CAP strategic plans other programs such as the waterprotection program are utilised to improve the implementation of the measures.New government decree on phosphorus use is being prepared. Nitrates directive isimplemented by government degree on limiting certain emissions from agriculture andhorticulture. Degree sets requirements not only for the use of manure and other nitrogenfertilizers but also for organic fertilizer preparations.Measures in forestry include improved water management and retention of nutrients andsuspended solids. The treatment of urban waste waters will be improved through a green dealagreement.The total load of nutrients from Finland into the Baltic Sea has levelled off or decreasedsomewhat over the last 25 years, but is far from sufficient to achieve good eutrophication statusof the sea. According to the marine management objectives, good status should have beenachieved by 2020 at the latest and according to HELCOM's Baltic Sea Action Plan in 2021. Nogood status has been achieved in any coastal water or offshore area in the Finnish sea areasin terms of eutrophication.HELCOM's Baltic Sea Action Plan sets annual reduction targets for phosphorus of 356 tonnesand 3030 tonnes of nitrogen for Finland's offshore areas. According to the latest estimate, whichextends to 2017, the phosphorus load reduction requirement is 455 t/y, of which 102 t/y appliesto the Bothnian Sea/Archipelago Sea and 353 t/y to the Gulf of Finland. The need for reductionhas therefore increased compared to the original reduction target, due to the fact that thephosphorus load in the Bothnian Sea/Archipelago Sea has increased from the reference level.Finland should reduce its nitrogen load by a total of 1,870 t/y: in the Bothnian Sea/ArchipelagoSea by 129 t/y and in the Gulf of Finland by 1,741 t / y.The results show that the effect of weather conditions on diffuse pollution is so great that evenif the period under consideration is six years or more, a single deviating year can have asignificant effect on the result. For this reason, the current load ceilings, based on the 2006-2011 load, appear to underestimate the need to reduce nutrient loads. The load ceilings are tobe updated using a longer period in the definition and taking into account the variation inweather conditions and flows as much as possible. In addition, national methods for assessingcoastal water pressures, abatement needs and load ceilings will be harmonized as far aspossible with HELCOM's offshore assessment. The assessment should also take into accountthe effects of load reductions at sea and time delays in improving the state of the sea.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 37Lausunto 12 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3The Finnish Marine Strategy is explained in more details in the Biodiversity section above, buthere below we explain the work related to eutrophication reduction and the impact fromeutrophication.A total of 13 measures to reduce eutrophication are included in Finland’s updated Programmeof Measures (POM) in the new Marine Strategy for 2022 – 2027. These are related to foodconsumption, use of fish as food, circular economy in farming and biogas production, use ofsludge from wastewater plants, reduction of diffuse input from farming and fur-farms, use ofseabuckthorn to reduce eutrophication from the drainage area run-off. Furthermore, fourmeasures to reduce nutrients from maritime traffic are included, e.g. related to ship wastewater,greywater, foodwaste (study) and, reductions of loss of transported/moved nutrients from ships.Additionally, there are two measures related to internal nutrient load and to removal of deadand decomposing algal biomass.Finland is also fully committed to carry out the actions for nutrient reduction listed in theHELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, linking them to the national POMs. The eutrophication actionsof the updated BSAP aim to achieve concentrations of nutrients close to natural levels, clearwaters, natural level of algal blooms, natural distribution and occurrence of plants and animals,and natural oxygen levels.2. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realized in your countryby when and by which measures?We are currently in the planning the national implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan, andbegin by checking how the BSAP actions link to our national POM, and checking the time tablefor the BSAP vs. national POM. Finland, like other HELCOM Contracting Parties, is committedto carry out the BSAP in full.3. How can we speed up the work?Implementing the BSAP actions and the national POM of the marine strategy will require longterm funding. The “Programme to enhance the effectiveness of water protection” launched byFinnish Government aims to make Finland a world leader in effective water protection. Finlandwill continue the intensified Baltic Sea and water protection programme within at least thecurrent scope during the parliamentary term to achieve a good ecological and environmentalstatus of waters.The review of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) will include an impactassessment that is likely to show ways to speed up the work towards a better state of the marinewaters.Other ways to speed up the work relates to communication of how to achieve the goodenvironmental status of the Baltic Sea by carrying out the POM and the BSAP. To achieve this,the communication and dialogue with stakeholders and politicians is fundamental (nationalpoliticians as well as the BSPC).All the work aimed at achieving a good environmental/ecological status should and will be linkedto ongoing larger policies, such as the EU’s Green Deal and the associated Biodiversity Strategyand funding programmes such as the EU MFF. Furthermore, linking all actions/measures toglobal initiatives and policies is important, such as the UN One Ocean, UN Decade of OceanPostiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 38Lausunto 13 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3Science, and the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular goal 14. Also the aims toachieve a global treaty to curb plastic waste will have a positive impact on marine litter reduction.C. Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated with ammunition?During the World War II about 60 000 mines were laid in the bottom of Gulf of Finland, and Gulfof Finland has been estimated to be a marine area with most mines in the world. Finnish Navyhas been mapping and clearing mines and other explosives for decades; nobody can give anexact number how many unexploded ordnance have been cleared and how many are still lyingon/within the seabed. Finnish Navy carries still yearly clearing operations of submergedmunitions.2. What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigate impacts onthe marine environment?The main strategy of the Government for dealing with dumped munitions is to let Finnish Navycarry on clearance operations of the munitions when needed; especially when submergedobjects endanger shipping and marine infrastructure.Finnish Environment Institute SYKE and Verifin have taken part in several international projectsdealing with the problem of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and chemical munitions, like Chemseaand Daimon. These projects give valuable information on the impact of UXOs to the marineenvironment and how to tackle this problem with the newest information and technology.D. Towards zero pollution1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?Finland welcomes the Zero Pollution Action Plan and as an overarching view, we appreciate inparticular all actions to reduce water pollution, the promotion of safe material cycles and supportfor circular economy.In order to make it reality, we certainly need to boost our efforts towards effective environmentand climate policies, but maybe even more important is that we ensure that pollution preventionwill be integrated in all relevant EU policies.2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?Finland welcomes the ambitious vision in the action plan towards 2050. Same is valid for the2030 targets. Most of the targets will be met by implementing the current EU legislation andnew Green Deal initiatives. The target on noise is an exception to this, as only small part of themeasures needed for noise reductions are covered in the EU legislation.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 39Lausunto 14 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-33. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be realised?As for the actions, many of the existing and newly adopted actions in the Nordic countries,including Finland, are already covered in the background study of the Zero Pollution ActionPlan.Over the past decades in Finland we have demonstrated very significant improvements in theEnergy Efficiency via voluntary agreements with industry sectors. More recently, we haveadopted around ten different voluntary agreements with relevant actors in the areas of CircularEconomy and Climate Change, which contribute also to the Zero Pollution goals.It is clear that legislation as such is not enough and we would need to strengthen our efforts toimprove implementation. Perquisite for effective implementation is that all relevant legislation isup-to-date and takes into account the technical progress, that legal provisions are clear andenforceable and we have ensured sufficient resources, and that there is a wide publicacceptance for the measures taken. On those points, more efforts are definitely needed duringthe coming decades.4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your governmentsupporting?The Ministry of the Environment appointed in March 2018 a broad-based working group taskedwith preparing a roadmap for plastics. The idea was to examine the challenges related toplastics and potential solutions to these and to define and prioritise short- and long- termmeasures to respond to the challenges. https://muovitiekartta.fi/in-brief/The Plastics Roadmap identifies measures to reduce the harm caused by plastic waste andlitter, help consumers take plastics to waste management, improve the efficiency of plasticsrecovery, recycling and product design, create conditions for investments and innovations inthe circular economy, and make us less dependent on fossil raw materials by increasing bio-based and biodegradable solutions. There is also EU LIFE project PlastLIFE in preparation tosupport the implementation of the Plastic Roadmap, with the Ministry of the Environment andFinnish Environment Institute coordinating the consortium. The project proposal has beenaccepted and the second part of the application is prepared during spring 2022.Addressing the plastics challenge requires a wide range of measures, some of them new ones.Voluntary actions are needed as well. One good example of the new ways to enforce the lawand promote its objectives is the Plastic Carrier Bag Agreement concluded between the Ministryof the Environment and the Federation of Finnish Commerce. Replacing plastics and newsolutions require more research, development work in the sector, and influencing people’sattitudes. While some of the proposed measures could be launched and implemented quitequickly, actions spanning several government terms are also needed, and these should bestarted as soon as possible. Decisions in respect of State financing are made as part of GeneralGovernment Fiscal Plan and the Budget.Also the updated Programme of Measures of the Marine Strategy in Finland 2022–2027,approved by the Government in December 2021, includes four goals and 11 measures toreduce marine litter. The measures include e.g. enhancing collection of litter at their sources,especially in near shore areas and in leisure boat harbors, reducing microplastics especiallyfrom urban runoff, wastewaters, turfs and traffic. There are also measures to reduce plasticsfrom agriculture and marine traffic.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 40Lausunto 15 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-35. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and other environmentally harmfulactivities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so, what environmentally harmfulactivities has the state prohibited?There are no statutory (state wide) bans on the selling or use of the mentioned plastic products.Municipal regulations, however, may include local bans or restrictions on the use of theseproducts.E. Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?On 16 December 2021, the Government issued a decree that will allow support to energyinvestments under Finland’s Recovery and Resilience Plan in 2022–2026. The aim is topromote energy investment and energy infrastructure projects that reduce greenhouse gasemissions in Finland and support the country’s 2035 carbon neutrality target.The Recovery and Resilience Plan is part of the Sustainable Growth Programme for Finland,which, in line with the objectives of Prime Minister Sanna Marin’s Government Programme,supports ecologically, socially and economically sustainable growth. In addition to climateobjectives, the funding will also promote new business opportunities in sustainable growth forcompanies. Green transition funding will support companies’ energy transition and enable thecommercialisation of new technologies at the same time. The funding will be used to renew theeconomic structure and will help create new jobs.Upon the adoption of the decree, The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment andBusiness Finland opened calls for applications related to the energy system transformation andindustrial energy solutions of the Sustainable Growth Programme. The amount of availablefunding will total about 520 million euros.The Sustainable Growth Programme has specified the following amounts of funding to energyinvestments:- Investments in energy infrastructure: EUR 155 million- Investments in new energy technology: EUR 155 million- Low-carbon hydrogen and carbon capture and utilisation EUR 150 million- Direct electrification and decarbonisation of industrial processes EUR 60 millionThe funding will come from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). Above figures maystill change, as the final amount of funding from the EU will be specified in summer 2022.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 41Lausunto 16 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-32. What is the role of carbon capture, utilization and storage in achieving climate neutrality inthe government’s strategy?“Carbon neutral Finland that protects biodiversity” is one of the strategic themes in SannaMarin’s Government Program. Under this theme, one of the objectives is “We will strengthencarbon sinks and stocks in the short and long term”. The measures of the climate program forthe land use sector will be assessed from the perspective of efficiency and cost-effectiveness.The program’s measures include, but are not limited to, the following:o Safeguarding the management, growth capacity and health of forestso Advancing afforestationo Reducing deforestationo Means to reduce the emissions of swamps and peatlandso Climate-sustainable management of swamp forestso Reducing the emissions and strengthening the carbon sequestration properties of agriculturalland3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the plan forimplementation?A national act banning the use of coal for energy generation in 2029 was passed in 2019(416/2019)4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10 years?There is no separate strategy regarding the use of hydrogen. However, low-carbon hydrogenwas included e.g. as one of the themes in the Recovery and Resilience Plan (see answer toquestion 1 above).Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 42Lausunto 17 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3F. Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection and biodiversity,in which areas and to what extent?The most important program, which includes the promotion of innovations related to climateprotection and biodiversity, is the Sustainable Growth Program for Finland. This Programmewill support growth that is ecologically, socially and economically sustainable in line with theaims of the Government Programme. The Programme will boost competitiveness, investment,research, development and innovation, and efforts to raise skill levels. Funding comes from theEU’s Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) and is allocated in accordance with a nationalRecovery and Resilience Plan (a part of the Sustainable Growth Programme for Finland).Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are included especially, in one of the four pillarsof the Programme, Pillar 1: Green transition. The total funding for green transition is 822 M€ forthe years 2021-2025.Other related national programs include the Finland’s Circular Economy Program, two differentNutrient Recycling Programs (coordinated by the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministryof Agriculture and Forestry), the Water Competence Growth and Internationalization Program,and the Program Enhancing Water Protection. These all involve innovation and aim to protectboth the climate and biodiversity. Currently, these programs are also strongly linked to andreceive some or all of the funding through the Sustainable Growth Program for Finland.2. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and development regardingclimate protection and biodiversity?The measures in green transition will focus on the transition to carbon neutrality and circulareconomy especially in areas of transport, housing and industry. Component areas includeenergy systems, reforms and investments supporting the green transition and digitalisation inindustry, low-carbon solutions for communities and transport, reducing the environmental andclimate impacts of the building stock, and implementing environmental sustainability and natureconservation. The measures include for example phasing out oil heating in single-familyhouses, building charging infrastructure for electric cars, investing and RDI in the reuse ofindustrial side-streams as well as recycling nutrients from various by-products.3. What effects are expected from current support measures?The current support measures usually have a direct impact on climate protection and indirectimpacts, for example, on the protection of biodiversity and restoring good water quality inwaterways. There are several targets set for Finland in the future: Finland aims to be carbon-neutral by the year 2035 and to halt biodiversity loss by 2030. In addition, Finland aims to bethe world’s first fossil-free welfare society and is committed to halving emissions from traffic by2030.Green transition solutions will be accelerated to facilitate significant reductions in emissions inFinland and elsewhere to support national targets for carbon neutrality and circular economy.The aim is to make Finland a global leader in the fields of hydrogen and circular economy, highadded value bio-products, zero-emission energy systems and other climate and environmentalsolutions; to improve energy efficiency; and to accelerate the transition to fossil-free transportand heating.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 43Lausunto 18 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3G. International1. In which fields are there concrete cooperations and joint projects with neighbouringcountries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?Joint projects with neighbouring countries on climate change and biodiversity protection areimplemented with funding from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (Baltic Sea, BarentsSea and the Arctic regions), Nordic Council of Ministers and e.g. Interreg and EU’s CBC-instruments. Topics include climate change and ecosystem impacts, black carbon, protectedareas, conservation (e.g. Kolarctic CBC project CoASal), invasive alien species (e.g. KareliaCBC project DIAS), and awareness raising and education.Under the Finnish Chairmanship of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council and its Working Group onEnvironment, an updated version of the Barents Climate Change Action Plan was adopted bythe Foreign Ministers of the Barents countries at the end of 2021.In the Baltic Sea area, climate change and the protection of biodiversity are key issues also inmaritime spatial planning (MSP). Cooperation on maritime spatial planning between the BalticSea countries is carried out in the joint maritime spatial planning working group of HELCOM(Environmental Protection Agreement) and VASAB (Ministerial Spatial Planning Cooperation).An ecosystem approach is applied to maritime spatial planning, with the key objective topreserve, protect and enhance the marine environment and nature. In its Marine Spatial Plan,Finland has identified very significant areas of underwater biodiversity (EMMA) as well asextensive renewable energy production areas. Finland participates in several EU-fundedprojects in the Baltic Sea area and Europe, which promote the consideration of climate changeand biodiversity in maritime spatial plans.2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned for the future?Finnish actors are actively involved in various international projects, funded e.g. by theEuropean Union, Nordic Council of Ministers and through other regional instruments.Action Plan on Climate Change for the Barents Cooperation has been adopted by the BEACForeign Ministers in October 2021. Implementation of this Action Plan will increase cooperationand launch of new projects in the Barents Region, which might have relevance for thecooperation on Baltic Sea, as well.3. What effects are expected as a result?As there are many ongoing projects, focusing on different parts of the ecosystem and differentaspects of climate change and biodiversity, making an exhaustive list of specific results isdifficult. However, in general the projects and programmes work towards preserving or restoringbiodiversity (marine, riverine and terrestrial habitats) and towards minimizing emissions ofgreenhouse gases and pollution.4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts to strengthenclimate protection and biodiversity measures?Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 44Lausunto 19 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3Finland is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the ParisAgreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity and contributes to many fundssupporting the aims of those conventions. Support to developing countries is channelledthrough, for example, the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund, the Global EnvironmentFacility, the Least Developed Countries Fund, the United Nations Environment Programme, theMultilateral Fund, and more.H. Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy or roadmap?Yes, Finland has a national climate change adaptation strategy (from year 2005, updated in2014) as well as several sectoral adaptation plans (e.g. environmental sector and socialservices sector). In addition, there are some regional adaptation strategies and local strategies(municipal level). Finland is currently in the process of updating and renewing the adaptationplan and the new plan is expected to be ready in the end of year 2022.A mid-term evaluation of the National Adaptation Plan (2014) was published in April 2019. Theevaluation was coordinated by the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) and Natural ResourcesInstitute Finland (Luke) and included a broad stakeholder engagement process.Since 2015 there has been a regulatory duty established by the Climate Act to prepare a climateadaptation strategy at least in every ten years. The Climate Act is currently under reform andthe regulation on adaptation has also been specified.2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools and measures?The main aim of the current National Climate Change Adaptation Plan has been to build thecapacity of Finnish society to manage the risks associated with climate change and adapt tochanges in the climate. The objectives of the plan have been:- Adaptation is integrated into the planning and activities of both the various sectors and theiractors-The actors have access to the necessary climate change assessment and managementmethods- Research and development work, communication and education and training have enhancedthe adaptive capacity of society, developed innovative solutions and improved citizens’awareness on climate change adaptation.The adaptation plan has also implemented the EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Changewithin Finland.Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 45Lausunto 20 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3I. Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement of socio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations or citizens (civil society,youth) in its policies in the field of climate action and biodiversity (e.g., via discussion foraor consultative bodies?)The Climate Policy Round Table was launched in February 2020 and it met for the first time inMay 2020. Due to Covid -19 virus, the start of the Round Table was delayed and for the mostpart, meetings are held remotely. The Round Table discusses key government initiatives andlegislative proposals aimed at carbon neutrality, as well as roadmaps, especially from theperspective of a fair transition.The purpose of the Round Table is to create a common understanding of how Finland can makea just transition to a carbon neutral society by 2035. From the discussions, we have gained agood overview of different opinions of several sectors of society on the transition towards acarbon-neutral society, which can be utilized in official preparation as well as policy-making.The outcomes of the meeting are presented to the Ministerial Working Group on Climate andEnergy Policy.The Round Table is chaired by Prime Minister. In her absence, Minister of the Environment andClimate Change usually chairs the meeting. It is common that all vice-chairs participate in themeetings as well. The Round Table uses the Chatham House Principle, supporting aconfidential atmosphere (e.g. direct quotations from another member’s speech are not allowedin communication). The starting point for setting up the Round Table was that it is a high-level,confidential discussion forum and thus the Round Table is limited to a certain number of peopleand entities. The selection of the members was decided by the Ministry of the Environment inclose cooperation with the Prime Minister’s Office in a way that the Round Table representsdifferent actors or sectors of the society. The Prime Minister's Office officially conducted theprocess of appointing the members. The Round Table consists of 4 vice chairs, 20 membersand 3 Representatives of Expert Bodies. From a regional and social perspective, thecomposition of the Round Table recognizes the active role of young people in climate issues.One of the vice-chairmen represents the Finnish National Youth Council Allianssi and one ofthe members represents the Agenda 2030 Youth Group. The Round Table also includerepresentatives of the Sámi Parliament and municipalities, who will play an important role inachieving Finland's climate neutrality target by 2035.Preparations are made in cooperation with Special Advisers to the Ministers (e.g. meetings,work plan etc.). The youth representative and the representative of industry are involved inplanning of the meetings and, in general, for developing the work of the Round Table with theSecretariat.In addition, Finland has had a national citizen jury on climate action. The national Citizens Jurycontributed to the assessment of the fairness of the climate actions. The Jury formulated aconsidered public opinion on 14 different climate measures related to food, housing andtransportation. The outcomes of the Jury were introduced to the Round Table in the meeting inMay 2021.The final report of the Citizen Jury was completed in the end of June 2021. For example: TheCitizen Jury considered important that the measures included in the new Climate Policy Plantake into consideration the economic impact of the actions on individuals and different socio-economic segments, as well as regional equality. The Jury hopes that it is possible to live andtake part in everyday activities everywhere in Finland, also in future. In the general observations,the Jury also highlighted the allocation of tax revenues in public administration andmunicipalities to climate-friendly traffic, housing, and food, as well as the importance of steeringPostiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 46Lausunto 21 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3by information so that all citizens will have adequate knowledge of the impacts of climate actionsand e.g. different types of allowances and deductions.In addition, the Ministry of the Environment has been testing a number of methods andinnovations to engage on reforms to the Climate Act, utilizing a human-rights based, inclusiveapproach to consultation and working with a range of external partners. Methods include: anonline survey in six languages (English, Swedish, Finnish and three Sámi languages);consultations in different cities with the public; consultations with stakeholders (e.g.municipalities, legal experts); consultations with youth during school time via the all-Youthproject; dialogues with journalists; online discussions using the Timeout platform, meetings withclimate activists in small groups; hearings; and workshops with Sámi youth in Finnish and Sámi.In October 2020, human rights-related discussions were planned via the BIBU research project.Implications of climate change have in particularly strong influence on Arctic regions andindigenous peoples, such as the Sami people. Consequently, the Government has also officiallynegotiated with the Sami Parliament in relation to Climate Act. In the negotiations languagerights has been protected. In addition, there has been online consultations in three Samilanguages.Currently the Ministry of the Environment is preparing a climate mid-term plan 2035 and in ouronline questionnaire, there was all together over 18 000 participants in January-February 2021.The aim was to ask, what climate policy measures citizens find fair and just. The main findingsincluded, that citizens prefer climate measures that include financial incentives and informationsupport.Regarding biodiversity specifically, the role of socio-economic actors (industry etc.) inbiodiversity protection is addressed e.g. in the upcoming national biodiversity strategy andaction plan.3. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly in opinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate change and biodiversity?The Agenda 2030 Youth Group was set up first time in spring 2017, under the Finnish NationalCommission on Sustainable Development led by the Prime Minister. The Agenda Youth Grouphas two aims: to serve as an advocate for the goals and participate in the national planning andimplementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.The Finnish Agenda 2030 Youth Group is composed of under 20 people aged 15 to 28 yearsfrom all around Finland and with a variety of backgrounds.The Youth Group is invited to various stakeholder meetings in the ministries and it attendsworkshops, discussions and events on sustainable development. The members serve asadvocates and participate in the dialogue and debate on the goals in national contexts. Thegroup has for example organized a panel session for presidential candidates on climate changeand a youth climate summit on March 2019, which involved 500 young people. As a part of theirsummit, they prepared a declaration on climate change, which was sent to members of theParliament.Finland has also supported the World Summit of Students for Climate, which has strengthenedthe participation of the youth in several countries and created considerable amount of newcarbon sinks. World Summit of Students for Climate took place 29 May – 5 June 2019 in Finland.The summit was initiated and organised by ENO Schoolnet, in co-operation with the cities ofHelsinki and Joensuu, municipality of Liperi, Ministry of Environment Finland and the Ministriesfor Forestry and Agriculture, for Education and for Foreign Affairs. 135 students and 100Postiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 47Lausunto 22 (22)10.3.2022 VN/3440/2022VN/3440/2022-YM-3teachers from 70 countries gathered together. Students discussed about the climate changeand forests, based on their preliminary assignment and committed to start planting trees (treeplanting and tree adopting schools). They voted about the actions they could do as studentsand created Climate Action Plan 2019-25. Teachers had workshops in the field of education,natural sciences and circular economy, for instance. The ultimate goal is to tie 3 million tons ofcarbon dioxide by 2025. The summit was endorsed by the president of the Republic of Finland,Mr Sauli Niinistö.There has been also separate consultations for youth in 2020-2021 in cooperation withresearchers and NGOs.4. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?Yes, there are plans to for example guarantee participation for youth, disabled and elderly inadaptation plan process.Ympäristöneuvos Saara BäckErityisasiantuntija Henna RinnePostiosoite Käyntiosoite Puhelin Faksi s-posti, internetPostadress Besöksadress Telefon Fax e-post, internetPostal Address Office Telephone Fax e-mail, internetYmpäristöministeriö Aleksanterinkatu 7 0295 16001 (09) 160 39320 kirjaamo@ym.fiPL 35 00100 Helsinki Internat. +358 295 16001 Internat. +358 9 160 39320 www.ym.fiFI-00023 Helsinki FinlandFinlandFinland Page 48VN/3440/2022-YM-3Seuraavat henkilöt ovat allekirjoittaneet tämän asiakirjan sähköisesti /Följande personer har undertecknat denna handling elektroniskt /This document has been signed electronically by the following persons:Rinne Henna 91268983R Bäck Saara 91176126B2022-03-11 2022-03-11GermanyGermany Page 504 October 2021BSPC Working Group onClimate Change and Biodiversity (CCB)Intergovernmental surveyAdopted by the BSPC WG CCB on 4 October 2021The governments of the BSPC member parliaments are kindly asked tosend statements and answers to the following issues and questions totheir respective parliaments until 28 February 2022:I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPCmember states and regionsClimate changeCould you give a policy-brief report about the measures and national strategiesto combat climate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures?The report should preferably be structured according to the following policyareas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy orroadmap aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achievingcarbon neutrality, objectives in terms of reduction and by what time –concrete measures to achieve the goals);2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;3. Current and planned mitigation measures;4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.2Germany Page 51Germany has set itself ambitious climate targets to fulfil its global responsibility.With the amendment of the Climate Change Act in June 2021, Germanycommitted itself to becoming greenhouse gas neutral by 2045. At that stage, nomore harmful pollutants may be emitted than can be absorbed, for example bycarbon sinks like forests and peatlands. By 2030, greenhouse gas emissions are tobe reduced by at least 65% compared with 1990. A new national climate actiontarget of at least 88% reduction applies for the year 2040.The Climate Change Act also specifies legally binding reduction targets forindividual sectors until 2030. By defining annual emission volumes which thesectors must not exceed, the Climate Change Act defines the emission reductionsthe individual sectors must contribute to annually. By 2030, greenhouse gasemissions are to be reduced by 68% in the buildings sector, by 77% in the energysector, by 58% in the industrial sector, by 48% in the transport sector and by31% in the agriculture sector compared with 1990 levels. Cross-sectoral annualreduction targets are set for the years 2031 to 2040, based on which the annualallowable emission levels for each sector in that period will be determined in 2024.In addition, specific targets were also set for the first time for the land use, landuse change and forestry sector. In 2030, 2040 and 2045, the sector is expected tohave an emissions balance of minus 25, minus 35 and minus 40 million tonnes ofCO2 equivalents, respectively. In 2045, the sector will thus contribute to netgreenhouse gas neutrality.In its Climate Action Programme 2030, the Federal Government has set measuresin motion that contribute, within the framework of the Climate Change Act, toGermany’s ability to reach its climate change mitigation targets in every sector by2030. The Climate Action Programme 2030 encompasses measures for all sectors,including the introduction of carbon pricing in the heat and transport sectors andmany other climate action measures for the energy, industrial buildings,transport, agriculture, forestry and waste management sectors. Among others,they include the accelerated expansion of renewable energy sources, investmentsin local public transport and support for sustainable agriculture and energy-efficient buildings.Key projects in the Climate Action Programme 2030 have already beenimplemented, such as the Coal Phaseout Act, passed in 2020, which governs thegradual phase-out of coal-fired power generation by 2038 at the latest. Emissionallowances freed up by this in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) will becancelled. The Coal Phase-out Act also includes the amendment of the CombinedHeat and Power Act, creating incentives to rapidly convert coal-fired powerstations to more climate-friendly technologies. In particular, this includestransitioning to fuels with a better climate balance like biomass, waste or naturalgas. Combined heat and power plants generate electricity or mechanical energyand useful heat at the same time, making them more efficient and reducing theirgreenhouse gas emissions.Economic Affairs and Climate Action Minister Robert Habeck has announced thatan initial climate action package will come in April 2022, and a second one in thesummer. The objective of the Immediate Climate Action Programme is to put allsectors on the right course to meeting the targets and to ensure that all the3Germany Page 52necessary measures are taken for Germany to be able to reach its climate targets.The work on the necessary legislation, regulation, and other measures for this isto be concluded by the end of 2022. To make this happen, the FederalGovernment will press ahead with the drawing up and the implementation of theProgramme. The following immediate measures, which the Federal Ministry forEconomic Affairs and Climate Action will present in the near future include, havealready been announced – more measures will follow as part of the ImmediateClimate Action Programme:• Amendment of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG): We will amendthe EEG to set the course for an electricity supply that will be based on 80%renewables by 2030. To achieve this, we will increase the quantities up forauction. Technology-specific quantities will be increased, starting from whatwill already be a highly ambitious level. The level of gross electricityconsumption we are using in our calculations lies at the centre of the corridorset out in the Coalition Agreement (680-750 TWh), i.e. 715 TWh. We willenshrine a new principle in law, namely that the expansion of renewables is inthe overriding public interest and in the interest of public security.• Solar energy: We will utilise the power of solar energy by introducing a solaracceleration package. The solar acceleration package will contain a broadrange of individual measures designed to deliver significant progress on solarenergy. Among other things, this means putting in place improvements aroundlandlord-to-tenant electricity supply, raising the thresholds applying inauctions, and opening areas and sites for ground mounted installations whilstobserving the relevant environmental criteria. We are also taking legislativeaction to ensure that all suitable roofspace will be used for solar energy infuture. Solar energy will be mandatory for new commercial buildings, and willbecome the norm for new private buildings.• Wind energy: We will harness the potential of land that can be made availablefor onshore wind power at short notice and introduce an Onshore Wind PowerAct to speed up the expansion process. We will also be reducing themandatory distances to rotating beacons and weather radar and implementmeasures to make the expansion of onshore wind power better compatiblewith military interests. This can free up a lot of sites for wind power. Forinstance, in areas where radio navigation systems and rotating beacons are inplace, it is possible to install 4 to 5 GW of capacity. Another 3 to 4 GW can beinstalled in areas where there are military interests. We will use the OnshoreWind Power Act to reserve 2% of Germany’s land territory for wind energy,reconcile the expansion of wind power with conservation interests, and pavethe way for swifter planning and approval procedures.• Bringing down the price of electricity: We will lay the basis for having moreelectricity from renewables at competitive prices. In particular, electricity is tobecome cheaper than fossil fuels. For this purpose, we will render heat pumpsand eMobility more attractive and make progress on sector coupling. For thisreason, we will be financing the renewable energy surcharge (EEG surcharge)from the federal budget as from 2023, which will ease the financial burden onelectricity consumers. As we abolish the EEG surcharge, we are moving theprovisions resulting from the special equalisation scheme (Combined Heat andPower Act, offshore grid surcharge) into a separate statute so as to give theindustrial sector a reliable and predictable legal basis with regard to therelevant surcharges.4Germany Page 53• Carbon contracts with the industrial sector: We will lay the legal and financialbasis for ‘carbon contracts for difference’, which will be a key instrument tosupport the transformation within the industrial sector. As the industrial sectorushers in climate-neutral manufacturing methods, it needs a reliable fundingand investment framework. This instrument will render climate-neutralmanufacturing methods economically viable at an earlier point in time andensure that companies can better plan ahead financially.• Heat strategy: In the heat sector, we are also striving for a very high share ofrenewables and will be generating 50% of the heat used in Germany inclimate-neutral ways by 2030. As we regard energy efficiency as a secondpillar to work with, we will develop a new strategy for climate neutrality inbuildings that will bring together both instruments in an optimised manner. Wewill make decisive progress on climate action in the buildings sector and worktowards a full rollout of municipal heat planning and towards decarbonisingand expanding the heat networks. For this purpose, we will see to it that thefederal assistance for efficient heat networks takes effect as soon as it hasbeen approved under the state-aid rules, and will top up its financing.• Standards and funding for buildings: Together with the Federal Ministry forHousing, Urban Development and Building, we will swiftly review the BuildingsEnergy Act to create a reliable basis for investors to plan on. This will set us onthe pathway towards climate neutrality in 2045 where new buildings and themodernisation of buildings are concerned, and help reduce energyconsumption in this area. In this way, we are implementing the CoalitionAgreement where it says that every new heating system installed as of 2025must be based on at least 65% renewable energy. This will preventmisdirected investments that are not compatible with our climate targets. Inparallel, the federal funding scheme for efficient buildings will be swiftlyadjusted; it will act in support of the new provisions of the Buildings EnergyAct and set the right incentives for greater efficiency to prepare the market forthese steps until 2025.• Hydrogen strategy: We are adjusting our measures to ramp up the use ofhydrogen technology so as to double the production of green hydrogencompared to the plans currently in force. To this end, we will be revising theNational Hydrogen Strategy by the end of this year, and will introduceadditional funding programmes.Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate changeThe national adaptation strategy of 2008 (Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie, DAS)established climate change adaptation as a cross-cutting topic in all relevantpolicy areas. This strategy has been reviewed and enhanced continuously. As thestrategic framework that guides the Government’s adaptation-related policies andactivities, it aims to decrease the vulnerability of the German society, economyand environment and to strengthen the country’s overall adaptive capacities.The strategy describes 15 core action areas and includes a cyclical reportingregime (monitoring report, vulnerability analysis, progress report, evaluationreport). For more information on the German Adaptation Strategy, please refer tothe information contained under III.H.A number of support programmes currently complement action under the DAS indifferent policy areas. On environment these include: The Forest Climate Fund5Germany Page 54(Waldklimafonds) which provides financial support to enhance the climateresilience of forests. The planned peatland protection strategy (Moorschutz-strategie) aims at restoring peatlands to, among others, re-establish theircapacities to balance and regulate the local climate and to retain water in times ofoverabundance. As their restoration also avoids large amounts of CO2 emissions,this measure contributes both to climate change adaptation and mitigation.Through the national floods programme (Nationales Hochwasserschutz Programm)5.5 billion euros have been made available for preventive action to avert floodingaround the main German rivers.Support programmes of a more cross-cutting nature include the programme"Measures for Adaptation to Climate Change", under which funding is provided forprojects of local and municipal actors, associations and small and medium-sizedenterprises as well as educational institutions. Another programme is called„Climate adaptation in social/welfare facilities“ – it supports municipalities andwelfare organisations as operators of social and welfare facilities with the aim toprotect the most vulnerable from and prepare them for climate change.In 2021, the Competence Centre on Climate Adaptation was inaugurated to advisemunicipalities in the area of adaptation to climate change. This includes theprovision of information on support mechanisms at the federal and the state level,knowledge transfer, the establishment of a nation-wide network of relevantstakeholders and decision-makers, as well as the development of criteria forcomprehensive concept development.In its November 2021 coalition agreement, the German Government agreed toprepare a Climate Change Adaptation Act which would mandate, among others,the development of a precautionary adaptation strategy, including concrete andmeasurable targets. It is also envisaged to further enhance the financing ofadaptation measures.Due to the cross-cutting nature of climate change adaptation, Governmentmeasures are being implemented and mainstreamed in all relevant policy areas,ranging from urban planning, to public health, tourism and agriculture.Adaptation efforts at the federal level are complemented by a multitude ofmeasures at the regional and local level.Furthermore, Germany`s efforts to adapt to the impacts of climate change and toenhance the resilience of the society, the economy and the environment areunderpinned by a variety of analytical and methodological work and supported byrobust climate science.If implemented well, adapting to a changing climate could improve the quality oflife for all citizens. Examples are green roofs and facades, watercourses and shadysquares, which bring cooling and enhance rainwater retention, boost naturaldiversity in cities, strengthen ecosystems, enhance air quality, and thus improvethe overall quality of life. Sustainable adaptation to climate change can bring realadded benefits for society.6Germany Page 55Biodiversity1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and nationalstrategies to protect biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?The most important strategy to protect biodiversity and the integrity ofecosystems is the comprehensive “National Strategy on Biological Diversity(NBS)”, which fulfils Germany’s obligations under Article 6 of the Convention onBiological Diversity as well as the EU Biodiversity Strategy. The NBS was adoptedin 2007. Germany is currently further developing its NBS due to the new GlobalBiodiversity Framework presently under negotiation under the Convention onBiological Diversity as well as the new EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.The NBS serves to implement both international and EU obligations on a nationallevel. It also outlines Germany’s contribution to the conservation of biologicaldiversity worldwide by placing it in a European context, with due regard forinternational correlations. It not only addresses all government institutions atfederal, federal state and local government level, but also all social actors. Thestrategy is designed to mobilise and pool all social actors with the aim ofsignificantly minimising, and eventually halting altogether, the threat to biologicaldiversity in Germany. Its ultimate aim is to reverse the trend in favour of anincrease in biological diversity, including its typical regional peculiarities. A furtheraim is that Germany should take greater responsibility for global sustainabledevelopment.The strategy formulates a concrete vision for the future, and specifies qualitytargets and action objectives for all biodiversity-related topics. In the overallstrategy, equal consideration is given to ecological, economic and social aspects,in keeping with the guiding principle of sustainability.Other relevant national strategies / measures include:– German Sustainable Development Strategy– National Strategy for Adaption to Climate Change– National Bioeconomy Strategy– National Marine Strategy– Action Programme for Insect Protection– Agrobiodiversity Strategy and sectoral National Programmes for GeneticResources of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture– Forest Strategy 2020The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Research Initiative-for the Conservation of Species - Federal Defragmentation Programme2. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes andhabitats of particular importance for the protection of biodiversity –terrestrial as well as marine?7Germany Page 56TerrestrialIn the German Baltic Sea region there are a number of areas, ecosystems,landscapes and habitats of particular importance for the protection of biodiversity,including: Jasmund Bodden and Northeast Rügen (600km2) has to be mentionedas a landscape worthy of protection. With its chalk coasts and lime beech forests,Northeast Rügen has a unique landscape. The large coastal beech forests stretchover hills and stream valleys, enclosing moors, bogs and fens as well as springs.Its forests are among the richest in orchids throughout northern Germany. Inother parts there are mosaic landscapes which have all transitions from sandygrassland to salt reeds, or of semi-arid grassland to bush-beech forest and highflint beach ridges. Many parts of this landscape are therefore protected bydifferent protected areas, such as the ‘National Parc Jasmund’, the ‘BiosphereReserve Southeast Rügen’ as well as several protected sites of the Natura 2000network and national conservation areas.Another example is the Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft and Rostocker Heide(1200km2), which can be called a hotspot of biological diversity in Germany. Itencloses a diverse coastal landscape that is unique in Germany, with bays,lagoons, islands and peninsulas, flat and steep coasts, salt marshes and reeds,moors and alder forests. The numerous shallow water areas, floodplains and saltmarshes of this coastal landscape are considered important resting and winteringareas for waders and waterfowl in Germany and excellent breeding areas fornumerous meadow and shorebirds. The landscape also provides importanthabitats for many other animal and plant species, some of which are rare, such asdune- and salt-running beetles or the grey seal. More than 60% of the area isprotected, mainly by the ‘National Park Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft’.The Ueckermünder Heide (650km2) in the far east of the coastal region ofGermany is a landscape worthy of protection and important for biodiversity aswell. Large parts of the area are very low in disturbance of wildlife due to their lowsettlement density and thus provide an important habitat, especially for numerousdisturbance-sensitive bird species. Therefore, almost one third of the area isdesignated as a Special Protection Area.MarineReference can be made to the HELCOM Coastal and Marine Baltic Sea ProtectedAreas (HELCOM MPAs) and marine Natura 2000 areas as well as to the followingmarine ecosystem, landscapes and habitats: Estuaries, lagoons, costal lakes, sandbanks, boulder and stone reefs, habitats consisting of gravel, coarse sand andshell bottoms, macrophyte stands, habitat building species such as bladder wrackstands and mussel beds, important bird areas (wintering, moulting, feeding),roosting-, feeding-, reproduction- and nursery areas for marine mammals andspawning grounds for fish.3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversityis most at stake in your country at the present time.An indicator set of 18 indicators is used to assess progress towards meeting thegoals of the National Strategy on Biological Diversity. For a total of 13 indicatorswith quantitative target values, a degree of target achievement (status) can begiven, which is calculated from the distance between the last reported data point8Germany Page 57and the target value. From these 13 indicators, one indicator each is either withinthe target range (>= 90%) or close to the target range (80% -<90%): landscapedissection and sustainable forestry. For six indicators the current value is still farfrom the target range (50%-<80%):• Species diversity and landscape quality• Conservation status of habitats and species included in the HabitatsDirective• Status of floodplains• High nature value farmland• Agricultural nitrogen surplus• Eutrophication of ecosystemsFor five indicators, the current value is still a long way from the target range (<50 percent):• Endangered species• Ecological status of surface waters• Increase in land use for settlement and transport• Organic farming• Awareness of biodiversityThe main causes of species diversity and landscape quality loss are – to regionallyvarying degrees – intensive farming, landscape dissection and urban sprawl, soilsealing and pollutants affecting large areas (e.g. acidifying chemicals andnutrients). In human settlements, negative impacts are brought about by the lossof near-natural habitats and village structures due to building and soil sealing.Current figures that provide valid evidence of the decline in species and biotopediversity in Germany can also be found in the nationwide red lists of endangeredanimals, plants, fungi and biotope types in Germany published by the FederalAgency for Nature Conservation. In addition the German national report on theFauna-Flora-Habitat Directive for the reporting period 2013-2018 has shown thatonly a quarter of the animal species are in a favourable conservation status. Thetraffic light is yellow or red for almost two thirds, which means that they are in aninadequate or bad condition. This mainly affects butterflies, beetles anddragonflies. The situation is similar with the habitats. Almost 70% (based on thenumber) of habitats in Germany are in inadequate condition.National biodiversity related targets and their category of progress are compiledwithin Germany’s Sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity(2020), which can be found at https://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=de- Concerning the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) implementation:what has helped in their implementation and/or why have some not beenmet, with concrete examples from each country;9Germany Page 58Despite several decades of constructive cooperation in HELCOM, not all measuresof the first Baltic Sea Action Plan of 2007 could be implemented as planned forvarious reasons. The measures and their achievement of objectives were and arepartly very complex and subject to different framework conditions. In addition,the expected improvement in ecological status, depending on the measure,sometimes only occurs after a longer period of time due to natural conditions.However, the resources available to implement the measures and therequirements of existing international regulations also represent a factor inimplementation that should not be underestimated. All targets that have not yetbeen implemented were included in the updated Baltic Sea Action Plan adopted inOctober 2021 with the aim of achieving them by 2030 at the latest.- Legislative measures: best practice examples on progressive legislationas well as the role of taxation and how far both helped in achieving theobjectives;The Federal Nature Conservation Act implements European nature conservationdirectives, in particular the Flora-Fauna-Habitat Directive (92/43/EEC) and theBirds Directive (2009/147/EC), into national law. In addition to provisions onspecies and site protection, the Federal Nature Conservation Act includesregulations on landscape planning, compensation for impacts on nature and thelandscape, biotope networks, marine nature conservation, recreation in natureand the landscape, and the participation of nature conservation associations incertain decision-making procedures. The law is supplemented by state lawregulations of the 16 federal states.In September 2019, the German Federal Government adopted the “ActionProgramme for Insect Conservation”, or API for short, which is the mostcomprehensive and effective package of measures to date to protect insects andtheir diversity (https://www.bmuv.de/en/publication/action-programme-for-insect-conservation). One important milestone in the implementation of the APIwas the adoption of the Insect Conservation Act in the summer of 2021. Amongother things, the Act grants special legal protection to additional areas thatprovide important habitats for insects like meadow orchards and dry stone walls,and further boosters protection provided to insects in the future by restricting theuse of biocides harmful to insects in certain areas.- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on achieving the biodiversity policymeasures?The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear that the health of humans, animals andnature are inextricably linked and how this causes disruptive financial impact,both at individual and national levels. The Intergovernmental Platform onBiodiversity and Ecosystem Services Workshop Report on Biodiversity andPandemics (October 2020) urgently warns that, because of the destruction ofnature, pandemics could occur with even greater frequency in the future. Thesame global environmental changes that lead to biodiversity loss and climatechange are among the underlying causes of pandemics. Human interventions inecosystems (in particular land-use changes such as deforestation, expansion andintensification of agriculture and trade in wild animals and wildlife products)10Germany Page 59increase the risk of pathogens passing from animals to humans and spreading tobecome pandemics. Preserving and restoring biodiversity and functioning, resilientecosystems can make an important contribution to reducing the risk of the spreadof zoonotic diseases.On a global scale, the COVID-19 pandemic had and is having a direct impact onbiodiversity conservation, in particular in developing countries and emergingeconomies. Drastic cuts in public funding of nature conservation, for instance dueto prioritisation of economic recovery packages, pose major challenges for natureconservation authorities. Serious revenue shortages in the eco-tourism sector inmany countries due to lack of tourists increases the strain. In many cases, thisleads to reductions in monitoring activities in protected areas because there is nomoney for the personnel required. In addition, the rural population – includingpeople moving to the countryside due to losing their income in urban areasbecause of the pandemic or lockdown – increasingly hunt wild game inside andoutside of protected areas to cheaply supplement their diets. Probably inconnection with these developments, many reports of increasing poachingactivities, by organised big game or subsistence hunting, are coming from avariety of regions.- Are there concrete figures on what impact measures to combat thepandemic had on the volume of greenhouse gas emissions (transport,economy)?There are no official estimates. The difference between real emissions and officialemission projections for 2020, however, show a significant impact of thepandemic on transport where emissions came down by around 11% (while aslight increase had been projected) which outweighs the economic downturn rateby far. Passenger and goods transport statistics add to the estimate thatpandemic related measures largely contributed to the emission reduction, withreduced passenger mobility (pkm 19.5% down in 2020) being the largest factor.- Are prosperity and an ecologically stable and sound environmentalcondition for future generations considered as a fundamental right in thedecision-making processes?Article 20a of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany [Protection of thenatural foundations of life and animals] stipulates: “Mindful also of itsresponsibility towards future generations, the state shall protect the naturalfoundations of life and animals by legislation and, in accordance with law andjustice, by executive and judicial action, all within the framework of theconstitutional order.” This principle was affirmed by the First Senate of the FederalConstitutional Court in 2021, when it held that the provisions of the FederalClimate Change Act of 12 December 2019 governing national climate targets andthe annual emission amounts allowed until 2030 were incompatible withfundamental rights insofar as they lacked sufficient specifications for furtheremission reductions from 2031 onwards. The First Senate affirmed that theobjective duty of protection arising from Art. 20a encompasses the necessity totreat the natural foundations of life with such care and to leave them in suchcondition that future generations who wish to continue preserving thesefoundations are not forced to engage in radical abstinence.11Germany Page 60II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC memberstates and regions1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?The Climate Change Act provides the legal framework for Germany’s climateprotection policies (cf. Section I). In addition to this, there are numerous morespecific provisions that contain important regulations for achieving the climateaction and legally binding annual reduction targets of the Climate Change Act(e.g. Renewable Energies Act, Coal Phase-out Act, Fuel Emissions Trading Act).2. Is there a climate protection law?Yes (cf. Sections I and II. 1)3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity4. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?Questions 3 and 4 are answered together:The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany protects the naturalfoundations of life and animals (Art. 20a).The main provision for nature conservation measures is the Federal NatureConservation Act which states that by virtue of their intrinsic value andimportance as a basic necessity of human life, and also as a responsibility tofuture generations, nature and landscape in both settled and non-settled areasare to be protected so as to permanently safeguard (1) biological diversity, (2)the performance and functioning of the natural balance, including the ability ofnatural resources to regenerate and lend themselves to sustainable use, and (3)the diversity, characteristic features and beauty of nature and landscape, as wellas their recreational value. Such protection shall include management,development and, as necessary, restoration of nature and landscape (generalprinciple). The Federal Nature Conservation Act also foresees actions to be takenin order to permanently safeguard biological diversity.The European Nature Conservation Directives play an important role for natureconservation and biodiversity policy in Germany.III. Specific areas and aspectsA. Maritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?In the Exclusive Economic Zone they are mainly protected as Marine ProtectedAreas (MPAs). All MPAs are national nature reserves (NSG) with respective12Germany Page 61ordinances and at the same time NATURA 2000 sites and HELCOM MPAs. They areprotected according to the requirements of the EU Habitats Directive and the BirdDirective. Management plans have been elaborated and will be published shortly.In the federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV) there exist two NationalParks and one Biosphere Reserve with marine parts, respectively. They areprotected by special ordinances. All remaining MPAs in Mecklenburg-Vorpommernand all in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein are NATURA 2000 sites andHELCOM MPAs (in MV only marine part). They have management plans and areprotected according to the requirements of the EU Habitats and Bird Directives.Some are partly national NSG with specific ordinances. In addition, specific marinehabitats are under legal protection according to the Federal Nature ConservationAct, even if they are located outside MPAs, such as sandbanks and reefs ormacrophyte stands.2. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas beenestablished in your territorial waters, or is the establishment of suchzones planned?No large-scale-zones have been established so far.3. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastalecosystems?(Well-functioning coastal ecosystems are key for combating climate change. Well-managed areas canstore carbon but destroyed ecosystems risk becoming carbon sources. Good management can includerestoration of important habitats, e.g., eel grass, limitation of new constructions etc.)Very large parts of the coastal areas are protected either as National Park,Biosphere Reserve, NSG or Protected Landscape/seascape, most of them inaddition as Natura 2000 sites. Many coastal landscapes and habitats are underlegal protection such as the coastal strip, dunes, beach ridges and active cliffs.B. Eutrophication(Eutrophication is a major threat to biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and has a negative impact on bothecosystem function and ecological services. Mitigating eutrophication is essential for the protection ofbiodiversity.)1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the Baltic Sea Action Plan(BSAP) and other directives?2. Which objectives of the BSAPare planned to be realised in your countryby when and by which measures?3. How can we speed up the work?Questions 1-3 are answered together.Under the German chairmanship the HELCOM Contracting Parties agreed on anupdated Baltic Sea Action Plan on 20th October 2021 in Lübeck that covers thetime period 2021-2030 (siehe: https://helcom.fi/media/publications/Baltic-Sea-Action-Plan-2021-update.pdf). The action plan is dedicated to address pressureson the Baltic Sea ecosystem in order to achieve a good status at the end of thisdecade. Eutrophication remains one of the focal themes of the updated BSAP. The13Germany Page 62core of the eutrophication segment remain the quantitative nutrient reductiontargets (expressed as nutrient input ceilings for nitrogen and phosphorus).Germany will strive to achieve these targets by 2027. While good progress hasbeen made with respect to lowering the nitrogen inputs, high phosphorus inputsremain a challenge. In addition to the reduction targets the updated BSAPcontains a detailed list of actions that are important to combat eutrophication.These actions address the main sources/sectors of nutrient inputs, agriculture andwaste water.The updated BSAP is accompanied by a detailed implementation plan that setstarget years for the individual actions (https://helcom.fi/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Additional-information-on-the-actions-in-the-updated-Baltic-Sea-Action-Plan.pdf). There are national actions that need to be undertakenby the HELCOM Contracting Parties individually and actions that require jointHELCOM activities. Germany intends to deliver the national actions in time and asscheduled in the implementation plan. Specific measures to reduce nutrient inputsto the Baltic Sea will be in particular taken under the Water Framework Directive.The focus is on measures that reduce and retain nutrients in the catchment area.In addition, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) also incorporates anumber of measures for combatting eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. The focus ofthe MSFD is on measures to reduce atmospheric nitrogen inputs and on selectedactivities at sea that lead to nutrient inputs (e.g. fertiliser handling in ports). Thejoint actions require lead Contracting Parties to ensure their implementation. Thediscussion has just started nationally on which action Germany intends to lead.Germany will continue to focus on eutrophication, which was also an importanttopic under the German chairmanship. Germany is currently working on ananalysis of the implementation obstacles that could prevent attaining the nutrientreduction targets of the BSAP. Furthermore, Germany is focussing on the hotspotapproach (action HT24) and is developing criteria to designate new nutrienthotspots in the Baltic Sea region.Another important issue is the implementation of the HELCOM nutrient recyclingstrategy (https://helcom.fi/media/publications/Baltic-Sea-Regional-Nutrient-Recycling-Strategy.pdf), which suggests innovative measures to recycle nutrientsfrom sewage sludge and in agriculture. Germany has substantially contributed tothe development of Guidelines for Sea-Based Measures to Manage InternalNutrient Reserves in the Baltic Sea Region(https://helcom.fi/media/publications/Guidelines-for-Sea-Based-Measures-to-Manage-Internal-Nutrient-Reserves-in-the-Baltic-Sea-Region.pdf) and will ensurethat these guidelines are applied in order to mitigate any risks that might arisefrom large-scale technical measures in the Baltic Sea conducted by othercontracting parties. Lastly, an important field of work in Germany is thedevelopment of best available technique/best environmental practice foraquaculture in the Baltic Sea region to ensure that nutrient inputs are minimisedand aquaculture operates sustainably.Continuing the effective cooperation in HELCOM is a prerequisite for achieving theobjectives of the BSAP. Climate change poses a significant threat to mitigatingeutrophication in the Baltic Sea and HELCOM requires scientific support to betterunderstand the impact of climate change and to target nutrient reductionmeasures to remain effective in a changing climate.14Germany Page 63C. Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated withammunition?For Germany it is estimated that as much as 1.6 million tons of conventionalmunitions are still present in German waters of the North and Baltic Seas, andthat around 1,300,000 tons of these are located in the North Sea alone. Around170,000 tons of chemical munitions have been dumped in the North Sea(including German Bight) and the Norwegian Sea, and 42,000 to 65,000 tons inthe Baltic Sea (including Bornholm Basin).2. What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition tomitigate impacts on the marine environment?The coalition agreement for the 20th legislative period of the new Germangovernment declares the intention to set up a national immediate program for thesalvage and destruction of ammunition dumping sites in the North Sea and BalticSea and to establish and solidly finance a fund for medium- and long-termsalvage with the participation of the federal states. Work on a respective conceptis in progress.Besides this programme, other national research programmes such as theMaritime Research Programme fund environmentally friendly technologydevelopments for removal and delaboration of munition in the sea. A workinggroup is currently developing guidelines in order to tackle environ-mental impactsresulting from the salvage and destruction of the ammunition.D. Towards zero pollution(Pollution harms our health and our environment. It is the largest environmental cause of multiplemental and physical diseases and of premature deaths, especially among children, people with certainmedical conditions and the elderly. In addition to affecting people’s health, pollution is one of the mainreasons for the loss of biodiversity. It reduces the ability of ecosystems to provide services such ascarbon sequestration and decontamination. Therefore, these questions are being asked.)1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, waterand earth?2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to berealised?4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is yourgovernment supporting?5. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and otherenvironmentally harmful activities to minimize the environmentalfootprint? If so, what environmentally harmful activities has the stateprohibited?Questions 1-5 are answered together15Germany Page 64The EU Action Plan on Zero Pollution is a step forward in countering the pollutionof air, water and soil. We welcome the ambition of the action plan to improvesynergies between different interlinked pieces of regulation for achieving theirrespective objectives in a more integrated, coherent and mutually supportivemanner.In Germany, the National Clean Air Programme was adopted by the Germangovernment on 22 May 2019 and sets out measures to further reduce theemissions of pollutants to meet the requirements of the National EmissionReduction Commitments Directive and thus further improve air quality inGermany by 2030.In 2013, the Federal Government adopted the Federal Waste Prevention Programwith the participation of the federal states. For the first time, systematic andcomprehensive target-oriented approaches to waste prevention by the publicsector were recorded in the form of recommendations for specific instruments andmeasures. An update to the programme, including measures to prevent plasticwaste, was adopted in January 2021.Implementation of the EU Directive on Single-Use Plastic:One of the designated goals of the European Union’s Single-use Plastic Directive(SUPD) is the reduction of marine litter. To this end, the directive provides for arange of different measures to address disposable plastic items that were mostcommonly found on the beaches of EU Member States (MS). Among the mostimportant measures is the ban to market e.g. disposable plastic plates andcutlery, as well as food containers and beverage cups/containers made fromexpanded polystyrol and any product made from oxo-degradable plastic. Othermeans to be taken by EU MS are national measures to reduce the consumption inbeverage cups and food containers and to mandate the marking of hygieneproducts, tobacco filters/filter products and beverage cups to inform customers ofthe plastic content and the correct disposal of these items. Germany has so fartransposed all of these abovementioned measures (and almost all other measuresof the SUPD) into national law. The final measure to be implemented by Germany,and the most complex measure in the SUPD, is the introduction of extendedproducer responsibility for a range of products such as food and beveragepackaging, wet wipes and tobacco filters/products.Measures due to innovations in the Packaging Act:With the amendment of the Packaging Act, Germany has introduced regulations toreduce the consumption of certain single-use plastic packaging, limit littering andpromote high-quality recycling. Among other things, a mandatory minimumrecyclate input quota for certain single-use plastic beverage bottles wasintroduced from 2025 as well as the extension of the mandatory deposit to almostall single-use plastic beverage bottles and to all beverage cans from 2022 in eachcase. Since the beginning of 2022, the ban on the marketing of lightweight plasticcarrier bags is in force. To strengthen reusable packaging, the new obligation tooffer reusable packaging for the sale of food and beverages "to go", which willapply from January 1, 2023, will be introduced.16Germany Page 65E. Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?Germany will need to make investments in all sectors, including the energy,industry, building and transport sector, to transform the economy towardsgreenhouse gas neutrality in 2045.2. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage in achievingclimate neutrality in the government’s strategy?Germany acknowledges the need also for technical negative emissions and willdevelop a long-term strategy for dealing with the approximately five percent ofunavoidable residual emissions.3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what isthe plan for implementation?The phase-out of coal-fired power generation in Germany is legally enforced withcoal-firing bans pursuant to Section 51 of the Coal-fired Power GenerationTermination Act. If the legal requirements have been met, power plant operatorswill no longer be permitted to burn coal from a specific date onwards. This meansthat the burning of coal in Germany will end by 2038 at the latest. However, coal-fired power plants will be shut down gradually prior to that date.At the same time, there is a ban on the construction and commissioning of newblack coal and lignite-fired power plants (Section 53 of the Coal-fired PowerGeneration Termination Act). According to this ban, commissioning new black coalor lignite plants is prohibited as a rule after 14 August 2020.4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in thenext 10 years?The German Government will press ahead with the development of a productivehydrogen industry and the necessary import and transportation infrastructure.The objective is to achieve an electrolysis capacity of around 10 gigawatts in2030. The German Federal Government will ensure this by taking measures suchas increasing the capacity of offshore wind power and engaging in European andinternational energy partnerships. This requires dedicated efforts to develop thenecessary infrastructure. The necessary parameters for this will be created,including efficient funding programmes, and European cooperation in this area willbe strengthened in particular. Planning and approval procedures will be sped up toensure that electricity and hydrogen grids can be planned and realised morequickly.F. Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protectionand biodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?17Germany Page 66In the context of the National Biodiversity Strategy, the Federal Ministry for theEnvironment in 2011 set up a funding programme(https://www.bfn.de/thema/bundesprogramm-biologische-vielfalt) to supportinnovative project ideas and outstanding concepts in the field of biodiversity.Furthermore, testing and development (T&D) projects, financed by the FederalMinistry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and ConsumerProtection (BMUV), are used to test promising nature conservation ideas andapproaches and translate research results into practice(https://www.bfn.de/en/topic/testing-and-development-projects). Funding T&Dactivities enables best-practice testing and development of new natureconservation methodologies and processes. They focus on practical application ofan idea or an approach and are accompanied by scientific studies.As part of the National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy, the BMUV initiated thefunding programme “AI lighthouse projects for the environment, climate, natureand resources” in 2019 (https://www.bmuv.de/en/topics/sustainability-digitalisation/digitalisation/our-support-programme-for-artificial-intelligence). Inorder to capitalize on the transformative potential of AI for the benefit of theenvironment, the programme funds projects that enhance resource efficiency,protect biodiversity and mitigate and adapt to climate change. So far, 28 projectshave received funding in a variety of different areas, such as circular economy,energy transition, agriculture and ecosystem monitoring.Moreover, in 2020 a new biodiversity innovation category has been introduced inthe German Innovation Award for Climate and Environment.In addition to that the BMUV has initiated and actively supports national initiativesand platforms for business and biodiversity:– https://biologischevielfalt.bfn.de/unternehmen/ueber-ubi.html– https://biologischevielfalt.bfn.de/fileadmin/NBS/documents/UBI/UBi_2020_English_2018_bf.pdf– https://www.business-and-biodiversity.de/enWithin the dialogue process we also set up a national biodiversity commitmentplatform „GERMAN BUSINESS FOR BIODIVERSITY“:– https://www.german-business-for-biodiversity.deThe German Government has recognised the need for scientifically substantiatedinterventions and strategies to reverse the trend in species loss, and has thereforelaunched the Research Initiative for the Conservation of Biodiversity which isfunded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The initiativeaims to create the necessary scientific foundation for preserving biodiversity inGermany and securing ecosystem services that are vital to our well-being. To thisend, the approach of the Research Initiative for the Conservation of Biodiversity isdivided into three strategic focus areas:18Germany Page 671. develop innovative technologies and methods to improve and boost theefficiency of biodiversity monitoring,2. enhance our systemic understanding of the causes, dynamics, andconsequences of biodiversity changes, and3. generate systemic solutions and a ‘repertoire of measures’ in cooperation withprospective users.As for the programmes of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and ClimateAction (BMWK) and their expected effects see section F.3.As for the programmes “Interreg B Baltic Sea Region” and “Interreg B South BalticSea Region” see section “G.1 International Cooperation”.2. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research anddevelopment regarding climate protection and biodiversity?There are three focus areas of the Research Initiative for the Conservation ofBiodiversity funded by BMBF. They include enhancement of our systemicunderstanding of the causes, dynamics, and consequences of biodiversitychanges; the development of innovative technologies and methods to improveand boost the efficiency of biodiversity monitoring; as well as the generation ofsystemic solutions and a ‘repertoire of measures’ in cooperation with prospectiveusers (see also previous question).In recent years, Germany has emphasized the need for improved biodiversitymonitoring. In 2021, the government founded the “National Monitoring Centre forBiodiversity” (https://www.monitoringzentrum.de) at the Federal Agency forNature Conservation. It works on improving and expanding the nation-widebiodiversity monitoring, improves the data management, evaluates the use ofnovel technologies in biodiversity monitoring. For this purpose, it brings togetheractors from all fields of biodiversity monitoring - government agencies at federaland state level, research, professional associations run mainly by volunteers,museums and others.In addition, the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture developed a specific“National Monitoring of Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes(https://agrarmonitoring-monvia.de/en/) to provide a scientifically representativedata base regarding impacts of agricultural production on biodiversity.Regarding the programmes of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs andClimate Action (BMWK), please see section F.3. As for the programmes “InterregB Baltic Sea Region” and “Interreg B South Baltic Sea Region” there are examplesin section “G.1 International Cooperation”.3. What effects are expected from current support measures?The overall aim of the Research Initiative for the Conservation of Biodiversity is toenable decision-makers from politics, business, and society to substantiallycounteract the loss of biodiversity by providing options for concrete action as wellas a ‘policy toolbox’ of applicable measures.19Germany Page 68In terms of biodiversity monitoring, it is expected that more data about thedevelopment of biodiversity will become available through the aforementionedmeasures. This is essential for evaluating and effectively targeting biodiversityconservation measures.In the field of climate change one example is the Important Project of CommonEuropean Interest battery cell production. Its aim is to establish sustainable andinnovative battery cell production as a core element of electromobility. This is ofhigh relevance for many other industries along the entire value chain in Germany.The funding is pursued under the instrument of the "Important Project ofCommon European Interest" (IPCEI) and is therefore integrated into an overallEuropean project that has been initiated since 2017 as part of the "EuropeanBattery Alliance". Subsequently, two IPCEIs on batteries were pursued in parallelby the BMWK together with the European Commission and twelve interested EUMember States ("Summer-IPCEI on Batteries" and "IPCEI on Batteries EuropeanBattery Innovation").Lithium-ion batteries represent a large part of the value added in electric vehicles.They also have a major influence on customer benefits (e.g. range, fast-chargingcapability, etc.) and thus on the market opportunities of the vehicles. They arelargely responsible for their carbon footprint. Challenges currently exist withregard to the manufacturing conditions for battery cells that are asenvironmentally friendly as possible, especially with regard to energy intensityand the supply of renewable energy as well as sustainably mined and processedraw materials.The goal is for Germany to become the lead market and lead provider inelectromobility. By 2030, up to 15 million electric vehicles should be on the roadand 1 million public charging points should be available. This is to be achieved,inter alia, through innovations in the field of vehicle technology andinfrastructures as well as with the integration of these vehicles into the electricityand transport systems. The technological leadership of German industry in thefield of electromobility and the successful marketing of its electric vehicles withthe associated systems, components and services in Germany and on the worldmarkets are to be supported. The thematic focus of the funding is on innovativecharging infrastructure and the development of synergies between the energy andtransport systems. In addition to the development of charging technology,projects are funded that map the entire "charging chain" and use electromobilityas part of the energy and transport transition, e.g. for bidirectional charging(sector coupling).As for the programmes “Interreg B Baltic Sea Region” and “Interreg B SouthBaltic Sea Region” see examples under the subsequent section “G.1 InternationalCooperation”.G. International cooperation1. In which fields are there concrete cooperations and joint projects withneighbouring countries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?20Germany Page 69Within the framework of the European Territorial Cooperation there are tworelevant, mainly EU-financed programmes dealing with cooperation among BalticSea countries (incl. Russia as far as there is willingness for cooperation). Theseprogrammes are named “Interreg B Baltic Sea Region” as well as “Interreg BSouth Baltic Sea Region” and politically coordinated on the part of Germany withinthe Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action in alignment with the GermanLänder that have a coastline along the Baltic Sea.It is possible to promote projects in the following fields: innovation, digitalization,services for the public, „green” (e.g. energy transition, circular economy, climatechange, biological diversity infrastructure), sustainable mobility and social (e.g.labour market, education, culture and tourism).Recipients of EU subsidies such as the European Regional Development Fund areregional and local authorities and, where appropriate, private enterprises. Projectpartners have to pay a financial contribution (if not private enterprises incoordinating role). The contribution to projects can also be paid by GermanLänder involved or supported by them.The programmes are rather flexible in use. Therefore different projects can bepromoted, especially under the objective “green”.A few project examples are listed below:Baltic Slurry ACIDI (Budget in total 5.08 million euros, of which 3.99 million eurosare ERDF means). Objective: To reduce the entry of the greenhouse gas ammoniainto the atmosphere. Involved in the project are 6 farms with large livestock fromdifferent Baltic Sea countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden andGermany).DAIMON2 (Budget in total 0.9 million euros; of which 0.66 million euros are ERDFmeans, Norway 0.03 million euros). Decision Aid for Marine Munitions – PracticalApplication. Objective: Responsible authorities (maritime administrators, spatialplanners, environmental agencies, coastguards and militaries) do not sufficientlyuse newly developed tools for risk analysis, selection of remediation methods aswell as environmental impact assessment. DAIMON2 offers training in using thenew tools and develop them further. Partners here are academies, researchinstitutions and universities from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Poland and Germany.ENERGIZE Co2MMUNITY (Budget in total 0.67 million euros, ERDF 0.52 millioneuros). Objective: ENERGIZE Co2MMUNITY launches pilot projects of renewablecommunity energy in the Baltic Sea region. Citizens facilitate, implement and co-finance renewable energy projects from different local sources (e.g. solar, wind,biomass, geothermal). Such community energy projects are more easily acceptedby society than commercial projects and thus foster transition towards renewableenergy production. Communities from two regions pair up to learn from andsupport each other. Partners are institutions and universities from Denmark,Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Germany.BMUV cooperates since 1992 closely with Russia in the field of environmentalprotection. Cooperation focuses on environmental technology, resource efficiency,on preserving and restoring natural carbon sinks (peatlands, forests etc.), on21Germany Page 70biodiversity conservation (terrestrial protected areas, resilience of communityconservation initiatives) as well as on ecosystem-based adaptation. Another fieldof cooperation is the development of low carbon policies, especially a long termstrategy with the goal of carbon neutrality.Furthermore, BMUV supports climate projects within the EU, some of which areactive also in the BSCP region. It is the overarching goal of the European ClimateInitiative (EUKI) to foster climate cooperation within the European Union in orderto mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. It does so through strengthening cross-border dialogue and cooperation as well as exchange of knowledge and experienceon climate action. Hereinafter we list a selection of EUKI projects active on climatechange in the BSCP-Region:Project 1: INVESTIGATE – Improving National GHG Inventories for Organic Soilsand Mitigation Potential in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia (and Romania)The INVESTIGATE project has offered capacity building and knowledge transfer onimproving national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories for organic soils. The GHGmitigation potentials from drained organic soils are little noticed. INVESTIGATEtackled scientific and technical issues with respect to reporting GHG emissions andprepared the integration and application of innovative outcomes and newtechnologies in national GHG inventories. The project has enhanced expertisesharing and cross-border dialogue, especially in the Baltic region.https://www.euki.de/en/euki-projects/investigate-improving-national-ghg-inventories-for-organic-soils-and-mitigation-potential/Project 2: Central Eastern European Climate and Energy Policy Scholarship forJournalists in Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia,Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and SloveniaThe German-Central Eastern European Bursary gave journalists from Germanyand nine Central Eastern European countries the opportunity to spend two monthsworking at a media outlet in another country and reporting about climate andenergy issues. With this project the International Journalists’ Programmeestablished a unique and sustainable network of journalists who focus on bilateralas well as climate and energy issues. This project was the expansion of its verysuccessful predecessor project which focused on the Baltic States of Estonia,Germany, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, which were also among the participatingcountries this time. Given its success, the activities will likely continue in anotherfollow-on project.https://www.euki.de/en/euki-projects/ijp-journalism/Project 3: Paludiculture in the Baltic Countries – Climate Protection by ProductiveUse of Rewetted Peatlands in Estonia, Germany, Latvia and LithuaniaThis project’s work underscored the need for climate-friendly peatlandmanagement in the Baltic States. It examined how peatlands can be used inpaludiculture after rewetting to replace fossil resources. In every country, theproject identified and prioritized potential sites of peatland for climate-friendlymoorland management, working together with stakeholders and representativesfrom the government and the authorities. It also expanded the partners’capacities and knowledge in the field of paludiculture. This included exchangingknowledge with actors across Europe.22Germany Page 71https://www.euki.de/en/euki-projects/paludiculture-in-the-baltics-potential-and-capacities-for-climate-protection-through-productive-use-of-rewetted-peatlands/Project 4: Training of Managers for Urban Redevelopment in Lithuania andGermanyThis project has supported the Lithuanian government in its endeavor to developconcrete concepts for energy-efficient urban redevelopment and has trainedemployees of local and national administrations as managers in this field. Theproject continued the work of a previous German-Lithuanian partnership byfurther developing, implementing, and establishing a hands-on vocational trainingprogramme for ‘Managers for Urban Redevelopment’ in Lithuania. It included eightthematic trainings, a study trip to Germany, four conferences and individualcoaching sessions for urban redevelopment managers to develop concreterehabilitation concepts.https://www.euki.de/en/euki-projects/training-of-managers-for-urban-redevelopment-in-lithuania/Moreover, BMBF supports various joint research projects on biodiversity andecosystems alongside neighbouring countries as a member of the Europeannetwork BiodivERsA and the European Partnership on Biodiversity under HorizonEurope, BiodivERsA+.2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projectsplanned for the future?As for the programmes “Interreg B Baltic Sea Region” and “Interreg B South BalticSea Region” there is effort to increase the number of projects and fostercooperation, depending on specific project ideas and financial means available.The EUKI wants to continue to cultivate this type of local cooperation on climatechange across borders. To be specific: The EUKI has just closed the 6th call forproject ideas in January 2022 and will evaluate all submitted projects in thecoming months. The selected new projects may also include additional ones in theBaltic Sea region.Furthermore, cooperation in the fields of climate change and biodiversityconservation is planned to be intensified with Russia.3. What effects are expected as a result?Expected results include GHG emissions reduction, increased climate resilience,increase in environmental and energy efficiency standards, securing andimproving the potential for climate protection, strengthened conservation ofbiodiversity including key habitats, preservation and restoration of degradedecosystems.It is the overarching goal of the EUKI to foster climate cooperation within theEuropean Union in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. EUKI projectsdevelop and communicate climate action knowledge and create networks amongclimate practitioners. These activities can also strengthen the Europeanintegration.23Germany Page 72The positive effects on climate change cooperation are also expected to show inthe Baltic Sea region. Some examples of specific products from EUKI projects arefor instance the unique and sustainable network of journalists who focus onbilateral as well as climate and energy issues (see question G1).For further details on projects in specific EU member states, please refer to theEUKI website at: https://www.euki.de/en/projects/As for the programmes “Interreg B Baltic Sea Region” and “Interreg B SouthBaltic Sea Region” see examples in section “G.1 International Cooperation”.4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in theirefforts to strengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?Climate finance in developing countriesGermany actively contributes to the goal of industrialized countries to mobilize100 billion USD annually from 2020 for climate mitigation and adaptation indeveloping countries and emerging economies. In 2020, the German Governmentprovided around 5.09 billion euros for international climate finance based onbudgetary resources, including gift equivalents from the German developmentbank KfW development loans. Therefore, Germany is one of the largest donorsinternationally in the realm of climate mitigation and adaptation. It significantlyexceeded its 2020 climate finance target of 4 billion euros based on budgetaryresources.Supporting enhanced climate ambition in partner countriesIn 2016, Germany initiated the Global Nationally Determined ContributionsPartnership (NDCP) in cooperation with other partners to support the coordinatedimplementation of the Paris Climate Agreement. The NDCP aims to support thedevelopment and implementation of their members’ concrete nationallydetermined contributions (NDCs). With the use of more than 500 million euros todate, Germany contributes to NDCP as its largest donor. 66 of 80 supporteddeveloping and emerging countries have already been able to submit a moreambitious NDC.To counteract the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, Germany aims atsupporting its partner countries’ economic and social reconstruction in a mannerthat is socially just, climate resilient and climate neutral. To this end, NDCPadvisors were sent to 21 member countries to provide on-the-ground support tofacilitate the creation of sustainable recovery packages in line with the "RecoverBetter" approach. In addition, Germany has so far provided a total of 80 millioneuros for the World Bank's Green Recovery Initiative.Climate protection projects and initiatives in partner countriesThe German government is stepping up its commitment to work with selectedclimate policy pioneers around the world to increase ambition in combating theclimate crisis. To this end, Germany launched the so-called Partnerships forClimate and Development (P4CliDev/P4). Their aim is to support committedpartner countries in implementing their climate goals in line with the ParisAgreement (especially concerning their NDCs), while at the same timecontributing to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda.By consistently linking climate and development goals, the objective is to24Germany Page 73demonstrate that climate-focused transformative change will move a societyforward, instead of slowing it down. Among its partner countries are countrieshosting climate mitigation flagship projects and initiatives, such as Rwanda, butalso major emitters like South Africa.South Africa, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, France as well asthe European Union are jointly entering an ambitious partnership to support SouthAfrica in its energy transition. The partnership will specifically focus a socially justphase-out of coal combustion.A transformation of the energy system needs to be based on investments in cleanenergy technologies that already achieve higher profits and create moresustainable jobs than fossil fuels. The partnership therefore has set itself the goalto provide additional funding for technological innovations, including amongstothers green hydrogen. Overall, the partnership is supposed to prevent theemission of up to 1.5 gigatons of CO2 over the next 20 years. However, such atransition must also be implemented in a socially just way. Effective investmentsin social infrastructure must therefore address the challenges faced by localcommunities, particularly including mine workers and vulnerable groups, such aswomen and minors. The Just Energy Transition partnership builds on the existingenergy partnership between Germany and South Africa, which has, since 2013,served as a platform for policy dialogue and project implementation in the fieldsof renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, power sector reforms, justtransition, and green hydrogen.Energy-related emissions are responsible for nearly three-quarters of total globalgreenhouse gas emissions. This is why emission reductions in the energy sector isone of the most significant areas of support in German development cooperation.In 2020, the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)commissioned 1.18 billion euros from the German development bank KfW for theenergy sector, out of the bank’s total commitments of 1.45 billion euros. Theoverall volume of energy projects commissioned by the BMZ in the area oftechnical cooperation amounts to around 668 million euros. One of the prioritiesof German development policy targeting the energy sector is to support partnercountries and organizations based on the African continent, with its rapidlygrowing energy needs and vast potential for an energy transition. This is,amongst others, reflected in reform partnerships, concluded with particularlydevelopment-oriented and ambitious partner countries, in the context of the"Marshall Plan with Africa". The energy transition in these countries is alsosupported instruments such as the "Africa Green Baseload Facility" belonging tothe Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa (SEFA), which is managed by the AfricanDevelopment Bank and provides financing for projects that promote renewableenergies and energy efficiency. Germany is one of the largest donors to the SEFA,with commitments totalling 150 million euros.Another example of support is through initiatives such as the initiative "GreenCitizen Energy", which has been implemented in nine partner countries since 2019(Ethiopia, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Senegaland Uganda). With the “Green Citizen Energy for Africa” initiative, Germany isimproving the conditions for decentralized energy supply in rural areas. Here,Germany is picking up on current trends in the energy market (falling costs forrenewable energy technologies and batteries, increasing willingness of investors25Germany Page 74to invest in the energy transition), while at the same time relying on theenormous natural resources and growing awareness of the positive effects of theenergy transition in African countries. Citizens and companies are involved in theprocess.As an example, in the framework of the “Green Citizen Energy” initiative, 30community health centres in Ghana will be electrified with climate-friendly solarsystems by mid-2022. Around 65.000 people will benefit from improved healthservices. New refrigerators for vaccines will allow an adequate storage of jabs andwill allow for wider vaccination campaigns.Biodiversity financeIn order to realise international goals, the German Government has continuouslyincreased its financial contribution for the global conservation of biodiversity inrecent years: from an average of 194 million euros between 2006 and 2010, itscontribution rose to an average of 527 million euros between 2011 and 2015 andthen increased further between 2016 and 2020 to an average of 633 millioneuros. This means that Germany has surpassed its international obligations todate: at the 12th CBD Conference of the Parties in 2014, the contracting partieshad agreed to double international financial flows by 2015 at the latest against abaseline of average contributions between 2006 and 2010, and to continueincreasing them by at least the same amount until 2020. In 2020, Germanysupported the international conservation of biodiversity through contributionsamounting to 796 million euros in total. The National Biodiversity Strategies andAction Plans of the partner countries and their strategies for mobilising resourcesare the basis for the support provided.In addition to providing partner countries with bilateral support, Germany alsosupports various multilateral organisations that are geared towards conservingbiodiversity, for example the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Roughly one thirdof GEF funds are being used to assist selected CBD contracting states in meetingtheir international commitments for the conservation of biodiversity. Since theGEF was founded, Germany has contributed on average between 11 and 13% ofits overall budget, making Germany its third-biggest donor. Moreover, Germanysupports various other organisations that likewise promote measures forconserving biodiversity, for example the international Forest Carbon PartnershipFacility the Central African Forest Initiative, the multi-donor PROGREEN GlobalPartnership for Sustainable and Resilient Landscapes, the Biodiversity FinanceInitiative the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Network and the initiative forterritories and areas conserved by indigenous peoples and local communities(ICCAs).Biodiversity conservation projects and initiatives in partner countriesWith its African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100), Germanysupports the efforts of its partner countries to restore productive forestlandscapes and reduce the pressure to utilise remaining areas of primary forests.Under the framework of this initiative, at least 100 million hectares of forests ortree-rich African landscapes are to be restored by 2030.Via the project to support territories and areas conserved by indigenous peoplesand local communities (ICCAs), Germany supports indigenous peoples and localcommunities in 45 countries, assisting them in preserving their traditional living26Germany Page 75environments and lifestyles, and in conserving biodiversity on some 8 millionhectares of land, including by supporting up to 600 small-scale projects. The goalis for indigenous and local knowledge, and the ICCAs to be taken into account andrecognised in urban planning processes.With the new International Alliance against Health Risks in Wildlife Trade,Germany contributes to working with government organisations, civil society andresearch institutions to mitigate the risks to environmental, human and animalhealth in the wildlife trade sector. The guiding principle is the One Healthapproach. Zoonoses can thus be warded off better while conserving biologicaldiversity at the same time.With the REDD Programme for Early Movers, Germany and other donors have sofar contributed in Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador not just to saving 74 milliontonnes of CO2, but also to biodiversity conservation by preserving forests. In2015, Germany was among the founding members of the Central African ForestInitiative (CAFI), which was set up to support policies for forest protection andclimate action in the Congo Basin. Forest protection means for CAFI above allpoverty alleviation. CAFI fosters measures like: agroforestry, improved farmingpractices, participatory land use planning, family planning and good governancereforms.Via the Seagrass Ecosystem Services Project in five Indo-Pacific countries(Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste), Germany nurtures thehabitat of many animals and supporting the preservation of an important carbonsink. Through participatory approaches and sustainable business models, theproject is fostering local involvement and investments in nature protection.In Guatemala, Germany supports a project for business models for a sociallycompatible restoration of natural, biodiverse forests in cooperation with theprivate sector. Forest land has been restored through biodiverse agro-forestrysystems. More than 900 hectares of restored land is being used for sustainablevalue chains for cocoa, honey and breadnut trees, creating income opportunitiesfor the local population.In Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic, Germany is funding a project formainstreaming biodiversity in supply chains for food crops. On 79 plantations forpineapples and bananas, with a total area of 18,885 hectares, biodiversityprotection is being improved. In Costa Rica, the development of a green label hasbeen agreed upon with the environmental protection agency. The label will beawarded to operations where production meets high biodiversity-friendlystandards.The International Climate Initiative (IKI) is the most important instrument utilisedby the German Government to support international climate action andbiodiversity conservation. The IKI supports solution strategies in developing andemerging countries that seek to achieve sustainable change. IKI assists its partnercountries to implement the Nationally Determined Contributions. Suchdevelopment includes measures for adaptation to the impacts of climate changeand for improving resilience to the unavoidable consequences. In relation tobiodiversity, IKI supports partner countries in their efforts to achieve the targetsagreed upon in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity with theaim of countering and reversing the dramatic losses incurred by natural habitats27Germany Page 76and species diversity all over the planet. In the same light, the IKI looks forwardto supporting its partner countries in implementing the new global biodiversityframework expected to be adopted at the upcoming Conference of Parties inChina. To obtain IKI funding, proposed projects must be based in countries on alist prepared by the Development Assistance Committee. To date, IKI hasapproved funding for more than 750 climate and biodiversity projects in over 60countries worldwide, with a total funding volume of 4.5 billion euros (2008–2020).The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) currentlypromotes the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in over 90 countrieswith more than 400 million euros annually. This makes Germany one of thelargest bilateral donors worldwide for biodiversity and climate within theframework of international cooperation. The BMZ aims to remain one of thelargest donors in this field. Contributions to multilateral institutions, such as theGlobal Environment Facility the World Bank, the UN Development Programme, theUN Environment Programme the Food and Agriculture Organisation and regionaldevelopment banks, are to play a greater role in achieving the target frameworkin the coming years. Through its bilateral and regional engagement, the BMZsupports its partner countries, among other things, in expanding and tapping(new) sources of finance and in reducing environmentally harmful subsidies.H. Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy,policy or roadmap?2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools andmeasures?Questions 1 and 2 are answered together:Yes, the Federal Government has adopted the German Adaptation Strategy (DAS).Main objectives, policy tools and measures (adapted from the Second ProgressReport on the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change, DAS):The aim is to ensure that the existing objectives in the various sectoral policyfields can be achieved under the new conditions created by climate change. TheGerman Adaptation Strategy provides a policy framework for Germany’sadaptation to climate change and facilitates a cross-sectoral approach by thefederal government.In Germany, climate change adaptation is an ongoing long-term task and isaddressed within an institutional and methodological framework agreed at politicallevel. Scientific research programmes and processes for participation andconsultation have been set up, along with a continuous reporting system.Adaptation to climate change is based on the precautionary principle: the aim is toprevent or minimise damage to people and the environment and build thecapacities of state and non-state actors alike to handle the impacts of climatechange. The coronavirus pandemic and climate change demonstrate, withincreasing clarity, the interconnectedness and vulnerability of all spheres of lifeand the economy in Germany.28Germany Page 77It is therefore becoming increasingly important, now and in future, to buildresilience to climate impacts and other crises through preparedness over the longterm and crisis management in the short term. This enhanced resilience will alsocontribute to achieving other important objectives that society has set itself, suchas global and national sustainable development goals, greenhouse gas neutralityand the halting of biodiversity loss through enhanced protection of nature and theenvironment. For that reason, it is important to rely on nature-based solutionswherever possible, primarily because they offer great benefits from aprecautionary perspective, but also because they safeguard basic, robust healthand provisioning services, thus maintaining the functionality of the system as awhole even when individual elements are temporarily unavailable.Principles and objectives of German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change(DAS):The long-term objective of the DAS is to reduce the vulnerability of natural, socialand economic systems to the impacts of climate change and to improve theadaptive capacity of these systems and take advantage of any opportunities at thesame time. In order to identify action options, 15 fields of action are considered;these are (in alphabetic order): agriculture; biological diversity; the buildingsector; energy industry; financial services industry and insurance; fishery;forestry and forest management; human health; soil; tourism; trade and industry;transport and transport infrastructure; water regime; flood management andcoastal protection; and cross-sectional topics: spatial, regional and physicaldevelopment planning, and civil protection and emergency preparedness.The work is supported and approved at federal government level under theauspices of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection within the Interministerial Working Groupon Adaptation to Climate Change (IMAA). The IMAA is made up of representativesfrom nearly all the federal ministries who coordinate activities and continuouslyset new goals to establish the conditions for climate change adaptation inGermany. The structures for cooperation have proved their worth. In addition, theConference of Environment Ministers of the Federation and the Federal States hasestablished the Standing Committee on Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts aspart of the Federation-Länder Working Group on Climate, Energy, Mobility andSustainability. The Standing Committee is the main coordination mechanism forcooperation with the Federal States and is the forum through which strategies andmeasures adopted by the Federal State administrations feed into work on theDAS.The following principles, set forth in the DAS, were devised to provide guidancefor the further development of the adaptation process and federal governmentaction:• openness and cooperation;• approach based on knowledge, flexibility and the precautionary principle;• subsidiarity, self-provision, adaptive capacity and proportionality;• integrated approach and consideration of climate change impacts in plans anddecisions;• acting in the face of uncertainty;29Germany Page 78• international responsibilities.Key outcomes and updates of the DAS are approved by Cabinet decision andpublished as IMAA reports (e.g. progress reports).The DAS reporting cycleBased on the methodologies agreed in the IMAA, a reporting system has beenestablished for the process of planning climate change adaptation in Germany.The process can be divided into four phases based on the adaptation policy cycle:1. Understand and describe climate change: The Monitoring Report provides anoverview of the observed impacts of climate change and the adaptation measuresalready introduced in Germany. This provides a compact overview of the changesthat can already be observed as a result of climate change using measured data.2. Identify climate impacts and characterise vulnerabilities: The climate impactand vulnerability analysis (KWVA) identifies which fields of action and regions areparticularly at risk from climate change and where there is a need for action.Reference periods are: the present, near future (2031-2060) and distant future(2071-2100). The KWVA was developed for the first time in 2015, the secondKWVA was published in summer 2021.3. Develop and implement measures: The Adaptation Action Plans (APAs) specifythe current and future measures taken at the federal level to adapt to climatechange. Among other things, they are based on the scientific findings and resultsof the KWVA. The APAs underpin the DAS by defining specific activities at thefederal level and identify links with other national strategy processes. The APAsdescribe the measures to be implemented by the ministries within their respectivespheres of responsibility.4. Evaluation – observe, assess and develop adaptation: The strategy process andimplementation of the DAS are evaluated on a regular basis. The first externalevaluation was conducted in 2018. Evaluation of the DAS is performed inaccordance with a methodology approved by the IMAA. The results of theevaluation were published as a scientific report in November 2019 and alsounderwent a review by the ministries; details of this review are included in aProgress Report. The Progress Reports set out practical steps for the furtherdevelopment and implementation of the German Adaptation Strategy. The reportcontinues the process of outlining the framework for action on climate changeadaptation in Germany.The Monitoring Report is currently updated every four years; the climate impactand vulnerability analysis is updated every six years. The evaluation is conductedat four-yearly intervals. The DAS was updated in the 2015 and 2020 ProgressReports and approved by the Cabinet. Together with the Progress Reports, themeasures identified in the Action Plans are currently updated every four years.The DAS, APA and Progress Report in reviewThe German Adaptation Strategy (DAS) was adopted by the Federal Governmentin 2008. In order to flesh out the objectives laid down in the German AdaptationStrategy, the Federal Cabinet subsequently adopted the first Adaptation ActionPlan (APA I) in 2011. The APA I underpins the German Adaptation Strategy withspecific activities to be carried out by the federal government and identifies links30Germany Page 79with other national strategic processes. In December 2015, the Federal Govern-ment adopted the first DAS Progress Report and the second Adaptation ActionPlan (APA II). The second Progress Report and third Adaptation Action Plan wereadopted in October 2020.In its coalition agreement dating from November 2021, the parties forming theGerman Government agreed to prepare a Climate Change Adaptation Act, whichwould mandate, among others, the development of a precautionary adaptationstrategy which will now also include concrete and measurable targets.I. Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate theinvolvement of socio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientificcommunity), foundations or citizens (civil society, youth) in its policies inthe field of climate action and biodiversity (e.g., via discussion fora orconsultative bodies?)The German Government implements different initiatives to increase involvementof socio-economic actors. In 2015, the then Federal Ministry for the Environmentset up a comprehensive ex ante dialogue and participation process in order to giverepresentatives of the federal states (Länder) and local authorities, business andindustry and civil society associations, and the general public the opportunity toplay an active role in developing the Climate Action Plan 2050 (the national Long-Term Strategy) and make suggestions for specific measures. A comprehensiveparticipation process is also planned for updating the Climate Action Plan.Since 2015, the Federal Government has been running the Climate ActionAlliance, in which more than 200 associations and other institutions frombusiness, civil society and science are members. It supports the federalgovernment in achieving the climate protection goals for Germany. It wasevaluated in 2021; a reform and continuation has not yet been decided.Scientific support for climate protection policy is provided primarily by the ExpertCouncil for Climate Issues and the Science Platform Climate Protection.National Forum and Dialogue Fora on Biodiversity:A series of dialogue fora were established from the end of 2007 in order to raiseawareness about the National Biodiversity Strategy with its fields of action andmeasures; and to set their implementation in motion. These dialogues aim tobring the various actor groups into the implementation process. They includenational dialogue fora with particular interest groups, such as business,conservation organisations and others as well as fora at the Länder (regional)level.The National Forum on Biodiversity is an important part in this dialogue process.This involves the annual invitation of many different national actors to exchangeviews on the current state of the implementation process and encourage advancesin their respective fields of action. The National Forum on Biodiversity thus offersone of Germany's most important platforms for exchanging scientific knowledge31Germany Page 80and practical experience on the implementation of the National BiodiversityStrategy. Both formats will be continued as soon as the new NBS adopted.Examples of National Dialogue Fora:– National Youth Congress: Every two years, the congress brings togethermotivated youth to learn and discuss about a specific biodiversity-relatedtopic. In 2021/22 the issue is “Nature and Agriculture”. Around 60 youth fromdifferent backgrounds (conventional agriculture, sustainable agriculture,nature protection) are part of this year’s congress and will develop their ownideas about the issue. Based on these ideas, the participants will develop theirown small (funded) projects. (https://www.jugend-natur-landwirtschaft.de/).– Dialogue Fora with Religious Communities: In 2015, nine religiouscommunities signed a declaration “Religions for Nature Conservation”, in whichthey state their common understanding of key challenges in natureconservation. Since then, the initiative coordinated and organised regularmeetings, events and workshops in the context of religion and nature.(https://abrahamisches-forum.de/projekte/religionen-fuer-biologische-vielfalt/)– Platform for Dialogue and Action on Business and Biodiversity: The platformwas established 2013, initiated by the Federal Ministry for the Environment.The overall aim was to support business implementation of the targets in theNational Biodiversity Strategy. The platform is supported by a network ofbusiness federations, nature conservation organizations and administration. Itfocuses on voluntary action in industry and service sectors, dialogue,information and awareness raising:• annual national high-level Dialogue Forum• online events for specific issues like e.g. supply chain, voluntarycommitments, sustainable finance• brochures, tools, platform for good practices• competitions (i.e. on supply chain and biodiversity)(https://www.business-and-biodiversity.de/themenprojekte/plattform-unternehmen-biologische-vielfalt/)Consultation process during National Biodiversity Strategy development process:During the development process of the new National Biodiversity Strategy, abroad stakeholder consultation process will take place.The BMBF Research Initiative on the Conservation of Species is planning to morepronouncedly include various stakeholders in future activities.The National Monitoring Centre for Biodiversity actively involves all monitoringactors (see question F.2) and also takes into account citizen science approaches.2. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation morestrongly in opinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areasof climate change and biodiversity?Yes, the young generation is consistently involved in several processes. Examplesare the National Youth Congress (see above), involvement of youth ambassadorsduring the UN-Decade of Biological Diversity (2011-2020), (planned) dialogue32Germany Page 81youth platform “nature protection” or the consultation of youth representativeswithin the NBS development process. Moreover, in 2021 Germany published itsfirst representative “Youth Nature Awareness Study”.Climate change and biodiversity are topics that have a great impact on the futureand are therefore of major importance for young people. The previousgovernment developed an overall youth strategy to draw more attention to theinterests of young people with several lighthouse initiatives in the field of climatechange and biodiversity. The Ministry for the Environment conducts a dedicatedstudy on youth and environment every second year, which is accompanied by ayouth council in every single step from study design to its presentation.Within the framework of the Climate Action Alliance (see answer to question I.1),youth representation is guaranteed and young people and their organizationsparticipate actively in the discussions of new policy measures. The Ministry for theEnvironment also actively supports initiatives by young people such as the LocalConference of Youth (LCOY).3. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?It is the overall objective to further streamline youth participation and to enableyoung people to speak in their own interest at the various occasions and fora.Youth participation requires further empowerment and demands a willingness tolisten and to be open to different views and perceptions. We will also involveyoung people intensively for example in updating the Climate Action Plan 2050(see answer to question I.1). Experience shows that youth participation allows fornew perspectives and improves the policy results.33HamburgHamburg Page 8314 October 2021BSPC Working Group onClimate Change and Biodiversity (CCB)Intergovernmental surveyAdopted by the BSPC WG CCB on 4 October 2021The governments of the BSPC member parliaments are kindly asked tosend statements and answers to the following issues and questions totheir respective parliaments until 28 February 2022:I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPCmember states and regionsClimate changeCould you give a policy-brief report about the measures and national strategies to combatclimate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures? The report shouldpreferably be structured according to the following policy areas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy or roadmapaimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbon neutrality,objectives in terms of reduction and by what time – concrete measures to achievethe goals);2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;3. Current and planned mitigation measures;4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.1.– 4.: In 2019 Hamburg adopted an update of its climate plan and a new climate protectionact. According to this plan CO2 emissions are to be reduced by 55 percent by 2030incomparison with 1990, and by at least 95 percent by 2050 I ́n order to achieve climateneutrality. The climate plan sets reduction targets for the sectors "transport", "privatehouseholds", "trade, commerce and services" and "industry” and contains tangible measuresfor 2020 – 2030. The Hamburg climate protection act creates a binding legal framework. TheHamburg Climate Plan also outlines the actions needed to protect citizens from impacts ofclimate change and to keep the urban infrastructure intact. It thereby mainly concentrateson the impacts of changing precipitation patterns, including cloudbursts, the adaptation to2Hamburg Page 84increasing heat waves and sea level rise. For details, see first-revision-hamburg-climate-plan.pdfThe plan is currently being revised to be brought in line with the new national climate goals.1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and national strategies toprotect biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?2. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats ofparticular importance for the protection of biodiversity – terrestrial as well asmarine?3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity is most atstake in your country at the present time.Biodiversity1.:Species and biotope protectionFrom flowing waters to extensively used grassland areas and forests, Hamburg offershabitats for many species, including rare ones as dormouse, kingfisher, brook lamprey,white-tailed eagle and peregrin falkon. Nearly 10 % of the Hamburg area is under natureprotection. But parks, tree-lined gardens and green roofs can also be important biotopes.The nature conservation policy in Hamburg focuses on the development of the biotopenetwork. A species and biotope protection map with its accompanying explanatory report isan essential, legally binding component of the landscape program as a planning instrument.(Bebauungspläne online Stadt Hamburg - hamburg.de)It describes development goals for all areas of the city and specifies measures for protection,maintenance and development of the natural habitats including forests, moors, heaths orgrasslands as well as residential areas and the harbour. Hamburg strives to build a strongbiotope network as a strategy to safeguard rare species and habitats and to improveecological connections.The overall goals are:• Preservation of valuable biotopes• Restoration of near-natural habitats• Preservation of not substitutable habitats• Preservation and development of site diversity• Protection of microhabitats and special habitats• Safeguarding the needs of migratory species• Biotope development also on urbanizationsFHH-Strategy:36 habitat types and 80 species, which are protected under European law as rare andendangered natural assets can be found in Hamburg. Due to urbanization the majority ofthese assets are not in good condition. The nature conservation measures helpful forimproving the status of the European protected species have been compiled in the "Strategyfor improving the conservation status of FFH habitat types and species in Hamburg". At thecore of this concept lie detailed profiles of each FFH habitat and FFH species in Hamburg,3Hamburg Page 85data on their status and a comprehensive list of potential nature conservation measuresinside and outside the protected areas. Examples are the enlargement and networking ofheaths or more wilderness in forests or the Elbe floodplain. A diverse, intact nature also isimportant for recreation and leisure. In the last six years species protected by European lawcould be rediscovered in Hamburg (e.g., the beaver and the white-tailed eagle).The reports should also include the following aspects:- Each country’s views on the root causes and drivers of the problem;- National targets and how they have been met so far;- Concerning the HELCOM BSAP implementation: what has helped in their implementation and/or whyhave some not been met, with concrete examples from each country- Legislative measures: best practice examples on progressive legislation as well as therole of taxation and how far both helped in achieving the objectives- Other support measures that can help in achieving the objectives.- Has the COVID-19 pandemic had any impact whatsoever on achieving the measures?- Are there concrete figures on what impact measures to combat the pandemic had on the volume ofgreenhouse gas emissions (transport, economy)?- Are prosperity and an ecologically stable and sound environmental condition for future generationsconsidered as a fundamental right in the decision-making processes?II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC member states and regions1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?2. Is there a climate protection law?3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?1.-3.: Please see answer to I4. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?Yes, the Hamburg Act on the Implementation of the Federal Nature Conservation ActIII. Specific areas and aspectsA. Maritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?2. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established in yourterritorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?3. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?(Well-functioning coastal ecosystems are key for combating climate change. Well-managedareas can store carbon but destroyed ecosystems risk becoming carbon sources. Goodmanagement can include restoration of important habitats, e.g., eel grass, limitation of newconstructions etc.)1.-3.: More than 90 % of the National Park “Hamburg Wadden Sea” area is strongly protectedaccording to the Hamburg National Park Law.4Hamburg Page 86B. Eutrophication(Eutrophication is a major threat to biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and has a negative impacton both ecosystem function and ecological services. Mitigating eutrophication is essential forthe protection of biodiversity.)1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?2. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realised in yourcountry by when and by which measures?3. How can we speed up the work?1.-3.: To be answered by the German Federal Government as contracting partner ofHELCOMC. Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated with ammunition?2. What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigateimpacts on the marine environment?1.-2.: Does not apply to Hamburg.D. Towards zero pollution(Pollution harms our health and our environment. It is the largest environmental cause of multiple mentaland physical diseases and of premature deaths, especially among children, people with certain medicalconditions and the elderly. In addition to affecting people’s health, pollution is one of the main reasonsfor the loss of biodiversity. It reduces the ability of ecosystems to provide services such as carbonsequestration and decontamination. Therefore, these questions are being asked.)1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be realised?1.-3.:Air:The Directive 2008/50/EC on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe setsbinding air quality targets, implemented into German law by the Federal ImmissionsControl Act. It sets limit values for SO2, NO2, PM 10, PM 2.5, Pb, benzene, and CO,target values for O3, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and bezo(a)pyrene. In Hamburg, alltarget and limit values are met with one exception: the annual average for NO2.The Hamburg Air Quality plan from 2017 lists the following key measures:• Expansion public transport system• Optimizing cycling infrastructure• Low-emission and zero emission vehicles• Modernization of busses and rail• Reduction of emissions from shipping and port logistics• Energy transition (renewable energy, decarbonization of heat supply, energyefficiency)The implementation is ongoing.Water:As required by the EU Water Framework Directive, Hamburg is participating in themanagement plan for the Elbe River basin and the associated action plan that has been5Hamburg Page 87adopted recently for the period of 2022 - 2027. The EU-Directive aims at establishing a goodecological status of all water bodies. Most measures of the action plan focus on improvementsin waterbody structure which improve habitats, reduce nutrients and pollutants, and increasestructural diversity.The implementation is ongoing.Soil:Decades of industrial use have left traces in Hamburg’s soil and groundwater.Numerous sites pose hazards to people and the environment, which are systematicallyeliminated as part of contaminated site management. In Hamburg, areas suspected of beingcontaminated have been recorded, investigated and, if necessary, remediated since 1979. Theregister lists 1540 suspected contaminated sites, 5321 sites for which the suspicion of dangerhas already been eliminated and 235 sites that are still to be clarified. 521 sites are identifiedas contaminated and 708 are remediated and can be used again. Measures within theframework of hazard prevention are intended to ensure that humans are not exposed tocritical soil contamination on sensitively used areas as playgrounds, residential areas, parks,and recreational areas as well as agriculturally used areas and allotments.4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your governmentsupporting?• The Hamburg Environmental partnership – an initiative of the City of Hamburg andthe private sector – joined the initiative “Plastic Free City” (Plastikfreie Stadt).• The administration is to follow binding guidelines for sustainable public procurement.• The app “Zero Waste Map” helps Hamburg’s citizens to shop without packagingwaste.• The City of Hamburg works with private coffee shops and cafés in an alliance againstto-go coffee cups• The public waste management utility Stadtreinigung Hamburg takes part in theannual “World Clean-up Day”• The City of Hamburg supports the hotel and catering industry in fulfilling therequirements of offering reusable packaging alternatives entering into force inEurope in 2023.5. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and other environmentallyharmful activities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so, whatenvironmentally harmful activities has the state prohibited?Many single-use plastic products have been banned in the EU since July 3, 2021. These includedrinking straws, stirrers, balloon wands and disposable tableware made from conventionalplastic and "bioplastics". To-go cups and disposable containers made of Styrofoam may alsono longer be produced and marketed in the EU.6Hamburg Page 88E. Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?The national priorities are to be outlined by the federal government.The implementation of the Hamburg climate plan requires considerable financial resources, upto 2030 a total volume of around 2 billion euros is assumed. Hamburg will not be able toprovide these financial resources on her own but will also need financial support from thefederal government. Significant projects are already being planned within the respectiveministries or public enterprises (e.g., expansion of public transport) and therefore cannot beestimated separately. An equally substantial proportion of the projects is financed by privatestakeholders, in particular by business and industry.For public investments the cost-efficiency principle under the state budgetary regulationapplies in all areas. Priority should be given to measures that contribute most to the CO2reduction and achieve the best cost-benefit ratio. Hamburg's public enterprises have to aimfor CO2-reduction paths that are economically viable for each company and sociallyacceptable for the customers of these companies. Furthermore, additional funds from theFederal Government are required for cities and municipalities in order to meet the enormousfinancial challenges of climate mitigation.2. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage in achieving climateneutrality in the government’s strategy?The Hamburg climate action plan outlines mitigation measures for the time period up to2030 and – as yet - does not include CCS and CCU.3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the plan forimplementation?In Germany, the use of coal will be phased out by 2038 at the latest. Hamburg will be evenfaster and wants to phase out coal usage in its district heating by 2030 at the latest.4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10years?The North German Hydrogen Strategy is the result of intensive cross-state cooperation in theNorth German region involving stakeholders from industry, science and administration.Northern Germany has unique regional advantages for the development of a green hydrogeneconomy:7Hamburg Page 89• high and optimal generation capacities for onshore and offshore wind power with potentialfor expansion• suitable underground formations for hydrogen storage• seaports as logistics and value creation centres, e.g., for import and distribution of greenhydrogen as well as export of hydrogen technologies and components• maritime companies and scientific expertise• industries with extensive experience in handling hydrogen• six northern German "real laboratories of the energy transition", which are building upknow-howFor now, hydrogen should be used in sectors with the least options to cut carbon emissions. By2035, the green hydrogen economy should supply all customers interested in green hydrogen.To achieve a competitive price for green hydrogen, the regulatory framework has to bereformed, and support programs for financing are to be established. At least 500 megawattsof electrolysis capacity are to be installed in northern Germany by 2025, and at least fivegigawatts by 2030.Hydrogen hubs are to bundle production, distribution and use, e.g. in mobility and industry.For a sufficient supply of green hydrogen for mobility and industry, the North German potentialof renewable energy production will not be sufficient, imports via pipeline or the North Germanseaports are necessary.In the mobility sector a network of hydrogen refuelling stations is to be established. The fivenorthern German states will strive to exceed the minimum quotas for the procurement of cleanroad vehicles resulting from the Clean Vehicles Directive.Cooperation between industry and science will be strengthened. Cross-national exchangebetween licensing authorities and optimized licensing procedures will help accelerateinvestment in hydrogen production, distribution and use. Appropriate structures will beestablished together with all stakeholders and coordinated by a ministerial working group.The Hydrogen market ramp-up is supported by the European Union via the IPCEI HydrogenProgram (important projects of common European interest). Germany participates withoverall 62 projects, witch triggers investments at round about 33 billion euros in this sector.F. Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?2. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and developmentregarding climate protection and biodiversity?3. What effects are expected from current support measures8Hamburg Page 901.-3.: In Hamburg Universities, research institutes and federal authorities have joint forces andformed the network ClimaCampusHamburg focusing on climate, climate change and climateconsequences.Twelve Hamburg institutions are currently involved in KlimaCampus Hamburg. They conductbasic research, such as the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, the University of Hamburgand the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, or they work in the applied field, such as the TechnicalUniversity of Hamburg-Harburg and HafenCity University.In addition, there are federal authorities: the Maritime Meteorological Office of the GermanMeteorological Service, the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency and the FederalWaterways Engineering and Research Institute. Other partners in the network are theHamburg Institute of International Economics and the Institute for Peace Research andSecurity Policy, the Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) and the German ClimateComputing Center.The cooperation of the partners is accompanied by the Ministry for Environment, Climate,Energy and Agriculture (BUKEA) and the Ministry for Science, Research and Equality (BWFG)of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. The BUKEA coordinates Hamburg's climate policy,which includes adaptation to climate change as an essential component. Climate research, asone of the major research foci in Hamburg, is particularly promoted by the BWFG.Hamburg(cid:1141)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:35)(cid:32)(cid:1)(cid:33)(cid:42)(cid:30)(cid:48)(cid:46)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:46)(cid:1)(cid:42)(cid:41)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:39)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:28)(cid:47)(cid:32)(cid:1142)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:39)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:28)(cid:47)(cid:32)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:35)(cid:28)(cid:41)(cid:34)(cid:32)(cid:1142)(cid:1)(cid:28)(cid:41)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:39)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:28)(cid:47)(cid:32)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:42)(cid:41)(cid:46)(cid:32)(cid:44)(cid:48)(cid:32)(cid:41)(cid:30)(cid:32)G. International cooperation1. In which fields are there concrete cooperation and joint projects with neighbouringcountries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?Hamburg works in a wide range of EU Projects together with other European cities andregions. Examples:• MySMARTLife aims at making the three lighthouse cities of Nantes, Hamburg andHelsinki more environmentally friendly by reducing the CO emissions of cities and2increasing the use of renewable energy sources.• RECONNECT Regenerating Ecosystems with Nature-based solutions for hydro-meteorological risk reduction (Partners from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, UK)• MOLOC Low Carbon Urban Morphology (Partners from Italy, Poland, Romania)• Land-Sea - Sustainability of the Land-sea System for Eco-tourism (Partners from Italy,Spain, Bulgaria)2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned for thefuture?3. What effects are expected as a result?9Hamburg Page 912.-3.: The Hanseatic City of Hamburg holds a long tradition in international cooperation.Its added value for regional and local development is strongly recognised andsystematically used. Hamburg has forged strong and close links with cities & regions allover Europe that are beneficial for all parties involved and is participating in a variety ofEuropean projects (INTERREG, Horizon, LIFE, CEF etc.)4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts tostrengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?Hamburg is working with its partner cities in developing countries (Leon, Nicaragua andDar-Es Salaam in Tanzania, mainly in the field of the sustainable use of biowaste andwastewater infrastructure and treatment. The scale of the projects cannot be comparedto the efforts on national level.H. Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy orroadmap?2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools and measures?1.-2.: The Climate Adaptation Transformation Path is part of the HamburgClimate Plan (see answer to I). It follows the overall goal of developingHamburg into a climate-resilient city including protection from the direct effectsof climate risks, e.g. through disaster management (including storm surgewarnings and risk communication) and health protection (including heatwavewarnings); further development of the urban infrastructure to adapt to climatechange, e.g. preventing flooding due to cloudbursts, measures to secure thesupply of drinking water and electricity. Climate change will have a wide rangeof effects on life in Hamburg, including the water regime and urban climate,the tree stock and green spaces. In the long-term challenges will arise in floodprotection, an existential matter for Hamburg, which must be confronted withthe most recent up-to-date scientific knowledge. This applies not only to stormsurge protection which must be adjusted to the anticipated rise in sea level butalso to inland flood protection. All the rest of the critical urban infrastructuresmust also be adapted to climate change.Adaptation tasks in essential public services• Water management framework plan• Comprehensive implementation of tried and tested rain infrastructureadaptation measures• Storm surge protection facing rising sea levels• Adapted inland flood protection• Operational capability / disposal capacity of wastewater removal• Security in drinking water and energy supply• Civil protection: disaster reduction and disaster management10Hamburg Page 92• Development of green network (heat prevention and promotion ofnatural water cycles)• Roof and façade greening• Maintaining and developing trees in the city• Developing guidelines for building requirementsI. Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement ofsocio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations or citizens(civil society, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action and biodiversity(e.g., via discussion fora or consultative bodies?)In 2003 the Hamburg Senate launched the Environmental Partnership("UmweltPartnerschaft") a network of currently around 1,250 private sector companies.Active partners in the network voluntarily do more for environmental and climateprotection than is required by law. Together with the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce,the Hamburg Chamber of Crafts, the Industrial Association Hamburg, and the HarbourBusiness Association the network supports private enterprises in implementing newenvironmental protection measures.As an independent body, the Climate Advisory Council advises the Hamburg Senate andthe administration on the implementation of the Hamburg Climate Protection Act and theClimate Plan. In addition, the expert body sees itself as a source of impetus for climatepolicy.The Energy Transition Advisory Council provides a forum for regional stakeholders toinfluence the energy transition policy of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Thecommittee includes representatives from environmental associations and initiatives,chambers of commerce, business and tenants' associations, trade unions and workscouncils, academia, as well as the parliamentary parties and the city administration.The Nature Conservation Council is an honorary body of experts anchored in theHamburg Nature Conservation Act and appointed by the Senate at the suggestion of theHamburg Environmental Authority. It represents the interests of nature conservation andlandscape management in public and advises the responsible authority.2. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly inopinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate change andbiodiversity?Hamburg has supported initiatives such as the climathon, a worldwide 24-hours hackaton,aiming especially at young people. It brings together different actors in order to jointlydevelop solutions for more climate protection and climate justice3. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?11LatviaLatvia Page 94I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPC member statesand regionsClimate changeCould you give a policy-brief report about the measures and national strategies to combatclimate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures? The report shouldpreferably be structured according to the following policy areas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy or roadmapaimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbon neutrality, objectivesin terms of reduction and by what time - concrete measures to achieve the goals).Latvia has committed to reach climate neutrality at national level by 2050. The governmenthas approved the number of documents essential to move forward the climate changeagenda.At the beginning of 2020 Latvia submitted to the European Commission Latvia's strategyfor achieving climate neutrality by 2050.Latvia is fully committed to the enhanced EU’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductiontarget of at least 55 percent in 2030 compared to 1990 for the EU to become climate neutralby 2050.At the beginning of 2020, Latvia have submitted to the European Commission Nationalenergy and climate plan 2021-2030 (NECP)1. The long-term objective of NECP is topromote the development of a climate-neutral economy by improving energy security andpublic welfare in a sustainable, competitive, cost-efficient way, based on market principles.NECP includes targets, where many of the numerical targets are set by EU legislation,such as the GHG emissions reduction target for non-ETS sectors (-6% in 2030 comparingto 2005), the target for the share of RES in energy consumption in transport (7% in 2030),the share of advanced biofuels and biogas in energy consumption in transport (3,5% in2030), the interconnection target (60% of total generation capacity), where the EUlegislation makes it obligatory to set targets, including specific conditions applying to thetargets.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent.Transition to renewable energy, especially wind and solar energy, improving energyefficiency, modernisation of power infrastructure and increasing electricity inter-connection are measures for greater GHG emission reduction in energy sector as it is oneof largest GHG emission sectors in Latvia. We believe various measures, solutions andmethods like innovative renewable energy technologies and digitalization of energysystems can ensure new job creation, increase national competitiveness, energy security,independence and accelerating transition towards climate neutrality.Innovations and technologies related to tackling climate change is a key factor indeveloping new policy initiatives in various sectors. More active involvement andcooperation of science and business is needed to achieve climate targets through synergies1 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-04/lv_final_necp_main_en_0.pdf1Latvia Page 95between different financial instruments, public support mechanisms and private financialresources.Emission reduction in non-ETS sectors – transport, agriculture and “small” energy willbe the substantial challenge for Latvia in the coming years. It is also necessary to promotelifestyle changes and to raise public awareness regarding mitigation and adaptationto climate change.In addition, transitioning towards climate neutrality cannot take place without a significantshift in investment flows and financing.3. Current and planned mitigation measures.The Government of Latvia approved the National Energy and Climate Plan 2021- 2030(NECP)2 in January 2020. NECP outlines policies and measures that will enable Latvia toattain the targets specified in the adopted Government documents and adopted in the EUfor 2030, to systematically set the course for achieving climate neutrality by 2050. NECPcovers objectives of all the dimensions of Governance Regulation3 as well as policies andmeasures required to reach them.Also, in accordance with the Governance Regulation all Member States must report toCommission information on their national policies and measures or group of measures andtheir national projections of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Latvia has preparedand submitted this report to European Commission in 2021. The information availableonline4 and describes policies and measures in depth.The main sectoral policies and measures included are:Energy sector• Renewable energy:Preferential feed-in tariffs for RES electricity and CHP electricityoproducers;Investment support to promote RES, by-products and waste use forobioeconomy development;• Energy efficiency:Investment support programme for district heating systems, 2014–2020;oInvestment support programme to increase energy efficiency in multi-oapartment buildings, 2014–2020;Investment support programme to increase energy efficiency in publicosector buildings, 2014–2020;Investment support in the manufacturing industry sector to promote energyoefficiency and RES use;Transport sector• Biofuel Mix Obligation Requirement;• Fuel economy rating labelling on new passenger cars;2 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-strategy/national-energy-and-climate-plans-necps_en3 the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EU) No. 2018/1999 of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the EnergyUnion and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/20134 https://reportnet.europa.eu/public/country/LV2Latvia Page 96• Annual taxation of vehicles;• Electric vehicles charging infrastructure development programme;Industrial processes and product use sector• Promoting the use of best available industrial process technologies;• In last year’s work on collaboration between institutions to manage and reduce f-gases;• We have also participated in informative actions in Baltic states;Agriculture sector• restricting nitrogen use in nitrate vulnerable zones;• fertilization planning;• requirements for the collection, storage and disposal of manure;• integrated farming (crop rotation, soil tests, field monitoring, etc.);• the introduction of leguminous plants on arable land to fix nitrogen and sequestercarbon;• organic farming;• biogas production from animal manure;• and the application of precision fertilization and livestock feeding;• as well as the renovation of existing amelioration systems or construction of newones;Waste management sector• Increase preparation of Refused derived fuel;• Increase biological waste treatment;Forest-related measures are intended to improve overall forest management. Somemeasures, such as the regeneration of forest stands after natural disturbances, pre-commercial thinning and the reconstruction of drainage systems are planned measures, tobe implemented from 2021 onward, at which point any mitigation contribution could counttowards the 2030 target, consistent with the EU regulation on land use, land use changeand forestry (LULUCF). In terms of the impact of LULUCF measures, the largestmitigation impact is expected to come from pre-commercial thinning.4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.Regarding climate change adaptation policy, on 17 July 2019 Cabinet on Ministers ofLatvia approved the Latvian National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change until 2030setting out more than 80 concrete actions on adaptation to be implemented in the future.Adaptation actions will help the population and economy of Latvia better to adapt toclimate change and thus reduce the lost and damage caused by climate change.The adaptation activities are based on risk and vulnerability assessment and identificationof adaptation measures in six areas: landscape and tourism, biodiversity and ecosystemservices, civil protection and disaster management, construction and infrastructureplanning, health and welfare, agriculture and forestry. Adaptation activities also includeactions such as enhancing the early warning system, developing a set of possible solutionsto abate costal erosion, improving urban rainwater systems and developing greeninfrastructure.3Latvia Page 97Biodiversity1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and national strategies toprotect biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?The long-term framework of national policy in the field of sustainable development is setby the Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia until 2030 (the Strategy) that wasapproved by Parliament in 2010 as the main national long-term development planningdocument. In the field of sustainable management of natural values and ecosystem services,the Strategy declared that the objective for Latvia is to become the EU leader in thepreservation, increased and sustainable use of natural capital. Under this priority, thefollowing long-term actions are envisaged: management of natural capital, creation ofmarket instruments, capitalisation of natural assets, and promotion of a sustainablelifestyle.The Environmental Policy Strategy (EPS) for 2014 - 2020 is a medium-term policyplanning document that covers environmental aspects of sustainable development. TheEPS provides for goals, targets and actions in the field of the environmental protection,nature conservation and climate change policies and takes into account regionaldevelopment issues, maritime spatial planning and other aspects of spatial developmentplanning. In the field of biodiversity EPS sets the goal – to ensure quality of ecosystems,balancing of nature conservation and socio-economic interests as well as to furtherpromote “green” country image for Latvia.The draft Environmental Policy Strategy for 2021 – 2027 currently being coordinated, inthe field of biodiversity sets the goal – to conserve and restore ecosystems and biodiversity.Maritime Spatial Plan (MSP) for internal sea waters, territorial sea and exclusiveeconomic zone of Latvia 2030 is a national level long-term spatial development planningdocument that defines the use of the sea, considering a terrestrial part that is functionallyinterlinked with the sea and co-ordinating interests of various sectors and localgovernments in use of the sea. MSP is approved in 2019.As noted into EU Environmental Implementation Review 2019 Latvia has pioneered amapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services assessment for its marine waters,including internal marine waters, territorial waters and exclusive economic zone. Ananalysis of the benefits of marine ecosystem services is also carried out as part of themarine assessment. The assessment was performed in 2016 as one of the steps forimplementing an ecosystem-based approach in development of the national MSP.The system of nature protection in Latvia is mainly regulated by two laws, namely, the Lawon Species and Habitats Protection and the Law on Specially Protected Nature Territories.Based on these laws, the Cabinet of Ministers has adopted several supporting regulations.In general, legislation on nature conservation in Latvia is in line with the EU Directivesand includes the provisions of the CBD and other conventions. Additional specific natureprotection requirements are included in sectoral (e.g. forestry, agriculture, fishery, spatialplanning, building) legislation.Funding for the nature conservation activities is provided by national and EU funds. Apartfrom the general funding from the state budget, nature related projects have beensupported also from national funds earmarked for specific purposes, e.g. environmental,fishery, forestry funds. Compensatory payments from the national and EU funds are4Latvia Page 98provided for the restrictions of the economic activity in the protected areas (mainly forestryrestrictions). EU Cohesion funds provide funding for the development of the naturemanagement plans and implementation of them, mainly focusing on the development of thetourism infrastructure and habitat restoration. Latvia has been successful in attractingfunding from the EU LIFE program, which in the past has been very significant fundingsource for the nature conservation activities.In 2017 the National Conservation and Management Programme for Natura 2000 sites(2018-2030) was developed for a programmatic approach to the long term conservationand management of the Natura 2000 network. The Programme describes and prioritizesthe management actions to be taken within each protected area and measures the necessaryfinancing. The estimated habitat restoration and management costs for coastal habitatsand heaths, rivers and lakes, grasslands, mires and spring habitats and forests are 33 078980 euro or 39 694 776 euro (including administrative costs needed for carrying outrestoration and management measures). In 2021 Latvia pursuant to the Habitat directiveshas elaborated and submitted the Priority Action framework for Natura 2000 network2021-2027. Annual estimated costs for the appropriate management of the Natura 2000network as well as support and compensatory payments by far surpasses costs estimatedin the National Conservation and Management Programme for Natura 2000 sites (2018-2030).The recent Habitats Directive’s Article 17 report (2019)(http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/lv/eu/art17/envxwalvg/) on the status of species and habitatsshows that only 11% of habitat types of the EU importance are in a favourableconservation status in Latvia.According to the Article 17 Habitats Directive’s report, 90 % (7 of 8) of marine and coastalhabitats in the Baltic Sea and Boreal regions in Latvia are in an inadequate conservationstatus. 10 % (1 of 8) are in an unknown conservation status. The main threats to marineand coastal habitats are tourism and leisure activities, urbanization, expansive andinvasive species, overgrowing due to the lack of regular management and changes inagricultural practices, pollution, eutrophication, fragmentation and isolation, changes insediment flow.2. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats ofparticular importance for the protection of biodiversity - terrestrial as well asmarine?GrasslandsSemi-natural grasslands (meadows and pastures) are among the most diverse and richesthabitats, yet at the same time increasingly threatened. Grasslands host 520 plant species(one-third of Latvia’s flora), including 40% of all protected plant species. Numerous birdspecies breed in semi-natural grasslands or use them as nesting and feeding grounds.Many grassland flora and fauna species are decreasing while habitat loss and degradationincrease. Grasslands’ coverage has significantly declined since the mid-20th century,when they represented around 13% of the territory. As a result of agricultural landexpansion, natural grasslands have shrunk to around 0.3% of the land area.5Latvia Page 99ForestsForests are an important source of biodiversity, with old stands especially providingvaluable habitats for animal and plant species. The largest forests are in the northwest, onthe Kurzeme Peninsula; along the banks of the Daugava; and in the northeast, whereconifers (pine and spruce) predominate. Birch, aspen and alder are the main deciduousspecies. The typical representatives of Latvian forest fauna are game animals. Protectedspecies are brown bear (~20 individuals), dormouse and northern birch mouse. There islarge diversity of bird species: out of 330 wild bird species, more than 100 can be found inforests. Latvian forests are nesting areas for 5% of the world population of black stork.Intensive forest management has replaced old forests with younger ones, with negativeeffects on biodiversity.Wetlands, bogs and peatlandsBogs are a type of wetland, which refers to land that is covered or saturated by water forall or part of the year. Peatlands are wetlands drained for peat extraction. There are 8protected bog habitats and more than 50 protected plant species – mostly orchids andsedges. Storks and herons are usually found in marshes and meadows. Bogs are organiccarbon sinks. The large majority of bogs (70%) are in pristine condition, while theremainder are affected by peat extraction and drainage.Inland watersLatvia’s 12 400 rivers and over 2 000 lakes host 2 680 algae, 1 614 invertebrate, 40 fishand 3 lamprey species. Salmon and trout are examples of specially protected species, and27 habitats are protected. More than half of inland waters originate in neighbouringcountries, which leaves them exposed to transboundary pollution and accidents (EEA,2015), hazards to which freshwater species are particularly vulnerable. Other threats tobiodiversity are eutrophication, hydroelectric power stations and poaching.Coastal and marine areasCoasts offer wide diversity of habitats and species. Seven marine and more than 40 coastalareas are Natura 2000 sites. The greatest biodiversity is found in coastal areas wherebenthic algae grow. The main threats to biodiversity in coastal areas are habitatdegradation (due to tourism and recreational activities), habitat loss (due to housingdevelopment), expansion of invasive species and low environmental awareness. In marineareas, eutrophication and invasive species are the biggest challenges.3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity is mostat stake in your country at the present time.In Latvia, the main pressures on habitats and species are natural system modifications,which entail fragmentation and degradation of ecosystems as a result of human activity,including dam construction, changes of hydrological regime and land reclamation. Otherthreats are resource use (e.g. intensive forestry), pollution, agricultural expansion, urbandevelopment and climate change.For grasslands the main threats include the intensification of the agriculture activities fromthe one hand and abandonment from the other.The main threats to biodiversity in coastal areas are habitat degradation (due to tourismand recreational activities), habitat loss (due to housing development), expansion of6Latvia Page 100invasive species and low environmental awareness. In marine areas, eutrophication andinvasive species are the biggest challenges.The reports should also include the following aspects:- Each country's views on the root causes and drivers of the problemGovernment of Latvia has set the climate change as one of state priorities. Thus,contribution of climate related targets should aim towards the process of joint multilateralefforts and cooperation. As these challenges require far-reaching policies it is necessaryto continue collaboration between scientists, decision makers and sectors catalysing newways in the climate agenda and engaging the scientists and community to explore andassess solutions to tackle climate change as one of the major global challenges.As in-depth transformation of the economy and society is needed, it is important that thetransformation is just and fair, leaving no one behind. Transition towards climateneutrality must be aligned with the significant investment flows and financing.Regarding the challenges of decarbonisation in different sectors of the economy, thetransition to climate neutrality could be the most difficult for both financial andtechnological reasons. The energy sector has the greatest potential in the short andmedium term to implement decarbonisation measures. It is important to strengthencooperation on climate neutrality and resilience through various channels. The closecooperation and coordination with different sectors as well as at the EU level shouldcontinue.- National targets and how they have been met so far.Latvia has a national target of limiting its emission growth to 17% above the 2005 level by2020 for sectors under the ESD and is on track to achieve that target. According to the2021 report on policies, measures and GHG projections, projections5 [with existingmeasures] Latvia’s GHG emissions in non-ETS sectors in 2020 will be about 12% belowannual emission allocation for 2020.According to the 2021 report on policies, measures and GHG projections in scenario withadditional measures in 2030, Latvia will decrease its emissions about 11% compared to2005. Regulation No. 2018/842 sets Latvia a non-ETS target to reduce its emission to -6%in 2030 comparing to 2005. Regulation No. 2018/842 proposal6 has the 17% GHGemission reduction target for non-ETS sector for Latvia in 2030 (compared to 2005).- Concerning the HELCOM BSAP implementation: what has helped in theirimplementation and/or why have some not been met, with concrete examples from eachcountry.Latvia is a Contracting Party to the Convention on the Protection of the MarineEnvironment of the Baltic Sea Area (1992) since 1994. Participation in the HelsinkiCommission (HELCOM) activities is an advantage and opportunities for information andknowledge exchange and joint projects and actions provided by the Convention and5 Subbmited to EC in April 14 20216 Set by EC in July 14 2021 un fit for 55 package https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2021%3A555%3AFIN7Latvia Page 101strategic Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). Through regional cooperation in the HELCOMit is possible to harmonise marine environment monitoring programmes and to developenvironmental status assessments and joint action plans and cooperate on other marineissues. Participation in the HELCOM gives us targets, advice and access to common tools,experience, and knowledge, and supports implementation of the EU Marine StrategyDirective.Development of legal basis for marine environment protection and sustainablemanagement. We have developed a regulatory basis for comprehensive assessment ofmarine waters and systematic long-term planning of the necessary actions. In 2010 LatvianParliament (Saeima) adopted Marine Environment Protection and Management Law.There was no comprehensive legal framework for the protection of the marine environmentin Latvia until the adoption of the Law. The Law contributed to the development ofregulation in the areas of previously unregulated sea use, such as offshore building, aswell as set the basis for maritime spatial planning. Besides, it initiated a reiterative processof monitoring and assessment of marine waters and planning of the activities for theachievement of good status of marine waters.Maritime Spatial Plan (MSP) 2030 was approved by the Government on May 14, 2019.MSP process and related activities has brought together stakeholders interested in the useof the sea. Discussions and exchange of opinions have also given opportunity to learn fromeach other and strengthened the understanding for need to care about the environment.Through the Latvian MSP and participation in HELCOM/VASAB MSP working groupLatvia implements the BSAP actions regarding ecosystem-based MSP in the Baltic SeaRegion, inter alia, in a transboundary context.Investments: To curb eutrophication Latvia has invested a lot in reduction of nutrientspollution coming from point sources. Since year 2000, more than €850 million has beeninvested in the development of water and wastewater management infrastructure,corresponding to 71% of all environmental investments. The total amount of wastewaterhas also decreased significantly during the last 20 years. In the last years we areconcentrating on reduction of pollution from individual wastewater collection or treatmentsystems by issuing a new regulation on their operation, registration, and maintenance.However, currently diffuse sources (runoff from agricultural and forest lands) are the maincontributors to the nutrient pollution, especially nitrogen, like in other HELCOM andEuropean countries. Both river basin management plans and Common Agricultural Policysupport mechanisms included in the Latvian Rural Development Programme/CAPStrategic Plan propose measures to reduce impacts form diffuse sources. However, asmany of these measures are voluntary, reduction of pollution from diffuse sources remaina challenge.To boost policy decisions on a best available scientific knowledge, marine scientificresearch has developed during the last 10 years - Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology(LIAE) has participated in or led more than 40 international and national research projectsdevoted to issues of marine environment and sustainability of marine resources. CurrentlyLIAE is carrying out a broad 5-year research study (2017-2022) “Improvement ofknowledge in the field of marine environment” funded by the European Maritime andFisheries Fund (EMFF). This focused research will result in new knowledge about marineecosystem and impacting factors, as well as social and economic aspects. Another recentLIAE project is "Research of marine protected habitats in Latvian Exclusive Economic8Latvia Page 102Zone (EEZ) and determination of the necessary conservation status in Latvia” (LIFEREEF) project, which aims to define justified conservation status of protected habitats andcontribute to comprehensive management system of marine protected areas in LatvianEEZ. In such a way Latvia contributes to the development of effectively managed andecologically coherent network of marine protected areas in the Baltic Sea.Overall, the BSAP (2007) can be considered to have been partially implemented in Latvia:almost fully in maritime affairs, response activities and biodiversity segments, but stillproblems remain regarding eutrophication and hazardous substances. The status of theBaltic Sea is affected by combination of climate change and anthropogenic activity. If wecannot tackle the climate change with full force due to its scale, then we must work toreduce the anthropogenic impact to the lowest possible level. Challenges, such asincreasing amount of marine litter, both macroscopic and microscopic size, as well asspread of alien species causing changes in local habitats and impacting local speciesthrough predation and competition, remain and will be addressed also by implementationof the updated BSAP (2021).- Legislative measures: best practice examples on progressive legislation as well as the roleof taxation and how far both helped in achieving the objectives.Greening tax system, introducing an effective carbon tax on fossil fuels, while introducingan appropriate support system for vulnerable consumers, will facilitate the transition togreater use of renewable energy resources and contribute to both GHG emissionreductions and climate neutrality.At a local level promoting municipal participation in the initiatives of domestic andinternational "municipalities learn from municipalities" (such as the Mayors Covenant ofMayors), taking into account their potential in mitigating climate change and sharingexperiences must be mentioned.Climate action at local level reveal impressive success stories, including cities initiativesto undertake even more ambitious climate targets than expected and capable of settingcarbon neutrality targets.In Latvia several municipalities/cities have developed their climate change adaptationstrategies. Within Covenant of Mayors, 23 municipalities/cities have committed to developSustainable Energy (and Climate) Action Plan (SECAP). Action plan describes the stepstowards its 2020 or 2030 targets. Other municipalities have developed their climate changeadaptation strategies or included climate change adaptation parts in SECAPs ordevelopment programs. The main task for local governments is to assess which climatechange risks are already causing and in the future will cause the greatest threat to theresidents of the region, entrepreneurs and infrastructure.- Other support measures that can help in achieving the objectives.Education and development of skills, research, innovation and digital transformation willhave a far-reaching role in transitioning to climate neutrality and also post-Covidrecovery, therefore investments for these areas are crucial.9Latvia Page 103- Has the COVID-19 pandemic had any impact whatsoever on achieving the measures?COVID -19 has presented immense challenges for government. Primary among these ishow we recover from the pandemic, stimulate economic growth and create employmentwhile ensuring we also address the linked challenges of tackling climate change.Last year the Government of Latvia has endorsed several initiatives to ensure thateconomic recovery from challenges posed by COVID-19 crisis is in line with climateobjectives. It includes allocation of funding to municipal investment projects aimed atincreasing energy efficiency in multi-apartment buildings, creating public infrastructureand promoting business development in order to create new green jobs.- Are there concrete figures on what impact measures to combat the pandemic had on thevolume of greenhouse gas emissions (transport, economy)?One of the challenges in projecting the transport sector's performance is to assume theduration and depth of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The greatest short-term impactis on passenger transport in international aviation, and it is assumed that transport willreturn to pre-crisis levels by 2025.Domestic passenger transportation by public transport has declined due to the Covid-19pandemic, and it is assumed that passenger transportation by private cars will return tobaseline levels faster than by public transportation.To assess economic growth and prepare GHG projections The Ministry of Economics in2020 has prepared a base scenario for economic growth and a correspondingmacroeconomic forecast. The scenario was developed in line with the settings of thestructural policy of Latvia, as set out in the policy documents – “Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy of Latvia until 2030”, “Latvia's National Development Plan for 2021-2027”. Italso takes into account the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and analyses the processesthat drive the development of the global economy. The baseline scenario expects theeconomy return to growth in 2021, following the fall due to Covid-19 crisis in 2020, as theglobal pandemic will gradually end and government measures will be effective foreconomic recovery. In the medium term, Latvian companies will also be able to adaptrelatively successfully to the changes caused by the Covid-19 crisis, for example in relationto the expected change in consumer behaviour.- Are prosperity and an ecologically stable and sound environmental condition for futuregenerations considered as a fundamental right in the decision-making processes?According to Article 155 of The Constitution (Satversme) the State shall protect the rightof everyone to live in a benevolent environment by providing information aboutenvironmental conditions and by promoting the preservation and improvement of theenvironment.The practice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia (the Senate) has firmlyestablished the notion that the application for the protection of public interests in the fieldof environmental protection in Latvia is very extensive that also calls for publicinvolvement. Section 9, Paragraph three of the Environmental Protection Law, inparticular the objectives of the law ensure the preservation and restoration of the10Latvia Page 104environment, as well as the sustainable use of natural resources, provides for the right ofany person and groups (associations, organizations) on environmental issues. Thelegislator has emphasized a compelling and sensitive area in which enhanced legalprotection is needed.II Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC member states and regions1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?Development and implementation of innovations and technologies related to tacklingclimate change is one of the key factors in developing new policy initiatives. More activeinvolvement and cooperation of science and business is needed to achieve climate targetsthrough synergies between different financial instruments, public support mechanisms andprivate financial resources. Private and public finance mobilized for climate changemitigation and adaptation needs to be channeled down for sustainable initiatives. It isimportant to scale up investments towards sustainable, green and digital economy toprovide innovative, low-carbon solutions.Climate policies should create incentives and appropriate signals for businesses,encouraging different sectors to develop, innovate and increase employment opportunitiesfor better and greener jobs.2. Is there a climate protection law?Currently Latvia is developing new Latvia’s Climate Law with the aim of providing basisfor further national climate policy, setting conditions, including on monitoring andmeasuring of the policy implementation, related to regulation on greenhouse gasemissions.The main activities on climate change adaptation are mostly related to climate changemonitoring, in order to facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation aspects intothe different policies and planning processes.3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?The Law on Environmental Protection (2006) encompasses aims and principles of natureprotection policy and the main tools for their implementation. It creates conditions forpublic information and participation in decision making, defines environmental monitoringand state control in the field of environmental protection and sets responsibility andcompensation for environmental damage. The aim of the law is to secure conservation andrestoration of environmental quality and provide sustainable use of natural resources.Environmental and nature protection policy is based upon the following principles: the‘polluter pays’ principle, the precautionary principle and the principle of assessment.The Law “On Specially Protected Nature Territories”7 specifies:1) the basic principles for the system of specially protected nature territories;7 https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/59994-on-specially-protected-nature-territories11Latvia Page 1052) procedures for establishment of specially protected nature territories and securingtheir existence;3) procedures for administering controlling and registering specially protectednatural territories;4) combination of state, international, regional and private interests in regard to theestablishment, preservation, maintenance and protection of specially protected natureterritories. It also defines specially protected nature territories as geographically setareas.The Law on Specially Protected Nature Territories contains the list of Natura 2000 sitesin Latvia.To ensure protection of the specially protected nature territories and conservation of theirnatural values, the law gives a mandate for the development of regulations for protectionand use of the protected territory. The law provides for General regulations which applyto all specially protected nature territories unless individual regulations are developed.They also determine specific requirements for protection and use of the particular territory.General regulations set uniform conditions for economic activities and the so-called “codeof conduct” to be complied with in all the protected territories belonging to the samecategory. Specific conditions for a specific territory may be set and deviations from thegeneral regulations may be allowed only by means of individual regulations. Theindividual regulations set conditions and determine activities that are necessary forconservation of natural values, but do not impact application of other legislative acts of ageneral character, e.g. regulations in the field of construction, fire safety, etc. Functionalzoning of the certain territory that foresees different requirements for its protection anduse is also included in the individual regulations, if necessary. Both general and individualregulations are approved by the Cabinet of Ministers.Site management plans may be developed to coordinate interests of environmentalprotection, use of natural resources and sustainable development of the region, as well asto ensure preservation of the natural value of the territory and to establish favourableprotection status for those endangered species and habitats, the protection of the territoryof which is or would be established. The plan includes scientific information about theprotected territory, justification for its functional zoning, where necessary, and determinesunified management measures for the whole territory that allow its protection goals to beachieved. Provisions of the site management plan can be included in the individualregulations. Site management plans are elaborated according to the Regulations of theCabinet of Ministers (https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=164588).Law on the Conservation of Species and Biotopes8 aims at:1) ensuring bio-diversity through the conservation of fauna, flora and biotopes(habitats);2) regulating the conservation, management and supervision of species and habitats;3) promoting the preservation of populations and habitats in accordance with economicand social preconditions, as well as cultural and historical traditions;4) regulating procedures for the determination of the specially protected species andhabitats;8 https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/3941-law-on-the-conservation-of-species-and-biotopes12Latvia Page 1065) ensuring the performance of the necessary measures in order to maintain thenumber of populations of bird species living in the wild pursuant to the requirements ofecology, science, culture and taking into account the requirements of economic activitiesand recreation or in order to facilitate the approximation of the population of these speciesto the referred level.The law refers to specially protected habitats and plant, fungi, lichen and animal species,including birds, their habitats and specimen in all stages of development. The scope of thislaw is also set on international trade with specimen of endangered wild animal and plantspecies.4. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?The system of nature conservation in Latvia is mainly regulated by two laws mentionedabove, namely, the Law on the Conservation of Species and Biotopes and Law “OnSpecially Protected Nature Territories”.III. Specific areas and aspectsMaritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?Seven marine protected areas are established in Latvian territorial waters. All these areasare included in the Natura 2000 network and HELCOM MPA network. Latvian marineprotected areas are established by the regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers. Mainprovisions for protection of MPAs are set in the general or individual regulations on theprotection and management of the area. Three out of seven MPAs have individualregulations. Management plans for three MPAs were elaborated and approved in 2009.EU LIFE program project “Research of marine protected habitats in EEZ anddetermination of the necessary conservation status in Latvia” (LIFE REEF) has beenstarted in 2020 to define justified conservation status of the protected habitats andcontribute to a comprehensive management system of marine protected areas in Latvia.Project objectives include assessment of the effectiveness of the MPA network within theLatvian marine waters and development of the management plan for all MPAs,development of an action plan for limiting invasive marine species and development ofmitigation measures to reduce seabird and marine mammal bycatch in coastal fisheries.2. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established inyour territorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?Large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas have not been established inLatvian territorial waters. The establishment of such zones will be assessed in the ongoingLIFE REEF project activities which include identification of potential marine protectedsites and development of proposals for new MPAs and development of the managementplan for all MPAs.13Latvia Page 1073. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?(Well-functioning coastal ecosystems are key for combating climate change. Well-managed areas can store carbon but destroyed ecosystems risk becoming carbonsources. Good management can include restoration of important habitats, e.g., eelgrass, limitation of new constructions etc.).Coastal protection zone has been established in order to decrease the effects of pollutionin the Baltic Sea, to preserve the protective functions of the forest, to eliminate thedevelopment of erosion processes, to protect the coastal landscapes, to ensure preservationand protection of coastal natural resources, including resources necessary for leisure andtourism and other territories important for society, and the balanced and the continuousutilisation thereof. The protection zone of coastal dunes the width of which shall be not lessthan 300 metres in the direction of land, counting from the place where the natural landvegetation begins. The sea protection zone which includes the beach and the part of sub-continental shelf from the beginning of the continuous natural land vegetation up to the 10metres isobath. Development of new constructions is strictly limited within both zones bythe law.In 2021 EU Cohesion Fund project has started aimed at restoration of habitats. Theproject includes restoration of terrestrial coastal habitats such as grey dunes and woodeddunes.Eutrophication(Eutrophication is a major threat to biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and has a negative impacton both ecosystem function and ecological services. Mitigating eutrophication is essentialfor the protection of biodiversity.)1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?Regarding eutrophication and nutrient inputs to the sea, the Environmental Policy Strategyfor 2021-2027 (the main environment policy planning document in Latvia) envisage furtherimprovement of wastewater collection and treatment; accordingly, a support from the EUfunds for the modernization of wastewater treatment plants and the development of sewagesludge management (treatment) infrastructure is planned. However, it shall be consideredthat nutrient pollution caused by wastewater discharge significantly impacts just 7% ofsurface water bodies (52 out of 768), while nutrient pollution caused by diffuse sourcesthat include agricultural activities significantly impacts 31% of surface water bodies (238out of 768). It is to be hoped that the measures provided for in the Strategic Plan of theCommon Agricultural Policy for Latvia will contribute to the reduction of diffuse pollutionfrom agricultural activities; however, due to voluntary nature of these measures it is notalways easy to target them towards the most impacted waters.The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development of the Republic ofLatvia is also taking measures to encourage more people to transfer wastewater tocentralized sewerage systems, which ensures their proper treatment, by means of14Latvia Page 108regulation, a loan program for local governments and informative support to localgovernments that are in charge for registration and supervision of de-centralisedwastewater collection and treatment systems.2. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realised inyour country by when and by which measures?The Environmental Policy Strategy for 2021-2027 envisages several relevant courses ofaction: RV31. “Recovery of the marine ecosystem through sustainable use of marineresources and implementation of the Marine Strategy”, RV 33 “Promote the sustainability,quality and efficiency of wastewater management”, RV34 “Reduction of nutrient loads atsea in line with HELCOM objectives”, RV37 “Ensuring adequate response to marinepollution in accordance with HELCOM requirements”. There are several measures to beimplemented under each course of action, the institutions responsible for them and thedeadlines for implementation are also indicated. The timeline of the actions covers theperiod between 2022 and 2027.3. How can we speed up the work?By speeding up adoption of various policy papers and legislation that determines thecourse of action, obligations, and funding. However, we shall be aware that even if all theenvisaged measures would be implemented timely, changes in the Baltic Sea are slow.According to scientists, it can take up to 50 years for the desired state of the marineenvironment to be achieved. In addition, the effects of climate change, such as rising waterand air temperatures, may hamper marine recovery.Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated withammunition?Yes2. What is the government's strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigateimpacts on the marine environment?We believe that this issue cannot be resolved by a single country. The issue of submergedchemical weapons is being addressed within the framework of the InternationalConvention for the Protection of the Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (hereinafter -HELCOM), which has established an expert group on Environmental Risks of DangerousSubmerged Facilities (SUBMERGED). The updated Baltic Sea Action Plan approved on20 October 2021 also provides for coordinated and international action.Cabinet of Ministers Regulation Nr.1171 (12.12.2010) “Regulations Regarding theProcedures for Using Latvian Waters and Navigation Regime Therein” prescribes theprocedures for utilisation of Latvian waters, navigation regime therein, also the territories,where diving is prohibited and restricted. For co-ordination of research and retrieval ofship wrecks and other activities envisaged in Latvian waters; for diving in restricted areas15Latvia Page 109that are indicated in the annex of these regulations a relevant permit shall be obtained inaccordance with the regulatory enactments.Towards zero pollution(Pollution harms our health and our environment. It is the largest environmental cause ofmultiple mental and physical diseases and of premature deaths, especially among children,people with certain medical conditions and the elderly. In addition to affecting people'shealth, pollution is one of the main reasons for the loss of biodiversity. It reduces the abilityof ecosystems to provide services such as carbon sequestration and decontamination.Therefore, these questions are being asked.)1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?Latvia takes into account a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth whendrafting the relevant legislation. We are working to reach air, water and earth targets setat the EU level. Various measures and additional funding are planned for the next 10 yearsto reduce air and water pollution.2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?The work is proceeding according to the timetables set by the European Commission andbased on their initiatives.3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be realised?The measures will be initiated and realised according to upcoming European Commissionlegislative initiatives.4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your governmentsupporting?Latvia is supporting a range of different research projects, concerning plastic pollution,recently Ministry of Environment of Latvia has received approval of LIFE IP project“Waste to Resources Latvia - boosting regional sustainability and circularity”, whichforesees a range of activities also concerning plastics. But speaking of more generalgovernmental level support – the main activity here is transposition of Directive (EU)2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on the reductionof the impact of certain plastic products on the environment into national legislation - Lawon the Reduction of Consumption of Products Containing Plastic.5. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and other environmentallyharmful activities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so, whatenvironmentally harmful activities has the state prohibited?16Latvia Page 110Latvia has prohibited use of sticks to be attached to and to support balloons and withrespect to fireworks, Latvia has set a tax within Natural resource tax law - A taxpayer shallcalculate and pay the tax for fireworks marketed in the Republic of Latvia or used forensuring of his or her economic activity by applying the tax rate in the amount of three percent from the purchase value of such fireworks. The taxpayer shall ensure accounting offireworks marketed and used for ensuring of his or her economic activity in order to justifythe calculation of the tax.Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?In Latvia, in accordance with the Law "On Pollution", the financial resources obtained byauctioning the European Union's emission allowances are used to mitigate climate changeand ensure adaptation to climate change. A specialized financial instrument – EmissionAllowances Auction Instrument (EAAI) is aimed solely for achieving climate policy goalsand operational strategy for the EAAI has been developed. The aim of the EAAI is toidentify opportunities for action and to set priorities for the use of auctioning revenues forboth climate change mitigation and adaptation.Given the wide range of uses of auction revenues set out in the Law "On Pollution" andthe limited amount of funding, the EAAI Strategy aims to set priority directions for the useof auction revenues. The need to reduce GHG emissions and the main investment directionshas been identified in various sectors of the economy, for example, in the energy sector,the use of renewable energy sources in individual, local and district heating and cooling,the efficient use of energy resources, including the modernization of production processes;but in the transport sector – increasing the number of low-emission and zero-emissionvehicles, as well as improving energy efficiency and promoting the use of renewable energytechnologies. Separate measures to attract investment have also been identified in thewaste management, agriculture and LULUCF sectors. Priority is given to implementationof the activities that have the highest possible GHG emission reduction potential and thelowest possible GHG emission reduction costs; aimed at reducing GHG emissions fromnon-ETS activities; has the potential to be widely used to contribute to climate changemitigation and adaptation; as well as promoting the change of consumption and lifestylehabits and the transfer of knowledge, skills and positive results in the field of climatechange mitigation and adaptation.The use of auction revenues for the above-mentioned purposes is ensured by organizingopen calls for project applications. By the end of 2021, five open project applicationregulations have been approved within the EAAI – "Reduction of greenhouse gas emissionsin protected architectural monuments of national importance" (the available funding – €9 million), "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions - low energy buildings" (the fundingavailable – € 23 million), "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through smart urbantechnologies" (the available funding – € 8 million), "Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsby developing the construction of self-sufficient energy buildings" (the available funding– € 10 million) and "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector - supportfor the purchase of zero-emission and low-emission vehicles" (the available funding – €10 million).17Latvia Page 1112. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage in achieving climateneutrality in the government's strategy?Carbon capture, utilisation and storage could be an important measure for achievingclimate neutrality, because not all produced GHG emissions could be offset by carbonsequestration alone. In addition, captured carbon dioxide can be used as feedstock inindustrial production (e.g. in production of synthetic fuels). Due to legislative restrictionsin Latvia carbon capture and storage was forbidden. Legislative changes (Climate law ofLatvia) are planned that would allow carbon capture and storage for ES ETS operators ingeological structures in Latvia.3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the plan forimplementation?There are no running coal power plants for production of electricity in Latvia, coal ismainly used in heat production – in local boiler houses and heat plants. Coal consumptionhas dropped remarkably - by 93.6% in 2016 compared to 1990. Comparing to other EUmember states, Latvia’s coal consumption is one of the lowest. There are no specificlimitations anticipated regarding the coal consumption but general aim towards theincreased use of renewables is set.4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10 years?There is no specific national strategy developed for the use of hydrogen in Latvia, wesupport use of green hydrogen produced using renewable resources.Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?One of state financial programmes to promote innovations in climate protection isEmission allowances auctioning instrument, which one of purpose is to develop innovativeenvironmental and climate protection solutions that contribute to tackling global climatechange, adapting to the effects of climate change, contributing to the reduction ofgreenhouse gas emissions.Latvia has established support programs and mechanisms to support innovationdevelopment, actively promoting the implementation of EU funds, including the RenewalFund, and grant programs (Horizon Europe, LIFE), the Norwegian Financial Mechanismand investment projects to support development of innovative technologies and greeninnovation. The emphasis has been put on developing and implementing greentechnologies in synergy with digitalisation (information and development and use ofcommunication technology products). The support covers a wide range of sectors,including climate change topics, such as smart urban development, energy efficiency,renewable energy, the circular economy, transport, manufacturing and other sectors.18Latvia Page 1122. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and developmentregarding climate protection and biodiversity?An important factor is the involvement of the education and science sector, as well as thepublic and private sectors, and their interaction at the stages of the technologicaldevelopment chain, using both state support and project partners participating in supportprograms of various EU financial instruments, foreign financial instruments as well asmobilizing private sector financing.During 2014.-2021.several research and innovation projects are funded through thefinancial instruments mentioned above in area of sustainable horticulture and agriculture,sustainable and resilient forestry and research on biodiversity protection.Horizon 2020 projects (2014-2020):• Sustainable Integrated Management FOR the NEXUS of water-land-food-energy-climate for a resource-efficient Europe;• Energy management competition for local authorities for uptake and enhance ofSustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans;• Contract Solutions for Effective and lasting delivery of agro-environmental-climatepublic goods by EU agriculture and forestry;• Resilient Farming by Adaptive Microclimate Management;• Towards climate-smart sustainable management of agricultural soils;• A socio-ecological evaluation of wetlands restoration and reintroduction programsin favor of the emblematic European pond turtle and associated biodiversity: a pan-European approach.3. What effects are expected from current support measures?Form current support mechanisms expected effects are improvement of energy efficiency,increased use of renewable energy resources, reduction of energy and fossil fuelsconsumption, reduction of GHG emissions, that contribute tackling global climate change.International cooperation1. In which fields are there concrete cooperations and joint projects with neighbouringcountries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?The cooperation and joint projects between the Latvian organisations and institutions(Latvian partners) were possible and implemented within the EU Cohesion PolicyObjective 2 “European Territorial Cooperation” (Interreg) programmes 2014 – 2020.The support for the areas related to the climate change and biodiversity was available inthe framework of two cross border cooperation programmes:- Latvia - Lithuania cross border cooperation programme direction of support“Protecting and restoring biodiversity and soil and promoting ecosystem services,including through Natura 2000, and green infrastructure in the way of increase19Latvia Page 113integration and efficiency of environmental resource management”, where in result ofcooperation of Latvian and Lithuanian partners the progressive environmentalimprovements, effective integration of environmental, economic and socialconsiderations in the decision-making process, shared responsibility for theenvironment and promotion of the principles of ecologically sustainable developmentare having the positive impact on the sustainable management of the environmentalresources in the whole Programme area. More information: https://latlit.eu/supported-projects/- Latvia – Russia cross border cooperation programme, which provided support tothe joint actions within the field of environmental protection, climate change mitigationand adaptation by promoting the efficient management of nature objects, improvingefficiency of the environmental management and by supporting the sustainable wasteand wastewater management systems. More information: https://latruscbc.eu/projects/Besides, the cooperation of Latvian partners with other Baltic Sea region partner statestook place within the scope of the Interreg Baltic Sea Region transnational cooperationprogramme 2014 - 2020, which indirectly promoted the positive impact on the climate bysupporting the joint projects aimed at efficient management of natural resources (efficientblue growth, renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and clear waters, includingreducing the nutrient inflows and decreased discharges of hazardous substances to theBaltic Sea and the regional waters based on enhanced capacity of public and private actorsdealing with water quality issues are areas that receive support). As results, the capacityof the public authorities and private practitioners in the defined fields is enhanced in theBaltic Sea region leading to improved management, planning and use of green growthopportunities. More information: https://projects.interreg-baltic.eu/.2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned for thefuture?The scope of the new Interreg programmes 2021-2027 is under elaboration and is notapproved by the EC yet. Together with the available funding of the programmes it will bedefined the volume of the cooperation in the next period as well as priorities set by theprogrammes.3. What effects are expected as a result?See section “International cooperation” question 1.4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts tostrengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?In 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia has supported severalprojects related to sustainable development and mitigation of climate change within thegrant programme of development cooperation.20Latvia Page 114As part of actions to achieve ambitious climate change goals set by Latvia to reach climateneutrality by 2050, it is planned to support developing countries through bilateral andmultilateral channels.In April 2021, Latvia approved the new Development Cooperation Policy Guidelines 2021-2027. Latvia’s development cooperation is based on contributing to the implementation ofAgenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Climate Action (SDG 13) isone of six Latvia’s development cooperation thematic priorities (along with promotinggood governance, gender equality, quality education, sustainable economic growth,partnership for the goals). The priority areas (targets) for Climate Action includestrengthening of human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation andadaptation to climate change (13.3); integration of climate change into action policies andplanning (13.2). Activities can also concurrently contribute to achievement of other SDGs,including non-priority ones, (for example, SDG 12 Responsible consumption, SDG 14 Lifebelow water, and SDG 15 Life on land).The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia has supported projects andactivities in the field of water-energy-climate change in Central Asia since 2017. Allprojects are implemented by Latvia’s private sector. For instance, Cleantech Latviaimplements various projects, such as, “Capacity Building in the Implementation ofInvestment Projects in the Field of Water Supply and Sewerage in Uzbekistan” (2021)9 and“Capacity building of industry associations serving engineering companies in Kazakhstanand Uzbekistan” (2019-2023, European Commission project, co-financed by LatvianMFA)10. Another active Latvian player in Central Asia is SunGIS with the latest project:“Prototype of portal for the publication and public discussion on the general plan forresidential areas in the Republic of Uzbekistan” (2021)11.Latvian MFA also co-finances other climate-related EU projects that are implemented byLatvian partners. For instance, the EU Aid Volunteers Initiative program to strengthenorganizations that support local communities that address sustainable management andprotection of rainforests in Ghana and Vietnam (Association “Esi Labs!”, 2020).Sustainable economic growth, including regional development and sustainable agricultureis another important priority area for Latvia’s development cooperation. In EasternPartnership countries, Latvia supports civil society engagement in improving the ruraldevelopment processes and promotion of efficient models for sustainable localdevelopment in Moldova (Association “Risinājumu dabnīca”, 2021). Latvia promotesbiological agriculture e-assistance for rural exporters in Ukraine (“Latvijas Laukukonsultāciju un izglītības centrs, LLKC, 2020) and sustainable agriculture ruraldevelopment in Georgia (LLKC, 2017).9 Short description: Strengthening the implementation capacity of investment projects in the field of watermanagement by raising the qualification of the specialists of the investment project implementation groupin the field of water supply and sewerage and promoting higher effectiveness in the implementation ofinvestment projects in Uzbekistan10 Capacity building of industry associations serving engineering companies, as well as introducingengineering certification to ensure high quality standards in investment projects.11 In further advancing the use of modern technologies in processing geospatial data and developinggeographical information systems that significantly reduce administrative burden and facilitate serviceavailability, a prototype portal is being developed for publishing and publicly discussing master plans ofcities and urban settlements of Uzbekistan.21Latvia Page 115Latvia provides its expertise through EU financed Twinning and TAIEX activitiesconcerning climate action and environmental protection related institutions in partnercountries. For instance, strengthening the institutional capacity of the Ministry forDevelopment of Economy, Trade and Agriculture (META) of Ukraine in the field ofNational Quality (Latvijas Standarts, 2021). Further, strengthening sanitary andphytosanitary (SPS) measures in Azerbaijan (Valsts augu aizsardzības dienests, VAAD,2020) and in Georgia (Pārtikas un veterinārais dienests, 2020). Also, approximation ofnational legislation of Ukraine in the fields of state supervision (control) of GMOs in opensystems, protection of plant variety rights, and seed and seedling production in line withEU norms and standards (VAAD, 2021).Along with activities in partner countries, development cooperation also supports publicinformation campaigns in Latvia, for instance, on the global approach to food wastereduction through informal education (Association “Zaļā brīvība”, 2018 & 2019).Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy orroadmap?Latvian National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change until 2030 (NAP) was adoptedby Cabinet of Ministers in 2019.At national level NAP is one of the key documents on adaptation, setting out concreteactions to be implemented in the coming years. Adaptation activities are based on researchon risks and vulnerability assessment and identification of adaptation measures in sixareas: landscape and tourism, biodiversity and ecosystem services, civil protection anddisaster management, construction and infrastructure planning, health and welfare,agriculture and forestry. Adaptation activities include actions such as enhancing the earlywarning system, developing a set of possible solutions to abate costal erosion, improvingurban rain water systems and developing green infrastructure.2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools andmeasures?Priority of NAP is to reduce vulnerability of the economy, infrastructure, construction andenvironment to impacts of climate change and to promote the use of opportunities createdby climate change. To meet this aim, the NAP includes the different adaptation measuresand 5 Strategic goals to address climate change risks:2. Human life, health and wellbeing protection from the adverse effects of climatechange3. The economy adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change, using theopportunities offered by climate change4. Infrastructure and construction are climate-resilient and planned according topotential climate risks5. Latvia's nature, cultural and historical values have been preserved and the negativeimpact of climate change has been minimized22Latvia Page 1166. Providing information based on scientific reasoning, to facilitate the integration ofclimate change adaptation aspects into sectoral policies and spatial developmentplanning.Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement ofsocio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations orcitizens (civil society, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action andbiodiversity (e.g., via discussion fora or consultative bodies?)To promote public awareness and ensure public participation to the transition to the low-carbon economy we have been actively implementing various types of publicity events -public consultations, public discussions (several of them were available online), regionalinteractive workshops and publications (information for distribution to general secondaryand higher education institutions).At a local level, involvement is important, considering its potential in mitigating climatechange and sharing experiences.Integration of climate policy goals into the public sector are implemented at the nationallevel, for example by ensuring coordinated, integrated, sustainable energy and climateissues within the National Energy and Climate Council.The Environmental Consultative Council uniting 20 environmental and nature NGOs hasbeen established since 2006 as determined by the Environmental Protection Law. The goalof Council is to facilitate public involvement in the elaboration and implementation ofenvironmental policy. The Environmental Protection Law also determines a mandatoryenvironmental education and education for sustainable development.Procedure of management plans development for protected territories involves a publicconsultation and steering group establishment (with representatives of the localpopulation, NGOs, industries, etc), promoting stakeholder participation in decision-making on planning and management of protected territories.2. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly inopinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate change andbiodiversity?In Latvia society is increasingly interested in climate change issues. And there is anincreasing number of public events (including from business), that support changing habitsto minimize the impact on society, environment and climate.In addition, various youth initiatives are active in Latvia to improve climate policy, suchas the Eco Schools, Fridays for Future Latvia and others. UN Youth delegates from Latviahave also an active role in national and international activities in recent years.23Latvia Page 1173. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?Latvia is actively working on ways to promote public awareness and ensure publicparticipation, also developing new digital document preparing platforms for easy access.Citizen involvement is crucial to have support in adapting new measures.24LithuaniaLithuania Page 119I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPC member states and regionsClimate change[Policy-brief report about the measures and national strategies to combat climate change as well asexisting and planned adaptation measures]The report should preferably be structured according to the following policy areas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives[Strategy, policy or roadmap aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbonneutrality, objectives in terms of reduction and by what time – concrete measures to achieve thegoals]The Parliament (Seimas) of the Republic of Lithuania ratified the UNFCCC in 1995. The KyotoProtocol (KP) was signed in 1998 and ratified in 2002. In accordance with the Kyoto ProtocolLithuania has undertaken to reduce its GHG emissions by 8% below 1990 level during the firstcommitment period 2008–2012 and successfully implemented achieving 56% GHG reduction, whileGDP increased by 25%. In 2012 Lithuania together with the other EU Member States and Icelandundertook 20–30% GHG emissions reduction below 1990 level commitment for the second KP periodfrom 2013–2020. It was ratified by the Seimas on 20 October 2015. At the Paris climate conference(COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first ever universal, legally binding globalclimate deal. Lithuania signed the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016 and ratified on 30 December2016.In 2012, to ensure the implementation of the international agreements on climate change and inthe EU legal acts defined targets for Lithuania, the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania approvedthe National Strategy for Climate Change Management Policy with short-term targets and objectivesfor climate change mitigation and adaptation until 2020 and long-term indicative target up to 2050.It was indicated that stronger cross-sectoral cooperation between public institutions, research andindustry is needed as well as international collaboration on joint climate change adaptation and riskprevention and management. From 2021, Lithuania contributed to reducing GHG emissions by 40%to 2030, by 60% to 2040 – and by 80% to 2050 compared to 1990.To update climate change policy for the period from 2020, in July of 2021 National ClimateChange Management Agenda (hereinafter – Agenda) was approved which replaces the formerStrategy (2012). Lithuanian Parliament adopted a National Climate Change Management Agenda onJune 2021. The agenda sets short-term (until 2030), medium-term (until 2040) and long-term (until2050) goals relating to climate change mitigation as well as targets for individual sectors, which usefossil fuels, pollute the atmosphere with CO2 emissions and have the biggest impact on climatechange. The main goals include an 85 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2040 and a 100% reduction by 2050, compared to 1990.The goal of the Agenda is to form a long-term vision of Lithuania's climate change managementpolicy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Furthermore, ensure the resilience of the country'seconomic sectors and ecosystems to the changes caused by climate change and, through sustainablefinancing and investment, develop a competitive, low-carbon economy and create new green jobs.Lithuania Page 120The National Energy and Climate Action Plan of Lithuania is under revision and 5Decarbonisation Working Groups are being set up for an open, effective dialogue and for updatingthe Plan. Decarbonisation working groups are set up by sector: agriculture and forestry, energy,industry, transport and the waste-circular economy. Members of these groups discuss how Lithuaniacan move towards climate neutrality and make proposals for additional measures to achieve theclimate change mitigation goals by 2030. The Ministries of Environment and Energy bring togetherthe social partners, associations, non-governmental organisations and other interested members of thepublic in these sectors and invite them to take an active part in the Working Groups.Lithuania's short-term (until 2030) climate change management policy objectives are enshrinedin the priorities of the Government Program approved by the Seimas resolution of 11 December2020.The goals are:• Reduce GHG emissions by 30% compared to 2005, including byabsorbing the LULUCF sector through the transition to innovative, low-emissionand environmentally friendly technologies and RES in economic sectors:• In the sectors participating in the EU ETS (energy production and supplysectors, industrial processes) - reduction of at least 50% compared to 2005.• In non-ETS sectors (transport, industry, agriculture, waste, small energy),reduce by at least 25% compared to 2005, including the absorption of the LULUCFsector, and not exceed the set annual GHG limits for the period 2021-2030. In theAgenda the sectorial goals were also set for the sectors not included in the ETS(Table 1).Table 1. GHG reduction targets for individual non-ETS sectors in 2021-2030 period, percent2016–2018 average emissions 2025 target compared 2030 target comparedSectorcompared to 2005 to 2005 to 2005Transport +36,2 % +11,3 % –14 %Industry +23,5 % +2,2 % –19 %Agriculture +3,2 % –3,8 % –11 %Waste –36,6 % –50,6 % –65 %Small–3,2 % –14,8 % –26 %energyOverall national target for non EU ETS sectors –25 %Lithuania's climate change mitigation policy's main medium- and long-term targets, consideringthe goal of neutralizing the EU GHG emissions by 2050 approved by the European Council on 12December 2019. It includes indicative milestones for 2040 and 2050: by 2040, reduce GHG emissionsby 85 % and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions by 100% compared to 1990 (including removals). Thegoal consists of all the main greenhouse gases and covers all sectors, excluding international maritimeand aviation. It also includes up to 20% reductions from the LULUCF sector and carbon capture anduse (CCU) technologies. The focus is shifting economic sectors towards innovative, low-emissionand environmentally friendly technologies and renewable energy sources.For sectors participating in the EU ETS, the 2030 target is to reduce GHG emissions by 50%compared to 2005, face out using fossil fuel in the energy sector by 2040 and by 2050, reduce GHGLithuania Page 121emissions by 100% compared to 2005 in the industry by using environmentally safe carbon capturetechnologies.The implementation of the goals and objectives set in the Agenda, we believe, will create theconditions for achieving the goals of the EU Green Deal. Lithuania's obligations are consistent withthe European Climate Law and other legal acts of the EU climate change and energy policy goalsuntil 2030. The development of a climate-neutral economy will contribute to reducing GHGemissions (implementation of environmental requirements) and promote sustainable financing andinvestment to modernize the country's economic sectors and introduce innovative technologies.Additionally, it is believed that it will increase business competitiveness, create new jobs, improveambient air quality, and protect human health. As a result, it might save the state and municipalbudgets on fossil fuel imports, heating and cooling costs for public buildings and households.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent• The transport sector according to the National GHG Inventory Report emits the mostGHGs (in 2020, about 44% of the GHG emissions of the non-EU ETS sectors). Almost96% of transport emissions, or 30% of the country's total GHG emissions in the roadtransport sub-sector, have been increasing over the last seven years (except for 2020). Thisgrowth is influenced by the rapid increase of the density of transport routes, the numberof road vehicles. In total transport sector emissions have increased by 45% over the 2005-2020 and transport remains the most challenging sector in terms of required emissionreductions of non-ETS sector by 2030. Due to its high socio-economic sensitivity, thetransport sector is the biggest threat to unsuccessfully reducing GHG emissions. Decisionsto limit the use of fossil fuel cars might be delayed, leading to rising fuel consumption andGHG emissions. Sustainable urban mobility plans that focus only on developing physicalinfrastructure and not on behavioural change, avoiding bans and restrictions, would runthe risk of not changing the population's habits that choose a private car for 90% of theirtravel to alternatives or sustainable mobility. An urban network of practical, convenientand competitive public transport services is difficult to achieve. Insufficient developmentof alternative fuels infrastructure would not increase the demand for clean vehicles andjeopardize the achievement of RES targets in the transport sector.• Energy sector is the second largest GHG emissions source in Lithuania with 28.1%share of the total emissions in 2020. Emissions of GHG from energy sector have decreasedby 35.1% from 8,934.7 kt CO2 eq. in 2005 to 5,671.5 kt CO2 eq. in 2020. This decreaseis mostly related to changes of energy balance structure and increasing contribution ofRES into the country’s primary energy balance. During the period 1990-2020 primaryenergy supply from renewable sources increased by 5 times with an average annual growthof 5.4%. In Lithuania, about 66% of buildings are classified in energy efficiency level C,are very inefficient, and slow modernization and renovation can have severe economicand social consequences in the long run, especially in the residential sector.• The agriculture sector is Lithuania's third-largest emitter (about 32% of the non-ETSsectors in 2020). Financial support from the state and EU funds mainly focuses onfinancing intensive farming methods. As a result, farmers lack the competence,knowledge, motivation, and incentives to switch to new technologies and implementenvironmentally friendly production practices that reduce GHG emissions. Within theLithuania Page 122agriculture sector, the share of emissions from livestock is decreasing due to constantdecline in the total livestock population, while emissions from crops production(agricultural soils) are increasing, primarily due to growing consumption of syntheticnitrogen fertilizers use. During the mentioned period, livestock production had lessfavourable conditions for development than crop production in the overall agriculturalpolicy through direct payments provided to the farmers. Finally, there is no farm-levelaccounting system for emissions and removals in the agricultural sector that provides aneconomic incentive for operators to reduce their emissions by comparing them.3. Current and planned mitigation measuresThe current and planned measures are listed in the National energy and climate plan.These measures include:• Macroeconomic factors (The GDP grew moderately and reached an average of 3%, withstronger economic growth recorded in 2017. Compared to 2016, real GDP change was 3.9%of GDP. The GDP changes were driven mainly by the growth in the value added in the servicessector and industry between 2015 and 2017. In 2005-2016, Lithuania achieved rapid economicgrowth and a reduction in GHG emissions. Between 1990 and 2017, GDP grew by 45% andGHG emissions fell by 58%.)• Developments in sectors and technologies (Technology will play a central role in achievingLithuania's energy policy goals. Lithuania's main objectives in the development of new energytechnologies are to reduce existing RES costs and establish better conditions for efficient useof energy, so that Lithuanian industry remains innovative and competitive. Theirimplementation requires accelerated development of RES, such as biofuel productiontechnologies, wind and solar energy, as well as carbon capture and storage technologies. Allthis should be achieved together with a better use of energy in conversion processes, buildings,industry and transport. In view of the impact of existing policies on the energy sector until2040, measures to improve energy efficiency (EE) and promote RES are planned, with thebiggest changes anticipated in the energy production and transport sectors.)• Energy sector (Existing policy measures will lead to very rapid penetration of REStechnologies in the energy sector. In addition to accelerating the development of conventionalRES technologies through energy production support schemes, the use of RES enabled energyconsumers to become prosumers in 2015. At present, there are almost 3,000 such prosumersin Lithuania with a total installed capacity of almost 23 MW.)• Transport sector (In the transport sector, the existing policies and measures will becontinued, aiming at a 10% share of biofuels blended in mineral fuels in 2020 (up from 4.33%in 2018), a reduction in excise duties on biofuels, a reduced fee for the connection of biogasproduction facilities to gas systems, and guarantees of origin for gases produced from RES.These measures will not have a tangible impact on the reduction of energy consumption, butwill contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Without additional policymeasures, energy consumption in transport would remain virtually unchanged in 2040 and therenewal of the old and polluting Lithuanian passenger car fleet would take time. In the heavyLithuania Page 123transport subsector, liquefied and compressed natural gas are seen as an alternative to fuel. Inthe rail and bus subsectors, intelligent solutions are being implemented and partialelectrification is planned.)• Agricultural sector (Technological progress on Lithuanian farms is not significant, but thereare opportunities to apply technologies developed and proven in other countries, such asorganic or other environmentally sustainable production; to reduce the use of mineralfertilisers in crop production; to replace fertilisers with other products developed according tonew technologies and safer for the environment; to change animal feed rations; to improvethe genetics of existing dairy cattle using ECOFEED cattle; to use more advanced techniquesand equipment and to apply advanced technologies for manure storage and management, etc.)• Industry sector (Existing policy measures in the industrial sector are designed to encouragea shift from fossil fuel use to RES use and energy efficiency improvement. This presents apossibility for energy-intensive businesses to benefit from reduced payments for services inthe public interest in the electricity sector related to the production of electricity fromrenewable energy sources, while undertaking to perform energy audits and to implement someof the recommendations resulting from the audit and the programme to promote energy auditsin industrial enterprises. In order to successfully expand and compete on both the domesticand international markets, industrial companies are themselves, without additional incentives,introducing measures to increase EE with a payback period of up to 3 years. The promotionof technological progress in the industrial sector takes place through measures to promote thedigitisation of production processes, such as robotics, artificial intelligence solutions,deployment of Internet of Things systems, etc. The industrial F-Gas subsector in the EUalready has a variety of efficient GHG abatement technologies in commercial refrigerationand air conditioning. The use of these technologies is expected to continue to further reducethe negative environmental impacts of the sub-sector.)• Waste management sector (Existing policy measures in the waste management sector aredesigned for the reduction of landfilling of municipal waste and for waste recycling. Newlandfills for solid waste disposal, compliant with EU environmental requirements, andmechanical and biological treatment facilities for biodegradable waste have been established,waste-water treatment projects are in progress and waste incineration capacities are beingdeveloped. Landfill gas is used for power generation or other purposes.)• Household sector (Existing policy measures focus on three main factors affecting energyefficiency in households: buildings, technological equipment and appliances, and consumerbehavior. Under the Programme for the renovation/modernisation of multi-apartmentbuildings, 2,941 multi-apartment buildings were renovated up to 2018, leading to estimatedenergy savings of 857 GWh. A renovated multi-apartment building must achieve at least theenergy efficiency class C and, at the same time, reduce its energy demand by 40%, and thetechnological equipment installed must ensure that the required indoor climatic conditions aremaintained. As the implementation of the measure continues, the long-term estimate is that atleast 1000 multi-apartment buildings will be renovated each year. Reducing energyconsumption is strongly influenced by the widespread use of RES technologies in households,in particular heat pumps.)Lithuania Page 124• Trends in the global energy market (The global climate and energy trends reflect visiblechanges in energy production and consumption. Achieving the long-term objectives of theParis Agreement commits States to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions byproviding a vision for the development of non-greenhouse gas energy production in theirnational strategies. Lithuania attaches great importance to energy security, integration anddigitisation of energy markets, the diversification of energy sources and production,development of a smart grid, expansion of EE and promotion of RES.)4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate changeThe current and planned measures are listed in the National energy and climate planBiodiversity1. Policy-brief report about measures and national strategies to protect biodiversity and theintegrity of ecosystemsAction Plan on Conservation of Landscape and Biodiversity for the 2015-2020 is the key strategicdocument dedicated to the implementation of the targets, objectives, tasks, and measures in thearea of landscape and biodiversity. The Plan focuses on: 1) the conservation of protected speciesand habitats; 2) the management of invasive species; 3) the sustainable use of fauna, flora andgenetic resources; 4) the mapping of ecosystems and their services and their integration intodecision-making process; 5) the conservation and management of landscapes.Maintenance of ecosystem stability as well as conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity areamong the main priority areas of the National Environmental Protection Strategy, adopted in 2015.The Strategy stipulates the objective to halt the loss of biodiversity, the degradation of ecosystemsand their services and, when possible, to restore them.National Progress Plan 2021–2030, which was adopted by the Government of Lithuania on 9September 2020, includes biodiversity targets with indicator values for 2025 and 2030:Preserve and restore biodiversity, the condition of ecosystems, their services as well as landscapevalues, and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources:• Change in the conservation status of species of European Community importance found inLithuania (share % of the difference between species whose status has improved and thosewhose status has deteriorated out of all species)• Change in the conservation status of habitats of European Community importance foundin Lithuania (share % of the difference between habitats whose status has improved andthose whose status has deteriorated out of all habitats)• Share of natural and semi-natural areas compared to whole country area, %• Ratio of forest fellings to timber volume net increment in the forests available for timbersupply• Forest stand areaLithuania Page 125• Fish stock status index (lakes and ponds)Lithuania is finalizing the Development Programme for Environment and Climate 2030 (oneof the most important national strategic document for the decade) to be adopted byGovernment. The Programme will also focus on different environmental areas, includingbiodiversity issues. The Programme will support achievement of biodiversity target stipulatedin National Progress Plan 2021–2030. National institutions are working intensively onplanning of measures for the implementation of the Programme.2. Name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats of particularimportance for the protection of biodiversity (terrestrial as well as marine)Terrestrial:The Governmental Programme especially focuses on forests and wetlands.These ecosystems in our climate zone are critical for biodiversity conservation and incombatting climate change.Our priority is to develop a National Agreement on Forests in 2022. It will determine long-term forest policy and ensure sustainable use and protection of natural forests habitats andrare species. The Agreement will enable to increase significantly the country's forest cover,strengthen the resilience of forests to climate change and the role of forests in managingclimate change, improve the status of forest ecosystems, protect biodiversity, promote theeconomy of forest services.Lithuania plans to expand forest land, in the next four years forests will cover more than 35% of Lithuania’s territory.We are planning to restore degraded wetlands for their valuable services at the momentworking on identification of degraded wetlands in Lithuania.Our commitment by 2024 is to enlarge national coverage of protected areas to reach 20 %, aquarter from which would be strictly protected.Marine:Main strategic documents that set policy objectives and targets are Water Sector Developmentfor 2017–2023 Programme, adopted by Lithuanian Government in 2017 (hereinafter theProgramme), and its Implementation Plan. Documents cover all water-related issues:• River Basin Management;• Marine environment;• Floods;Lithuania Page 126• Drinking water supply and sewage treatment.The goals and objectives that are set in the Programme:1. To improve the status of surface waterbodies and groundwater (domestic,elaborated in accordance with international commitments):• to reduce pollution of waterbodies from agricultural pollution sources;• to reduce the negative impact of hydromorphological changes on surface waterbodies• to improve the status of lakes and reservoir;• to reduce pollution of waterbodies from point source.2. To achieve and / or maintain good environmental status of the Baltic Sea(domestic, elaborated in accordance with international commitments):• to reduce the input of nutrients that increase eutrophication into the Curonian Lagoonand the Baltic Sea;• to ensure that the exploitation of commercially exploited fish populations do notexceed safe biological limits, and to preserve the structure of the Baltic Sea foodweb;• to reduce the release of hazardous substances into the marine environment;• to maintain favourable conditions for wintering seabirds in their wintering grounds, toreduce their mortality due to oil spills and by-catches in commercial fishing gear;• to reduce the risk of the invasion of new non-indigenous species for the LithuanianBaltic Sea area;• ensure that economic activities at sea do not have a significant adverse effect on seabedhabitats, and to prevent them from deterioration of condition and degradation;• to reduce the impact of marine litter on the coastal and marine environment;• to ensure that noise and other forms of energy emitted into the marine environment asa result of anthropogenic activities do not exceed levels that have an adverse effect onaquatic fauna.3. To reduce the risk of floods and their consequences throughout the country(domestic, elaborated in accordance with international commitments):• to improve flood prevention and reduce floodplains.4. To provide the country's population with high-quality drinking water supply andwastewater treatment services and to reduce environmental pollution withwastewater (domestic, elaborated in accordance with international commitments):• to develop and renovate drinking water supply and wastewater collectioninfrastructure;• ensure that individually treated wastewater do not pollute the environment;• to reduce environmental pollution by surface wastewater;Lithuania Page 127• to increase the efficiency of drinking water supply and wastewater treatmentcompanies, to improve the quality of services provided.5. More effectively implement requirements of water protection and usage (domestic,elaborated in accordance with international commitments):• better implementation of river basin-based management;• strengthen state control over environmental protection in the water sector.Regarding halting loss of biodiversity, Lithuania already banned cod fishing in theLithuanian marine waters. It is planned to monitor impacts of fishing on biodiversity aswell as to take control and enforcement measures and to oblige the fishing industry touse more environment-friendly and effective deterrent tools preventing bycatch ofwintering seabirds and marine mammals. It is very important to continue clearing fishmigratory routes in rivers that are important for fish spawning. In Lithuania was startedthe free flow river projects with recent successful demolition of the Salantai dam whichled to 46 km of freed river flow.Lithuania has adopted the National Waste Prevention Program, which emphasizes thereduction of the amount of plastic packaging waste and its impact on the environment.The deposit system for single-use packaging of beverages was successfully introduced inLithuania in 2016. 93 % of the plastic packaging of beverages participating in the depositsystem was collected in 2019. At the beginning of 2019 Lithuania banned a free of chargedistribution of lightweight plastic bags at the points of sale. And we will continue ourefforts to prevent plastic litter in the frame of EU and global initiatives.There are also Natura 2000 sites that have been designated as important sites for birdsand benthic reef habitats in the EU. Seaside Regional Park, Curonian Spit National Park,Karklė Thalassological Reserve.3. Outline briefly where and how biodiversity is most at stake in your country at the presenttimeThe process of habitat and species loss has intensified primarily due to changes in agriculturalpractices, especially the disappearance or change of traditional land use forms in agriculture,the disturbance of the natural hydrological regime, and increase in pesticide and fertilizer use.As a result, in Lithuania the European farmland bird index has decreased by 24 points since2009 compared to 2018(https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_bio2&lang=en), while in2014-2018 9 % of grasslands and similar habitats have been lost to agricultural land. Othermajor pressures include the spread of invasive alien species, urbanisation, and climatechange.Lithuania Page 128The pressure from fishing in Baltic Sea on commercial species has been reduced significantlysince 2010 except for Eastern Baltic herring. The fishing of Eastern cod was prohibited from1 of June 2019 due to the poor state of this stock. Baltic sprat quota was reduced by 45 %, thequota of salmon – by 70 % since 2010. Only quota of herring was increased by 21 %. In theBaltic Sea coastal area fishermen have been exchanging static nets for more environmentallyfriendly fishing traps – the proportion of catches made by using fishing traps has increasedfrom 10 to 60 %.Among the policy measures, amendments to the Forest Law and fishing permits reviews,and the surrounding discussions, have been of key importance. Efforts to ensure morecontinuous and comprehensive biodiversity monitoring have been improving: a major habitatand species survey has been carried out in 2013-2018, while the integrated LIFE projectNATURALIT, started in 2018, aims to improve efficiency of management, surveillance andanalysis processes towards achieving and maintaining favourable conservation status ofspecies and habitats of Community interest. Furthermore, NATURALIT also aims to ensureintegration and implementation of the nature conservation measures into other sectors,especially agriculture, forestry and tourism. Efforts to increase biodiversity mainstreaminghave also been highlighted during the development process of the Lithuania’s newComprehensive Territorial Plan which was adopted in 2021.Since 2010 and especially in recent years, there has been a marked shift in public awarenessregarding biodiversity and habitats loss, partially as a result of improved access to nature inprotected areas as well as several widely publicised cases of destruction of urban green spacesand cutting of natural forest areas. This increased awareness, among other things, has also ledto a greater public participation in decision-making processes.4. Has the COVID-19 pandemic had any impact on achieving the measures?COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the close and indisputable links between human health andthe health of animals, plants, and whole ecosystems, In Lithuania many people spent their freetime in nature, for example, visiting protected areas during lockdown. However, the Covid-19pandemic had not significant impact on implementing or achieving biodiversity measures inLithuania. We admit taking urgent actions to protect and restore of biodiversity and well-functioning ecosystems and their services is critical to prevent or reduce the future healthcrises.5. Are there concrete figures on what impact measures to combat the pandemic had on thevolume of GHG (transport, economy)?There are no concrete figures on what impact pandemic had on the volume of GHG.The analysis of the GHG projections showed that CO2 emissions from the transport sector willincrease until 2023 as the sector is developing rapidly. Subsequently, due to expectedimprovements in vehicle efficiency, sustainable urban mobility plans and changes in the useLithuania Page 129of vehicles, GHG emissions in the transport sector are projected to decrease. The road transportsector accounts for 95% of total GHG emissions from transport, 80% of which is accountedfor by passenger cars.6. Are prosperity and ecologically stable and sound environment condition for futuregenerations considered as a fundamental right in the decision-making processes?-II. Legal Basis of the Measures and Strategies in the BSPC Member State and Region1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?In June 2021, the National Climate Change Agenda was adopted, setting out sectoral goals andtargets for climate change mitigation and adaptation. We are committed to reducing GHGemissions by 70 % by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The agenda also includes an ambitious goalfor 2050 - to make the Lithuanian economy circular and climate-neutral. In order to make thisgoal a reality, an update of the National Energy and Climate Action Plan is being launched. Inorder to achieve a qualitative result, the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuaniatogether with the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania established decarbonisationworking groups for agriculture and forestry, energy, industry, transport and the waste-circulareconomy sectors, in which representatives of business, science and non-governmentalorganizations will agree on new or updated GHG reduction measures.2. Is there a climate protection law?Lithuania has approved National Climate Change Management Law in July of 2009 (updated in2021) with the provisions of principles for allocating emission allowances, assignment ofallowances to projects, economic penalties for non-compliance by those participating in the ETS,financial instruments, including the framework of Climate Change Programme, monitoring andaccounting system of GHG, licensing of the users of F-gas, etc.3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?Lithuania has created a system of multifunctional protected areas. The system of Lithuanianprotected areas includes not only natural territories, but also those of cultural heritage value, aswell as urbanized (in many cases residential) territories. A significant part of Lithuania's protectedareas also consists of private property areas with different levels of economic activity restrictions.As a result, such a complex system of protected areas requires more resources compared to themanagement of more specialized protected area systems.Lithuania has achieved both of its targets related to the extent of the protected areas. In 2019,17.64 % of Lithuanian terrestrial territory has been classified as protected areas and / or Europeanecological network Natura 2000 (compared to 15.7 % in 2013) and 18.2 % of Lithuanian marineLithuania Page 130territories has been classified as protected areas and / or European ecological network Natura2000 (compared to 2.4 % in 2012). In addition, since 2010 86 Sites of Community importance,also 7 Special Protection Areas and 89 Special Areas of Conservation (as per EU biodiversitydirectives) have been established. Furthermore, 172 state reserves and 4 biosphere polygons –national protected areas – have also been established during this period. Conservation objectivesfor the protection of natural habitats and animal and plant species of European Communityimportance were determined for 117 areas of importance for the protection of habitats. 57 naturemanagement plans for the maintenance of protected areas were approved. Lastly, an interactivemap available to the public has been created, in which it is possible to monitor where new naturemanagement areas are planned, what measures are planned and what activities have already takenplace.4. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?The Law on Environmental Protection (No I-2223 adopted by the Parliament on 21.1.1992, aslast amended on 4.11.2021) regulates field of environmental protection, establishes the mainrights and obligations in preserving biological diversity, ecological systems, and landscapecharacteristics of the Republic of Lithuania, ensuring a healthy and clean environment, andsustainable use of natural resources.The Law on Wild Flora and Fungi (No VIII-1226 adopted by the Parliament on 15.06.1999, aslast amended on 24.9.2020) regulates the relations of protection and use of wild flora and fungiin order to preserve the diversity of wild plant and fungi species, natural communities and habitats,to ensure the sustainable use, protection and restoration of wild plant and fungi resources,conservation of wild plant and fungi genetic resources, also establishes the procedure for the use,protection and restoration of wild flora and fungi.The Law on Wild Fauna (No VIII-498 adopted by the Parliament on 6.11.1997, as last amendedon 24.9.2020) regulates the use and protection of animal species living or temporarily present inthe natural environment, observed during migration or at other times, their habitats, also regulatesthe captivity of wild animals originating from other natural areas and their other uses.The Law on Protected Species of Fauna, Flora and Fungi (No VIII-499 adopted by theParliament on 6.11.1997, as last amended on 24.9.2020) regulates the use and protection ofprotected species of fauna, flora and fungi living or temporarily present in the natural environmentobserved during migration or at other times, their habitats, sets measures for the protection andresearch of protected species.The Law on Environmental Monitoring (No VIII-529 adopted by the Parliament on20.11.1997, as last amended on 5.11.2020) sets the basic requirements for environmentalmonitoring. Environmental monitoring is coordinated and performed by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency. The State Service for Protected Areas is responsible for the monitoring inprotected areas. The entities performing economic activities are obliged to carry out biodiversityLithuania Page 131monitoring if such a requirement is set out in the report of the Environmental Impact Assessmentof the proposed economic activity.The Law on Environmental Protection State Control (No IXI-1005 adopted by the Parliamenton 1.7.2002, as last amended on 11.11.2021) establishes the authorities and officials responsiblefor the environmental state control, describes their legal status, legal framework and principlesfor actions, and regulates the process of state environmental control. Officials responsible forenvironmental state control are entitled to impose fines for non-compliance with legal acts andlodge an action to the court to seek compensation for damage to biodiversity.The Law on Protected Areas stipulates an integrated approach to the protection of natural andcultural values in state parks. The Lithuanian Sea coastline is protected under the Law on the SeaCoastline that provides for strict restrictions on economic activities and a strict procedure for theplanning of activities on this coastline. Here new construction is only allowed in exceptionalcases, with approval of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. The spatial policy oflandscape protection on a national scale is defined by the National Landscape Plan adopted in2015, which lays down the principles and priority directions for the formation, protection,management, and planning of landscape. Specific restrictions on economic activities according todifferent types of protected areas are established in the Law on Special Land Use Conditions ofthe Republic of Lithuania, adopted in 2019 (last amended 20.11.2021). The impact of the plannedeconomic activity on Natura 2000 territories is assessed in accordance with the provisions of theLaw on Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Economic Activity.The largest financial resources used for the development and protection of the system of protectedareas are: EU structural funds (establishment of protected areas, planning, installation ofinfrastructure, nature management), Lithuanian Rural Development Fund for 2014–2020programme (compensatory payments for agricultural land and forests), EU LIFE program(innovative nature management, LIFE integrated project NATURALIT, started in 2018).Lithuania applies specific economic instruments for sustainable use of natural resources. Theseinclude tax on game resources, licence fees on recreational fishing and payments forcommercial fishing quotas. The revenues accumulated from tax on game resources are allocatedto state budget and to budgets of municipalities and used for conservation and restoration,scientific research, monitoring of game resources, implementation measures against poaching,compensation for damage caused by wild animals. Licence fees on recreational fishing generatedEUR 1.8 million in 2020 EUR 1.7 million in 2021 and revenues are allocated to EnvironmentProtection Support Programme. From 2016 the fishing opportunities (quotas) allocated toLithuania are subject to a system of transferable fishing concessions (long term of 15 years rights-based allocation of quotas system). Rights-based approaches to fisheries management have shownpotential for promoting biologically sustainable and economically viable fisheries in several partsof the world and were proved as a good tool to achieve the balance between the fishing capacityof the fishing fleet and the fishing opportunities. The basis for calculation of transferable fishingconcessions are historic catch levels.Lithuania Page 132In May 2015, the Protected Areas Administrations have introduced voluntary entrance fees tothe protected areas. EUR 282,000 was collected in 2019. The generated income is used for theprotection and management of protected areas and for nature education as well.In order to protect biodiversity of forests and prevent the reduction of forest land because of land-use changes, Lithuania has introduced specific forestry legislation where in cases of land-usechange, all forest owners must plant new forest on their own land or pay compensation, whichis used to plant and maintain new forestsThe Lithuanian Rural Development Programme for 2014-2020 (RDP) foresees payments formeasures aimed at agri-environmental protection and climate, protection of forest ecosystemsand compensations for restrictions of agricultural and forestry activities in protected areas (Natura2000), Water Framework Directive-related payments. These measures promote environmentallyfriendly farming systems in areas of particular natural sensitivity, support for biodiversity, andlandscape restoration and conservation. Link to Lithuanian RDP: http://zum.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys/kaimo-pletra/lietuvos-kaimo-pletros-2014-2020-m-programa/programa-2. The draft ofNational Strategic plan for 2021-2027 period (the new instrument in EU Common AgriculturePolicy) is submitted to the European Commission for the review.III. Specific Areas and Aspects1) Maritime areas and protected zones•• How exactly are maritime areas protected?Maritime areas are included in the Natura 2000 network. Specified conservation objectives shall beestablished in the established marine protected areas on the basis of measures for their implementationand for the conservation, maintenance or restoration of native or bird species. Conservation objectivesare set for each site, depending on the habitat type, protected species, to lists of sites approved bynational legislation. In marine protected areas, it must be guaranteed that the ecological value that hasbeen included in the Natura 2000 network will not be impaired. Monitoring and research of nativeand protected bird species is carried out in protected areas, and information on their diversity andinformation is collected. The use of the sites shall be maintained at the previous levels, provided thatit does not have a negative long-term effect on natural habitats and species. The aim is not to restricteconomic activities if they are carried out in accordance with the requirements of legal acts, and newplans and projects are prepared and implemented after a proper prior assessment.4 independently protected areas:•• Baltic Sea Thalassological Reserve (140.27098985 km2);•• Baltic Sea Biosphere Reserve (319.59346414 km2);•• Sambijos Plateau Biosphere Reserve (250.41071357 km2);•• Klaipėda-Venspilis Plateau Biosphere Reserve (319.49309903 km2);andLithuania Page 133•• Marine part of the Curonian Spit National Park (Neringa Thalassological Reserve125.37671098 km2);•• Part of the Seaside Regional Park (Karklė Thalassological Reserve 30.99876466 km2).The total area of protected areas in the sea is about 1186.14 sq. Km. (or 18.5% of the total area of thecountry's territorial sea and exclusive economic zone).The protection of these areas is regulated by the Law on Protected Areas, the Law on Special LandUse Conditions, and individual regulations. Together, these listed marine protected areas are Natura2000 sites protected under the Habitats and / or Birds Directives.In order to reduce the impact of climate change on the shores of the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Spita Coastal Zone Management Program for the period 2021–2030 m. is being prepared.The project will assess the effectiveness of the Baltic Sea shore management measures and thecondition of the shore. Based on the existing coastal monitoring and newly conducted research, thecurrent condition of the Curonian Spit and the mainland part of the Baltic Sea coast is currently beingevaluated.The studies will provide recommendations on the optimal coastal management measures, taking intoaccount the compatibility of the coastal protection measures applied in other countries and theeconomic assessment of the proposed coastal management measures. Experts from foreign countrieswhose shore management measures affect the shores of Lithuania, or which may be affected by theshore management applied in Lithuania will consulted in the preparation of the program. Based onthe results of the research, a Coastal Zone Management Program for the period 2021–2030 m. willbe developed to preserve or restore the inherent characteristics of the coast and increase its resilienceto the effects of climate change.•• Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established in yourterritorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?There are certain prohibitions, such as no construction, no trawling. Individual activities areprohibited. Prohibited activities in each marine protected area are enshrined in the regulationsapproved by the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. These prohibitedactivities may include the pursuit of economic or other activities that would impair thechemical composition of the water, alter hydrodynamic processes, alter the conditions ofunderwater habitats, or otherwise significantly impair the condition of protected species orhabitats, seabed management, subsoil works or other habitat transformation. wouldsignificantly worsen their condition, hunt waterfowl, build certain types of nets, etc.•• What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?4 Important Bird Areas and 4 Habitat Important Areas have been established. A PriorityAction Program is being developed to implement measures to maintain or restore marineLithuania Page 134Natura 2000 sites to good status. Contributes to the implementation of the Baltic Sea ActionPlan. 2017 The Water Development Program for 2017–2023 has been approved, whichcontributes to the implementation of national and EU and international legislation that obligesto improve the integrated management of water bodies (marine and inland waters).The protection of seabirds.The number of seabirds in the Baltic Sea continues to decline. The current measure "Criteriafor the selection of sites of importance for the conservation of birds in the light of the latestinformation on the state of seabird populations" is no longer sufficient. Therefore, it isnecessary to supplement the selection criteria that overlap with the economic activity. And tostrengthen the use of protected areas for economic activities." It is important to ensure thegood condition in the areas, that is, both the level of nutritional resources, the level ofdisturbance (anthropogenic hazards), the risk of death in fishing gear, and so on. By-catchesof seabirds in fishing nets are one of the main factors contributing to their extinction in theBaltic Sea. In Lithuania alone, between 1,500 and 3,500 protected seabirds die every year infishing gear. In order to reduce by-catches of seabirds in fishing gear, it is necessary to ensurethat measures are taken to repel birds. Measures may be underwater, surface or fisheriesregulation. We are prepared to establish a data sharing system to collect data on the detectionof non-native species and the further spread and impact of invasive species (environment,economy, human health). A unified data management system that is accessible to allstakeholders and ensures fast and efficient data availability.Improving the pollution incident response system.The current incident response system is focused on oil spills, there is no national responsesystem for incidents of pollution by hazardous and noxious substances at sea, adequateresponse capabilities and modern pollution response equipment. National legal regulation(procedures) for aerial pollution monitoring is required in accordance with the provisions ofHELCOM Recommendation 12/8 "On periodic aerial monitoring of the Baltic Sea area",providing for periodic aerial monitoring with integrated aircraft, integrated remote sensingsensors and common data processing and transmission systems the use of EMSA CleanSeaNetsatellite monitoring data and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. pollution samplingprocedures by helicopter or drone.Improving port sediment testing and handling procedures.Review of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania in 2002 February 26order no. 77 “On the Approval of the Environmental Normative Document LAND 46A-2002“Rules for Excavation in the Waters of Sea and Seaports and Disposal of Excavated Soil ”andthe terms used therein. Update the requirements for mandatory chemical testing of soilproperties (with possible exemptions, subject to a sufficient amount of scientific informationto support the quality of the soil to be excavated, in particular for TBAs, PAHs and PCBs).To update the procedures of soil management and classification, providing for the possibilitiesLithuania Page 135of purposeful use of soil - in the restoration of beaches, agriculture, construction works (theuse of soil for these works is regulated by this and other legal acts), as well as providingadditional alternatives for soil management class IV pollution.2) Eutrophication• What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?A) Evaluate the impact of pollution from external and internal pollution in the CuronianLagoon on the water protection objectives of the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea andthe effectiveness of measures to achieve good status, quantify the basin's maximumpollution load from the basin (continental), internal pollution (bottom sediment, port) andthe levels of pollution entering the coast, taking into account the transformation ofbiogenic compounds (atmospheric nitrogen fixation, denitrification, etc.) Evaluate thedevelopment (dredging) of the port in order to set water protection objectives for goodenvironmental status. The effectiveness of measures (and their combinations) in removingpollutants from the Curonian Lagoon will be assessed;B) To install a pilot dreisen cultivation system in the Curonian Lagoon in order to evaluatethe effectiveness of eutrophication reduction and to provide recommendations for theexpediency of commercial-scale systems;C) To carry out research on the littoral macrozoobenthos community in the Curonian Lagoonand to prepare an ecological status assessment system according to the quality element ofmacrozobenthos;D) To prepare reed mowing plans on the shores of the Curonian Lagoon, to ensure theirimplementation and to assess the removal of nutrients from the Curonian Lagoon.• Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realized in your countrywhen and by which measures?In order to prepare and approve a program of measures to achieve and / or maintain the goodstate of the Baltic Sea environment in accordance with the requirements of the MarineStrategy Framework Directive 2008/56 / EC, the Ministry of Environment shall reviewmeasures to improve the state of the marine environment. In the I quarter, approved until 2022May 31. The report is scheduled to be submitted to the European Commission by this yearJune 31st. Once the legislation has been adopted and published, we will notify it to theEuropean Commission via the National Notification System for National ImplementingMeasures (Themis) and inform the European Commission in writing.• How can we speed up the work?By carefully following deadlines in the directive.Sea-dumped munitions• Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contained with ammunition?Lithuania Page 136According to the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), at least 40,000 people drowned tons ofammunition in the Baltic Sea. On our seabed lie chemical-filled artillery shells, aviationbombs, wooden and metal containers, and in the Skagerrak, - entire ships with the same cargo.The largest known chemical weapons "graves" in the Baltics are located on the island ofBornholm and in the Gotland Basin, at a depth of about 75-120 meters. True, we do not knowall the exact numbers, types of chemical munitions and their specific coordinates. The problemwas first investigated in 2003 with the research of the sunken chemical weapons area by thescientific ship "Vėjas". Bottom sediment samples were taken for arsenic testing, whichincludes chemicals such as Clark I and II, adamsite, lysite, and others. Arsenic was detected,but its concentrations were not as high as in other parts of the Baltic Sea. The study concludesthat water depth, direction and velocity of water currents, temperature, oxygen concentrationare factors that may prevent the development of harmful substances, but they need to bemonitored and further investigated.Further research took place in the framework of various international projects, in which theEnvironmental Protection Agency was also a project partner in CHEMSEA, MODUM,DAIMON projects. The projects involved scanning the seabed with modern technology,identifying and classifying more and more objects on the seabed, and detecting chemicalweapons or other munitions at sea. Samples of water, bottom sediments and marine organisms(fish, mollusks) were also taken, as well as concentrations of chemical weapons substancesand their decomposition products. Biological research is also being carried out to determinewhether a chemical weapon affects the marine ecosystem and the organisms that inhabit it. Inthe case of offshore economic activities (fishing, gas pipelines, wind farms, etc.), specificcoordinates and detailed information on chemical weapons graves are essential for the safetyof all, both at sea and for us.The results of the research carried out in Lithuanian waters showed that the chemical weaponin the Lithuanian economic zone does not pose a significant risk at present - although tracesof chemical weapon substances were detected, only at great depths and their concentrationswere low compared to other parts of the Baltic Sea. However, the problem may increase inthe future as research has shown that chemical weapons materials can accumulate in marineorganisms, including fish. The removal of a chemical weapon from the seabed should beconsidered on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the risks, the quantities of the weaponburied, the degree of corrosion of the objects, the release of materials into the environment,etc. This requires detailed information, which is what the ongoing research is aiming for, sowe must continue to monitor the sinking of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea• What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigateimpacts on the marine environment?At this moment dumped munition is laying safely underneath the layer of sludge.3) Towards zero pollutionLithuania Page 137• Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?Main developments that the country is aiming to achieve in this decade are established inNational Progress Plan for 2021–2030. The plan inter alia sets strategic goals of air pollutionmitigation. It is aimed to reduce air emissions of five main pollutants, to achieve emissionceilings set in NECD and even further decrease emissions of PM2.5 and SO2, as well toimprove air quality, that at least 30 % of cities shall comply with WHO recommended limitvalues by 2025 and at least 40 % – by 2030.The Program of the Eighteenth Government with its implementation plan declare that until2030 harmful air pollution in Lithuanian cities and towns shall be halved. To achieve suchambition Government will support municipal and public initiatives to measure and improveair quality in urban areas: establishment of low-emission zones in urban centers, switching tocleaner heating solutions, planning new industrial zones to concentrate them further awayfrom residential areas, and applying stricter pollution standards to existing industrial facilitiesin urban centers. The program also states that each year 1,000 apartment buildings shall berenovated, and cities and towns will be renewed through the new European Bauhausinitiative.To perform green transformation in energy sector the main priority shall be given to the rapidgrowth of electricity production from renewable energy sources. The goal is to achieve thatby 2025 30 % of electricity would be produced from renewables and by 2030 this share shallincrease to 50 %. Moreover, government proposes changes for agricultural regulatory andfinancial incentive framework to promote more sustainable farming and use of resources. Thepromotion of organic farming will be performed not only by incentives, but also by thechanging needs of consumers.Within the framework of Green Deal government is aiming to create all conditions for theinvolvement of society, science, and business, to propose diverse and effective ways toinvolve the society in decision-making and use society to identify and eliminateenvironmental problems.• What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?It is foreseen to implement sectorial measures according to the time frame set in the relatedlegislation.• Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be released?In 2019 adopted National Air Pollution Plan provide list of measures for achieving set goalsof air pollution reduction. Measures are directed to reduce air pollution from relevant sectors.To reduce air emissions from residential heating financial incentives are provided forhouseholds to replace old stoves with heating pumps or eco-design compliant pellet boilers,as well incentives are available for households to install solar panels or acquire them remotely.Lithuania Page 138Incentives are also provided for industry when modernizing pollution abatement equipmentof combustion plant, identifying and removing NMVOC leakages and other initiatives toreduce air pollution from various activities. Also, education campaign is undergoing throughvarious media to increase public awareness on good practice of heating. On municipal levelVilnius city adopted ban on coal and peat use from mid-2023. In 2022 review of air qualitystandards is foreseen, taking into account WHO recommended limit values and upcomingCommission proposal for Directive on Cleaner Air.There are also several incentives for renewing vehicle fleet. Subsidies are given for scrappingold vehicles and purchasing electric bicycles and scooters, low emission non-diesel vehiclesor yearly public transport tickets. Low emission mobility is also promoted by providingsubsidies for new and used electric cars. To manage national car fleet pollution, new annualtaxation mechanism for polluting cars is under consideration.• What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastics pollution is your governmentsupporting?Lithuania is continuing to support the deposit-refund system. The introduction of a deposit-refund system for single-use plastic and glass bottles and metal cans proved to be verysuccessful, achieving its 2020 objective of 90 % collection already in 2017. There are specificplans to further improve and optimize the separate collection system: by the end of 2021, it isplanned to optimize the collection points network and continue providing individualhouseholds with separate collection containers.In the 2017 Special Eurobarometer 468 on attitudes of EU citizens towards the environment,88 % of Lithuanian people said they were concerned about the effects of plastic products onthe environment (EU-28 average 87 %). 89 % said they were worried about the impact ofchemicals (EU-28 average 90 %). There is a support for circular economy initiatives andenvironmental protection action in Lithuanian society.Resolution No 1133 adopted by the Lithuanian government on 21 July 2010 stipulates thatcontracting authorities and contracting entities must ensure that at least 45% of procurementincludes environmental criteria in both 2017 and 2018 and that at least 50% includesenvironmental criteria in both 2019 and 2020. The Minister of Environment Order No D1-508 of 28 June 2011 sets minimum and comprehensive environmental criteria for 30 productssuch as paper, office supplies, products from recycled plastics, publishing and printing relatedservices, event management services and others.Drones and satellite information will be used to identify areas of concern more effectively onthe Lithuanian and Latvian coasts. After analyzing it, scientists will present their proposalsfor innovative pollution management measures.Lithuania Page 139• Has the state banned fireworks, plastic confetti and other environmentally harmfulactivities to minimize the environment footprint? If so, what environmentally harmfulactivities has the state prohibited?There are no bans on national level of such activities. Firework activities are regulated andrequirements on market and use are established to minimize health risks. For example, use offireworks prohibited from 22 P.M. until 8 A.M., except during holidays. With steady increaseof public awareness, the use of unsafe fireworks and related injuries had decreased in recentyears. Also, municipalities introducing alternative entertainment events replacing or reducinguse of fireworks. Some municipalities during New Year celebration had introduced temporalrestriction of use in particular territory.4) Economy• What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?Investment priorities focus on the most GHG emitting sectors (transport, agriculture).Priorities are given to the financing of measures for the introduction of renewable energysources, energy saving, replacement of fossil fuels with renewable sources, and less pollutingtechnologies.More information can be found in the National Energy and Climate Action Plan:https://am.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys-1/klimato-kaita/nacionalinis-energetikos-ir-klimato-srities-veiksmu-planas-2021-2030-m• What is the role of carbon capture, utilization and storage in achieving climate neutralityin the government’s strategy?The National Climate Change Strategy provides for:23. National climate change mitigation targets for 2050: 23.1. reduce GHG emissions by 100% compared to 1990; up to 20% of emissions from all sectors of the economy have moved toinnovative, low-emission technologies, environmentally friendly technologies and the use ofRES. By covering natural absorbents in the CCMT sector and by using environmentally soundcarbon capture and recovery (CCU) technologies to offset emissions in sectors where notechnological emission reductions have been identified. Lithuania focuses on environmentallysafe technologies for carbon capture and further use, as geological storage of CO2 in Lithuaniais prohibited by the Law on the Depths of Lithuania.• Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the plan forimplementation?Lithuania has joined the Carbon Abandonment Alliance:https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/membersLithuania Page 140We do not have a separate coal phase target at national level. However, in the National ClimateChange Agenda, we have set targets for the phase-out of fossil fuels in individual sectors:https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/7eb37fc0db3311eb866fe2e083228059?positionInSearchResult• What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10 years?According to the National Climate Change Strategy it is foreseen:- to find technological solutions in the implementation of pilot projects for the productionof green hydrogen that would contribute to the balancing of surplus electricity from RES;- to adapt the existing natural gas network infrastructure for the transportation of hydrogenand biogas, giving priority to gas from RES until 2024.5) Innovation• Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?Up to 20% of emissions from all sectors of the economy have moved to innovative, low-emission technologies, environmentally friendly technologies and the use of RES. Bycovering natural absorbents in the CCMT sector and by using environmentally sound carboncapture and recovery (CCU) technologies to offset emissions in sectors where notechnological emission reductions have been identified.• Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and development regardingclimate protection and biodiversity?We aim to promote biodiversity research that is relevant to public policymaking. Particularattention is paid to research into the state and changes of ecosystems and their services,habitats and species, especially protected species, the effects of climate change on these areas,the spread and management of invasive species, and research into national plant geneticresources.• What effects are expected from current support measures?Based on the results of research, national legal regulations for the conservation of biologicaldiversity are established, improved, or changed, the decision-making process is applied, andthe practice of research-based biodiversity conservation measures is applied.6) International CooperationLithuania Page 141• In which fields there concrete cooperations and joint projects with neighboringcountries in the areas of climate change and biodiversity?Partnership project “Baltic Expert Network for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Projectionsand Policies and Measures Reporting (BENGGI)” (SEED Project S91, partners - Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania). Project activities were implemented during 2016-2018. This network wasestablished in order to improve the quality of inventory and projections preparation under EUand UNFCCC. Networking would allow acquiring necessary knowledge and sharingexperience between experts.• Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned for thefuture?IFE OrgBalt “Demonstration of climate change mitigation potential of nutrients richorganic soils in Baltic States and Finland”. The project is implemented from August 1,2019, until August 31, 2023.• What effects are expected as a result?- Improve the knowledge base for the assessment, monitoring, projection andimplementation of effective climate change mitigation measures in the management ofnutrient rich organic soils;- Enhance the capacity of national and local authorities to apply the obtained knowledge inpractice in the TCM climate zone;- Contribute to the demonstration of innovative climate change mitigation technologies,systems, methods and instruments that are suitable for being replicated, transferred ormainstreamed for management of nutrient rich organic soils in TCM climate zone inEurope and beyond its borders;- Contribute to sustainable land use, agriculture and forestry by creation of tools andguidelines for implementation of climate change mitigation measures in nutrient richorganic soils, as well as socio-economic analysis of the initiated actions.• To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts tostrengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?Since 2014, the Ministry of Environment through National Climate Change Programme hasbeen financing climate related projects in developing countries. Annually we dedicate 2 mln.Euros for the installation of the solar power plant projects in developing countries. Lithuaniancompanies invest in Georgia, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and African countries, such as Mali,Nigeria. These projects we regard as promotion of eco-friendly technologies for reachingclimate goals and as an opportunity to promote Lithuanian production.7) AdaptationLithuania Page 142• Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy, orroadmap?Lithuania adopted a "Strategy for National Climate Management Policy 2013-2050" in 2012.It was an integrated strategy which covers both adaptation and mitigation and had beenreplaced by National Climate Change Management Agenda (hereinafter – Agenda). InAgenda are the goals and objectives for till 2030 and long-term directions until 2050.To implement the Strategy, in 2013 the Government approved the Action Plan on theimplementation of the goals and objectives for 2013-2020 of the Strategy. In 2019 Lithuaniaadopted National energy and climate action plan for 2021-2030 (NECP) and from 2020 theAction Plan is incorporated in the NECP. There are no sectoral adaptation plans in Lithuania.The goal of Lithuania’s policy on adaptation to climate change is to reduce the current andforeseeable vulnerability of the country’s natural ecosystems and economic sectors, tostrengthen adaptive capacity, to cost-effectively mitigate risks and damage and to maintainand increase resilience to climate change, with a view to securing a favourable environmentfor public life and sustainable economic activity so, as to ensure food production is notendangered.• If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools and measures?In implementing this goal, it will be aimed by 2030:1. to apply flood protection measures to all residents in flood-prone areas;2. the share of climate-related economic losses in a country’s GDP does not exceed 0.08 %per year;3. the proportion of dangerous, natural disasters and catastrophic meteorological eventspredicted is at least 90 % of the actual events;4. the climate change adaptation goal will be pursued through adaptation measures in climate-sensitive areas such as agriculture, energy, transport, industry, forestry, ecosystems andbiodiversity, landscape, public health, water resources and the coastal zone, urbanised areas,etc., in line with the main short-term directions by 2030;5. adaptation actions at local level: to promote regional cooperation, active involvement ofmunicipal authorities and the local community in the planning and implementation of climatechange adaptation measures;6. more systematic adaptation: coherence and synergies between climate change mitigationand adaptation measures;7. data-driven solutions: to increase knowledge and research on climate change impacts,vulnerability and adaptive capacity, promote RDI;8. open data: to collect and disseminate information on ongoing climate change, the resultingdamages and the magnitude of losses, to provide information to stakeholders and the publicand to share best practices and examples.Lithuania Page 143In Agenda targets had been set by 2030 and key long-term directions for adaptation to climatechange by 2050 also adaptation targets and objectives for 2030 in individual sectors mostvulnerable to climate change.The current and planned measures are listed in the National energy and climate plan.8) Involvement of citizens and stakeholders• Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement of socio-economic actors (e.g., industry; scientific community), foundations or citizens (civilsociety, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action and biodiversity?The National Climate Change Committee was established in 2001. It consists of experts fromacademia, government, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and has an advisoryrole. The main objective of the Committee is to advise on the development andimplementation of the national climate change management policy.The National Energy and Climate Action Plan (NECP) of Lithuania is under revision. 5Decarbonisation Working Groups are being set up for an open, effective dialogue and forupdating the NECP. Decarbonisation working groups are set up by sector: agriculture andforestry, energy, industry, transport and the waste-circular economy. Members of thesegroups discuss how Lithuania can move towards climate neutrality and make proposals foradditional measures to achieve the climate change mitigation goals by 2030. The Ministriesof Environment and Energy bring together the social partners, associations, non-governmentalorganizations and other interested members of the public in these sectors and invite them totake an active part in the Working Groups.Before Decarbonisation Working Groups Ministry of Environment had Climate SocialFridays, where the first Friday of the month was meeting with stakeholders to discuss differentclimate topics. The events were open to everyone.• Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly in opinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate change and biodiversity?There are no current initiatives to involve young generation more strongly in opinion-formingprocesses and decision-making in the areas of climate change and biodiversity.• Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?Activities of the Decarbonization Working Groups will be extended to Climate Social Fridaysto have a forum to include social partners into decision-making processes.Mecklenburg-VorpommernMecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 145Intergovernmental surveyAdopted by the BSPC WG CCB on 4 October 2021The governments of the BSPC member parliaments are kindly asked to sendstatements and answers to the following issues and questions to theirrespective parliaments until 28 February 2022:I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPC memberstates and regionsClimate changeCould you give a policy-brief report about the measures and national strategies to combatclimate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures? The report shouldpreferably be structured according to the following policy areas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy or roadmap aimedat reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbon neutrality, objectives interms of reduction and by what time – concrete measures to achieve the goals);Reply:The state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is currently drafting a Climate Protection Act. It willinclude the existing targets aimed at covering the state's entire energy demand for electricity,heat and mobility from renewable sources by 2035 and achieving net greenhouse gasneutrality by 2040. It will be broken down by sectors and interim targets and measures shouldbe set accordingly. By 2030, the state administration is to be organized in a CO2-neutral waywith the help of regular monitoring.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;Reply:Currently, there is no need for additional measures.3. Current and planned mitigation measures;Reply:To mitigate climate change, numerous climate protection measures and campaigns to reduceCO2 emissions and improve resource efficiency are being supported. The State Energy andClimate Protection Agency Mecklenburg-Vorpommern GmbH (Landesenergie- undKlimaschutzagentur Mecklenburg-Vorpommern GmbH) advises municipalities, companies andcitizens on the topics of energy efficiency, renewable energies and climate protection.4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.1Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 146Reply:The Climate Protection Act should also include the development of a strategy for adapting tothe effects of climate change and the establishment of an advisory service, especially formunicipalities.Biodiversity1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and national strategies to protectbiodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?Reply:Questions in relation to the national biodiversity strategy are to be answered by the FederalGovernment due to this area lying within federal responsibility.Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has published a state-specific biodiversity strategy as well as amid-term report on the implementation of relevant measures on the website of the StateOffice for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Geology (Landesamt für Umwelt,Naturschutz und Geologie, LUNG). This mid-term report also includes an update of themeasures to be undertaken. The mid-term report, as well as the associated fact sheets,provide more detailed information on the status of ecosystems.The publications are available online: https://lung.mv-regierung.de/insite/cms/umwelt/natur/biodiversitaet.htm.2. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats ofparticular importance for the protection of biodiversity – terrestrial as well as marine?Reply:All protected areas and protected biotopes are of particular importance for the protection ofbiodiversity. This applies both on land and in the sea. These areas are designated as priorityand reserved areas for nature conservation and landscape management in the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Development Program (Landesentwicklungsprogramm, LEG) and inregional spatial development programs, where appropriate.In addition, all areas subject to support or compensation measures in the sense of natureconservation are of particular importance.3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity is most atstake in your country at the present time.The reports should also include the following aspects:- Each country’s views on the root causes and drivers of the problem;- National targets and how they have been met so far;- Concerning the HELCOM BSAP implementation: what has helped in their implementationand/or why have some not been met, with concrete examples from each country;- Legislative measures: best practice examples on progressive legislation as well as therole of taxation and how far both helped in achieving the objectives;2Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 147- Other support measures that can help in achieving the objectives;- Has the COVID-19 pandemic had any impact whatsoever on achieving the measures?- Are there concrete figures on what impact measures to combat the pandemic had on thevolume of greenhouse gas emissions (transport, economy)?- Are prosperity and an ecologically stable and sound environmental condition for futuregenerations considered as a fundamental right in the decision-making processes?Reply:With regard to national goals and their implementation to date, the overall responsibility lieswith the Federal Government.For Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the above-mentioned mid-term report on the implementationof the state's biodiversity strategy published by LUNG Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in 2017shows where and how biodiversity in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is endangered the most. Thecauses are manifold. Structural diversity in the landscape, land sealing, use of pesticides,and input of pollutants into soils and water bodies count among the most important ones.Factors such as light pollution have an additional damaging effect on insects, for example.The preservation of biodiversity is not sufficiently seen as the responsibility of society as awhole.The COVID-19 pandemic is leading to a reduction in funding for nature conservation and, asa result, to the delay and endangerment of urgently needed measures to preservebiodiversity.II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC member statesand regions1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?Reply:Currently, there are no binding provisions to combat climate change in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. A state-specific Climate Protection Act is planned.2. Is there a climate protection law?Reply:Currently, there is no climate protection law in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?Reply:Since biodiversity protection is a cross-sectional task, it is covered in those areas of law thathave an influence on the use and natural development of land and water, on the number anddiversity of organisms and on genetic diversity. There are federal and state regulationsgoverning these areas of law, which are subject to concurrent legislation under Article 74 ofthe German Basic Law.Nature conservation law is essential for biodiversity protection. Here, the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Nature Conservation Implementation Act (NatSchAG M-V) supplements theFederal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG). Chapter 3 of NatSchAG M-V contains regulationson the protection of certain parts of nature and landscapes (Art. 20 to 36 BNatSchG), whileChapter 4 NatSchAG M-V contains regulations on the protection of wild animal and plantspecies, their habitats and biotopes (Art. 37 to 55 BNatSchG).3Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 1484. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?Reply:The state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has not enacted a separate biodiversity law. As shownin Section II.3., corresponding regulations are contained in other acts with environmentalrelevance.III. Specific areas and aspectsA. Maritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?Reply:The designation of marine protected areas can be based on different legal frameworks, suchas global international conventions, regional marine conventions, European law or nationallaw.In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, marine protected areas have been designated in accordancewith the Habitats Directive as well as the Birds Directive; these protected areas also meet therequirements of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).Two marine areas are designated as parts of national parks in accordance with the state NatureConservation Implementation Act (Naturschutzausführungsgesetz Mecklenburg-Vorpommern).2. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established in yourterritorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?Reply:Marine areas within the coastal waters of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern are protected throughthe designation of protected areas in accordance with the Habitats and Birds Directives.Furthermore, there are two national parks in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, which include marineareas in their respective protected areas.In addition, these areas have also been designated as HELCOM Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).This means that around 50% of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern's coastal waters are designated asmarine protected areas.3. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?(Well-functioning coastal ecosystems are key for combating climate change. Well-managed areas can storecarbon but destroyed ecosystems risk becoming carbon sources. Good management can include restorationof important habitats, e.g., eel grass, limitation of new constructions etc.)Reply:In order to achieve good environmental status of the seas as a goal set by the EU MarineStrategy Framework Directive, Member States have drawn up corresponding programs ofmeasures. These are currently being updated and are to be implemented accordingly byMecklenburg-Vorpommern in regard to the Baltic Sea.4Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 149For areas covered be the Habitats Directive, management plans featuring measures requiredto achieve the relevant protection goals have also been drawn up.Measures to achieve good environmental status of the Baltic Sea are also defined in the BalticSea Action Plan (BSAP) within the framework of the Helsinki Convention. These measures arealso being successfully implemented by Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, among others.In addition, the current spatial development program of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern takes intoaccount environmental protection and nature conservation issues. Thus, protected areas aredesignated as priority and reserved areas.Important marine biotopes such as seagrass meadows and other marine macrophytepopulations, reefs or sublittoral sandbanks are subject to statutory biotope protection (Art. 30BNatSchG). This means that actions that could lead to their destruction or significant or lastingimpairment are not permitted.For example, the "restoration of marine boulder and stone beds" is foreseen as a possiblecompensation measure for disturbing the integrity of the coastal sea within the framework ofthe legal treatment of interventions in the coastal sea of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (HzEmarin).B. Eutrophication(Eutrophication is a major threat to biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and has a negative impact on bothecosystem function and ecological services. Mitigating eutrophication is essential for the protection ofbiodiversity.)1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?Reply:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern implements measures to achieve the eutrophication-relatedobjectives of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive,the Water Framework Directive and other water-related directives (e.g. Nitrates Directive,Urban Wastewater Directive) within the scope of its responsibilities and possibilities. Programsof measures and management plans under the Water Framework Directive for the four riverbasin districts in which Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has a share lie at the heart of measures toreduce nutrient inputs to water bodies. They were updated in December 2021 for the thirdmanagement period (https://www.wrrl-mv.de/wrrl-dokumente/bmu/). The amendedFertilizer Ordinance is also very important in relation to combating eutrophication of waterbodies. In addition, the national program of measures under the Marine Strategy FrameworkDirective for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea contains various complementary measures toreduce nutrient inputs via the atmosphere and through sea-based activities(https://www.meeresschutz.info/berichte-art13.html). The 2016 program of measures iscurrently being updated for the second management period (2022-2027).2. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realised in your countryby when and by which measures?Reply:Actions and measures contained in the Baltic Sea Action Plan show considerable overlaps withboth WFD and MSFD measures. The implementation of WFD and MSFD measures by 2027should help reaching the targets of the eutrophication segment of the Baltic Sea Action Plan.Thus the Baltic Sea Action Plan (target year 2030) would also be fulfilled.3. How can we speed up the work?Reply:Implementation can be accelerated through an increased utilization of funds.5Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 150C. Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated with ammunition?Reply:The coastal waters of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern include areas contaminated with munitions.The state maintains an ammunition cadastre. All available information on the explosiveordnance situation in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is centrally managed and evaluated by theMunitions Salvage Service of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MunitionsbergungsdienstMecklenburg-Vorpommern) through the ammunition cadastre. Areas contaminated withexplosive ordnance are divided into categories based on the Federal Government's guidelineson explosive ordnance clearance: https://www.bfr-kmr.de/kapitel_5.2.html.At the beginning of 2020, more than 800 areas were listed in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern’sammunition cadastre.Even though on land several thousand hectares have already been cleared of munitions inrecent decades, the following areas are still contaminated:Category 1: 44 areas approx. 1,000 ha;Category 2: 278 areas approx. 7,000 ha;Category 3: 297 areas approx. 45,000 ha;Category 4: 165 areas approx. 37,000 ha;Total: 784 areas with approx. 90,000 ha.Recent research on shooting ranges off the state’s Baltic Sea coast has identified around 75shooting ranges dating from 1871 to the present day, which – partly overlapping and changingmultiple times over the decades – cover a total area of approx. 15,000 km2.Around 8,800 km2 (880,000 ha) lie within the 12 nautical mile zone off Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. These areas are listed in category 3 in the state's ammunition cadastre.(As of February 2020)2. What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigateimpacts on the marine environment?Reply:It is planned to develop such a strategy under the leadership of the Federal Government withthe involvement of German coastal states.The joint Federal/State Working Group North Sea and Baltic Sea (Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Nord- und Ostsee, BLANO) has updated its overall assessment titled"Munitions Contamination of German Marine Waters" upon request of the Conference ofEnvironment Ministers. The assessment points toward an increased hazard potential for themarine environment. The BLANO Expert Group on Munitions in the Marine Environment (EKMiM) is currently updating its report titled "Munitions Contamination of German Marine Waters- Inventory and Recommendations" from 2011. On behalf of the Conference of EnvironmentalMinisters, the German coastal states are currently preparing a "screening" for ordnance-typicalpollutants inside and outside areas contaminated by munitions in German coastal waters.6Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 151D. Towards zero pollution(Pollution harms our health and our environment. It is the largest environmental cause of multiple mentaland physical diseases and of premature deaths, especially among children, people with certain medicalconditions and the elderly. In addition to affecting people’s health, pollution is one of the main reasons forthe loss of biodiversity. It reduces the ability of ecosystems to provide services such as carbon sequestrationand decontamination. Therefore, these questions are being asked.)1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be realised?Reply:There is no information on pursuing a zero-pollution action plan for air, water, and earth.4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your governmentsupporting?Reply:Problem awareness and the willingness of consumers, industry and the public sector to takeconscious action is a prerequisite for decreasing the use of plastics and thus generating lessplastic waste. Therefore, comprehensively educating relevant stakeholders and providingthem with guidance for action is seen as a special task. In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,comprehensive activities and initiatives are already being carried out by municipalities, whilemeasures on the topic of "plastic waste" are being supported by the state.In 2018, the supreme waste management authority signed a cooperation agreement with thenon-profit association "Die Multivision e. V." for jointly implementing the REdUSE project, inorder to, among other things, raise awareness about the necessity and possibilities of wasteavoidance.The non-profit association "Die Multivision e. V." aims, among other things, at raising interestfor sustainable resource and circular economy among young people and providing them witha deeper understanding of the overall context as well as showing practical possibilities foraction and solutions.The cooperation initiative aims at raising awareness about waste avoidance and resourceprotection, especially among children and young people from economically weak regions inMecklenburg-Vorpommern, and to jointly developing ways to reduce waste in their specificenvironment. To this end, the association selected schools from local centres and small townsaccording to the criteria drawn by the Ministry of Economics and now enables its students toparticipate in the project free of charge. Following a thematic preparation, a total of threeevents tailored for different age group took place at ten locations in Mecklenburg-Vorpommernfrom January to March 2019.In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, such cities as Greifswald, Stralsund, Rostock and our statecapital Schwerin have set the goal of reducing waste from disposable coffee cups. Theseinitiatives, jointly conducted by city councils and local coffee providers, can bring about a7Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 152reduction in food packaging within the service packaging segment. These collaborativemeasures of local administrations and businesses for waste avoidance are very effective.Further examples of measures implemented by local administrations and businesses inMecklenburg-Vorpommern:• Doing more with less for the sea (Weniger fürs Meer)Responsible organisations: Rügen Tourism Association, Rügen Tourism Center,Southeast Rügen Biosphere Reserve and the Hanseatic City of StralsundProject aiming at the avoidance of single-use plastics and stronger environmentalawareness on Rügen and in Stralsundo 1,500 reusable drinking bottleso 10,000 beach ashtrays distributed in 2019o deposit system with 25,000 reusable cups from 40 partnerso weekly garbage collections in the main season in Baabeo student company "Share & Repair" working on the issue of upcycling and reusablepackaging at the CJD Christophorus School Rügenwww.wenigerfuersmeer.de• Disposable plastic bans by statuteResponsible authority: City of Parchimo from 2019o using reusable plastics or biodegradable tableware from alternative resources for foodand beverages distribution ("Martinimarktsatzung")Responsible authority: Hanseatic City of Rostocko in public facilities, on traffic areas of the city as well as on municipal markets, foodand beverages are to be served in reusable or compostable containers. If wastewaterdischarge is not possible, recyclable disposable packaging is also permitted (wastestatute).• Fireworks-free beachesResponsible organisations: Kaiserbäder Ahlbeck, Heringsdorf and Bansin on the islandof Usedomo fireworks-free beach sections since 2018o additional trash bins on the beacho per kilogram of trash, donation of 50 cents to the NABU project "Seas without plastic".• Baltic Sea Ashtray (Ostsee-Ascher)8Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 153Responsible organisations: Coastal Union Germany EUCC-D with Rostock &Warnemünde Tourist Officeo since 2016o collection boxes for cigarette butts in 10 highly frequented beach sections inWarnemünde and Hohe Düneo combination of opinion poll, information boards and distribution of ashtrayswww.eucc-d.de/ostsee-ascher.html• No plastic for the fish (Keine Plastik bei die Fische)Responsible organisations: Environmental Agency and Tourism Center Rostock &Warnemündeo since 2017/2018o campaign carried out by the city administration including various projects for coastaland environmental protectiono Großmarkt Rostock GmbH's own reusable system for beverages at all of its eventso voluntary transition to biodegradable tableware made of corn starch, palm leaves,sugar cane, wood or cardboard at 14 out of 21 beach catering establishments inWarnemünde, disposal via special waste binshttps://www.rostock.de/aktiv/strand-meer/umweltmanagement-am-strand.html• Introduction of a reusable cup deposit systemResponsible authority: Hanseatic City of Greifswaldo accelerated introduction of a deposit cup system through the assumption of systemcharges during a one-year test phase• Refilling instead of throwing awayResponsible authority: Hanseatic City of Rostocko avoidance of disposable cupso raising public awarenesso school canteens, the Rostock streetcar company and the Rostock sailing club RSC 92equipped with reusable cups• Non-smoking beachesResponsible organisation: Ostseebad Göhreno since 2009• Beach trash cansResponsible organisations: Kaiserbäder Ahlbeck, Heringsdorf and Bansin on Usedom9Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 154o waste bins in the form of giant fish cans (in a humorous way, guests are encouragedto dispose of garbage in these bins)• #WIRFUERBIOResponsible organisations: waste management companies from northern Germany –including the Hanseatic City of Rostock and Stadtentsorgung Rostocko since 2018o information and education campaign to banish foreign materials, especially plastic(plastic bags), from organic waste binshttps://www.wirfuerbio.de/• Plastic-free city of RostockResponsible authority: association of Rostock companies committed to activelyreducing single-use plastics in businesseshttps://plastikfreiestadt.org/initiative/Projects on marine litter funded by Mecklenburg-VorpommernProgram for the "Promotion of measures for environmental education and raisingenvironmental awareness and projects relating to environmental protection"https://www.lung.mv-regierung.de/insite/cms/umwelt/nachhaltige_entw/lls_umweltbildung.htm• Deutsches Jugendherbergswerk LV M-V e. V. Rostock - "Plastic diet – raising awarenessand developing initial measures to avoid (marine) litter in youth hostels inMecklenburg-Vorpommern" (2017-2019)(https://www.eucc-d.de/aktuelle-projekte/articles/Plastik-Di%C3%A4t.html,http://umweltbildung.mvnet.de/foerderprojekt/67)• NABU Rügen e. V. - "Nature Trail Prora" (2017-2019)(https://www.jugendherbergen-mv.de/presse/neuer-nabu-naturlehrpfad-fuer-prora/,http://umweltbildung.mvnet.de/foerderprojekt/31) incl. an information board onmarine litter• Caritas Mecklenburg e. V. - "Film project: More brains in the head – less waste in thebin" (2018)(see page 26: https://www.amt-wittenburg.de/export/sites/amt-wittenburg/.galle-ries/Amtsblatt-2018/Ausgabe-04-14.04.2018.pdf,http://umweltbildung.mvnet.de/foerderprojekt/70)• Kunst- und Kulturverein "Quelle" e.V. - "Art project on waste prevention" (2017)(https://www.svz.de/lokales/parchimer-zeitung/hier-sprudeln-viele-kreative-ideen-id16982881.html)10Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 155• Schulverein der Regionalen Schule Altenkirchen e. V. - "Signposts promoting wasteavoidance at the coastal outcrops of the Wittow peninsula" (2017)(http://umweltbildung.mvnet.de/foerderprojekt/40)• NABU RV MM e. V. Rostock - "Fascinating Baltic Sea – no sea like any other" (2016-2017) incl. the sub-topic: microplastics and pollution in the Baltic Sea(http://umweltbildung.mvnet.de/foerderprojekt/20)• EUCC - Die Küsten Union Deutschland e. V. - "Interactive online information platformon marine litter on the Baltic Sea coast" (2016-2017)(www.meeresmuell.de, http://umweltbildung.mvnet.de/foerderprojekt/14)This list provides just a few examples of projects supported by the state and is not exhaustive.5. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and other environmentallyharmful activities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so, what environmentallyharmful activities has the state prohibited?Reply:In order to reduce plastic waste, the following legislative procedures have been carried out bythe federal legislator, in particular:- the amendment of the Closed Substance Cycle Waste Management Act 2020,- the amendment of the Packaging Act 2020 by including a ban on putting lightweightplastic carrier bags on the market,- the enactment of an ordinance banning the marketing of certain single-use plasticsproducts and products made of oxo-degradable plastics in 2021,- the enactment of a Single-Use Plastics Labelling Ordinance 2021.No bans on the above-mentioned products have been introduced so far.E. Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?Reply:Programs submitted for the current funding period of the European Regional DevelopmentFund focus on improving energy efficiency and establishing local smart energy systems andgrids.In the energy sector, the further expansion of renewable energies and the establishment ofpower-to-X technologies are the declared goals of the State Government. The expansion ofsolar and wind energy on land is to be significantly accelerated, as is the expansion of offshorewind energy and floating photovoltaic systems. The expansion of wind energy will play a keyrole in this regard (Point 97 of the 2021–2026 Coalition Agreement).11Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 156Green industrial zones are to be designated and new ones, in which the energy supply followssustainable criteria, are to be created (Point 94 of the 2021–2026 Coalition Agreement).2. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage in achieving climateneutrality in the government’s strategy?Reply:Carbon capture possesses particular importance in various power-to-X technologies, in whichdifferent gaseous and liquid energy carriers are generated, used, and stored from renewablyproduced hydrogen and carbon.3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the plan forimplementation?Reply:The German Federal Government has agreed on a coal phase-out by 2038. By signung theCoalition Agreement of the Federal Government, the coalition partners have agreed to "ideally"complete the coal phase-out by 2030. In view of the current situation in connection with thecrisis in Ukraine, the current and future security of energy supply in Germany and Europe isbeing reassessed.4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10 years?Reply:In Germany, the National Hydrogen Strategy provides the framework for the production,transport, use and further use of hydrogen and thus for corresponding innovations andinvestments.In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, one of the aims will be to build up the highest possibleproduction capacities for green hydrogen. Among other things, ports are to be supported intheir development into industrial locations for the use and production of hydrogen fromrenewable energies. In this regard, a contribution is to be demanded from the FederalGovernment and the EU (Point 95 of the 2021–2026 Coalition Agreement).Improvements in the legal framework conditions, which the coalition partners have set as theirgoal at the federal level, are a prerequisite in this regard.F. Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?Reply:The former Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern hadfunded the project "Wetscapes (Material conversion processes at peatland and coastal sites12Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 157as a basis for land use, climate impact and water protection)" with approx. 5 million eurosfrom the European Social Fund as part of the state's research excellence program. The projectincluded research on the sustainable and gentle cultivation of degraded and rewetted peatlandsites and ran from 1 January 2017 to 31 March 2021.A separate program, which exclusively supports innovations in the sphere of climate andbiodiversity protection, does not exist within the area of responsibility of the Ministry ofEconomics, Infrastructure, Tourism and Labour Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The promotion ofresearch and development (R&D promotion) plays a central role in the advancement ofinnovations in general. Support for projects in the area of research, development andinnovation is addressed in the corresponding state guidelines. In the funding period 2021–2027, R&D funding will focus on renewable energy and hydrogen technologies.2. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and development regardingclimate protection and biodiversity?Reply:The aforementioned "Wetscapes" project brought together various disciplines at theuniversities of Rostock and Greifswald as well as other partners from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It bundled internationally significant expertise in the area of peatland researchin Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The project looked into peat, plant and water systems thatmake up the peatland ecosystem and their interaction with the (microbially controlled)nutrient cycles. Furthermore, it looked into the gas exchange with the atmosphere.In the area of renewable energy and hydrogen technology, the topics of hydrogen productionfrom renewable energies and the development of a hydrogen infrastructure for efficientstorage and handling are being addressed. Moreover, this area deals with the expansion ofrenewable energies as well as the creation of robust grid connections and the development ofcomponents for feeding volatile energy sources into the power grid. The topics of power-to-X,alternative fuels and the development of emission-free, energy-efficient drive technologiesand systems as well as the integration of biomass into the energy system also count amongthe focal points.3. What effects are expected from current support measures?Reply:Within the framework of the "Wetscapes" project, it was possible to prove that thepreservation or rewetting of peatlands in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has a considerableinfluence on their climate balance. This applies not only to the emission of CO2, but alsomethane and climate-damaging nitrogen compounds (so-called nitrous oxide). The rewettingof peatlands thus constitutes one of the main priorities of future-oriented climate (protection)policy in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.13Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 158Additionally, support measures aim at ensuring security of supply and freedom from emissionsas well as decarbonisation of industrial processes with a view to economic conditions. Thestate should be able to use the generated electricity locally in order to secure high-quality jobsin the state as well as to create new future-oriented jobs.The Federal Government is responsible for the development of federal programs and fornational research projects. Federal programs for biodiversity and mitigating greenhouse gasesin the landscape, e.g., through peatland restoration, should be further expanded.G. International cooperation1. In which fields are there concrete cooperations and joint projects with neighbouringcountries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?Reply:International cooperation primarily takes place at the federal level. Therefore, reference ismade to the Federal Government's overall responsibility.2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned for thefuture?Reply:International cooperation primarily takes place at the federal level. Therefore, reference ismade to the Federal Government's overall responsibility.3. What effects are expected as a result?Reply:International cooperation primarily takes place at the federal level. Therefore, reference ismade to the Federal Government's overall responsibility.4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts tostrengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?Reply:International cooperation primarily takes place at the federal level. Therefore, reference ismade to the Federal Government's overall responsibility.H. Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy orroadmap?Reply:Adaptation strategy in general14Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 159Currently, the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern does not have an overall strategy foradapting to the consequences of climate change. Its development is to become part of thefuture Climate Protection Act.Water strategyIn the Coalition Agreement for the 2021–2026 legislative period of the State ParliamentMecklenburg-Vorpommern, the coalition partners have stipulated: "Municipalities, companies,private individuals and the State must better prepare for heavy rainfall events, floods, stormsurges, heat waves and droughts. We will develop a comprehensive water strategy forMecklenburg-Vorpommern and amend the State Water Act" (Point 219). The Ministry forClimate Protection, Agriculture, Rural Areas and the Environment is currently preparing a draftof the water strategy.Coastal protectionIn recent centuries, sea levels have been rising at a comparatively constant rate. To takerising sea levels into account, a so-called "climate surcharge" of 0.50 m for a period of 100years has so far been taken into account in the planning of coastal protection facilities. Morespecifically, this means that the height of a newly planned dike with a service life ofapproximately 100 years, for example, is planned 0.50 m higher than the specified designvalue.Climate change and associated global warming are accelerating sea level rise. To adapt to thisacceleration, the five northern German coastal states have adopted a so-called "precautionarymeasure" of 1.0 m based on the IPCC report (SROCC 2019). This precautionary measure alsoconsiders sea level rise over a 100-year period (related to the year 2000 or the current reviewperiod). In the opinion of the coastal states and LAWA, the findings of the current IPCC report(AR6) confirm that the selected precautionary measure of 1.0 m continues to represent aplausible basis for precautionary planning in the area of coastal protection.In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the overarching coastal protection strategy was (and is being)revised based on these findings. In all new planning, the above-mentioned precautionarymeasure is taken into account in accordance with the service life of the planned structures. Inaddition, construction reserves for subsequent adaptations are provided and/or areaprecautions are taken, if possible. The above-mentioned strategies should also be consideredin local coastal protection concepts (at the municipal level, incorporation into B-plans, etc.).In addition, the coastal protection strategy will undergo a wholesale revision by 2024 on thebasis of ongoing scientific research on the local effects of rising sea levels.In addition, climate change effects are taken into account in flood risk management planning,i.e. in the implementation of the EU Floods Directive. Moreover, hazard and risk maps arereviewed and adapted every six years and on-demand (FGG-Oder, Warnow-Peene, Schlei-Trave).2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools and measures?Reply:Water StrategyThe key points for the water strategy currently being prepared are as follows:15Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 160- protection against coastal storm surges,- adaptation to rising sea levels- adaptation to the decline of cliffs,- protection against flooding along watercourses,- adapting settlements and infrastructure to climate extremes,- regeneration of the water balance, renaturation of water bodies,- protection and sustainable use of water bodies,- reorientation of agriculture,- adapting the legal framework,- devising funding instruments,- improving the knowledge base,- training the next generation,- launching a dialog and communication process.Coastal protectionThe goal is to ensure that technical flood protection remains effective in the future and isimplemented in all new construction projects in the form of technical measures (e.g., buildingelevation) or area preservation, and to improve flood risk management. Respective measuresinclude adapting the coastal protection strategy, local coastal protection concepts andultimately land use planning in municipalities.It has also been determined for the Elbe River area that the flood discharge statistics will bereviewed every 6 years if the flood risk of at least HQ50 occurs at a gauging station. By 2023,heavy rainfall risk maps are to be drawn up for the entire area of Mecklenburg-Vorpommernin cooperation with the Federal Government.I. Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement of socio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations or citizens (civilsociety, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action and biodiversity (e.g., viadiscussion fora or consultative bodies?)Reply:In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, environmental associations (e.g. NABU, WWF) and foundations(e.g. the Baltic Sea Foundation or the Foundation for Environment and Nature Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) represent important partners in the implementation of large-scale natureconservation projects and in the field of environmental education. Various public events wereheld in preparation of the biodiversity strategy Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.In the context of the development of the new Climate Protection Act, a broad involvement ofthe expert community as well as the general public is planned.2. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly inopinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate change andbiodiversity?Reply:16Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Page 161For Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, initiatives in the area of "Education for SustainableDevelopment" should be mentioned here. Several initiatives are listed online:https://www.regierung-mv.de/Landesregierung/lm/Umwelt/Nachhaltige-Entwicklung/.3. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?Reply:In the future, the work of the Council for Environment and Sustainability Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Rat für Umwelt und Nachhaltigkeit Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, RUN) will besupported and promoted.Due to the tight financial situation in the environmental sector, it is unclear to what extentongoing initiatives in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern can be maintained. There is a lack of financialand human resources to strengthen them. Therefore initiatives heavily depend on voluntarywork.17NorwayNorway Page 1634 October 2021BSPC Working Group onClimate Change and Biodiversity (CCB)Intergovernmental surveyAdopted by the BSPC WG CCB on 4 October 2021The governments of the BSPC member parliaments are kindly asked tosend statements and answers to the following issues and questions totheir respective parliaments until 28 February 2022:I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPCmember states and regionsClimate change1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy or roadmapaimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbon neutrality,objectives in terms of reduction and by what time – concrete measures to achievethe goals);Norway’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement hasbeen set at reducing emissions by at least 50 and up to 55 percent by 2030 comparedto 1990-levels. Furthermore, Norway has set as its long-term climate target to becomea low emission society in 2050, which is equivalent to reducing emissions by 90 – 95percent compared to 1990-levels. Both the NDC and the long-term climate target havebeen established by law in the Norwegian Climate Change Act sections 3 and 4,respectively.Through the European Economic Area Agreement the EU Emissions Trading Directive(EU ETS) and other EU climate change legislation (Effort Sharing Regulation andRegulation on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use,land use change and forestry (LULUCF)) also apply to Norway, the latter for the period1Norway Page 1642021–2030. Norway has been an integral part of the EU ETS since 2008. The ETS setsa European cap on emissions from industry, power production, petroleum productionand aviation.In addition to Norway’s international commitment under the Paris Agreement, theGovernment has established a national target for transition of the economy, aiming toreduce domestic emissions by 55 per cent by 2030 as a step towards transformingNorway into a low emission society.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;TransportIn 2021, emissions of greenhouse gases in the transport sector were 16.2 million tonnesof CO2 equivalents. Emissions from the transport sector account for about a third of thetotal greenhouse gas emissions in Norway. In recent years, more vehicles and vessels withlow or no emissions are being phased in. There is also more climate-friendly fuel in fossilvehicles and vessels which are put into use. Another important element in reducingemissions is in coordinated area and transport planning, which facilitates a reduced needfor transport and a transition to more environmentally friendly transport. The policyapparatus includes measures impacting prices as well as financial support. As technologiesmature, the possibility of setting regulatory requirements is assessed.AgricultureIn 2021 (preliminary numbers), emissions from the agricultural sector totalled 4.6 milliontonnes of CO2 equivalents. This corresponds to about 9.3 per cent of Norway’s totalgreenhouse gas emissions. The Government and the agricultural organisations have signeda letter of intent to enhance removals and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in thesector by a total of 5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents in the ten-year period 2021–2030.The letter of intent applies to all mitigation measures for agricultural activities whoseeffects can be accounted for in the sectors agriculture, transport, heating of buildings andLULUCF (with the exception of forestry) in Norway’s official greenhouse gas inventory. Theletter of intent forms the basis for climate-related work in this sector.Norwegian agricultural policy is developed on the basis of cooperation between the centralgovernment and the agricultural industry to achieve politically determined objectives.Assessments of the measures and instruments in climate-related work in the sector formpart of the negotiations of the annual agricultural agreements. The main measure isfinancial support to farmers for improving production systems and resource use, such asimprovements in fertiliser application and storage and increased use of manure for biogasproduction.Industry and energy supplyGreenhouse gas emissions from industry and mining were 11.8 million tonnes of CO2equivalents in 2021. The vast majority of this originates from around 50 point sources inindustry, and they are mainly subject to the EU Emissions Trading System. The Norwegiangovernment will ensure that the polluter pays by increasing taxes on non-quota emissions.In addition, the government supports innovation and technology development throughoutthe value chain, from research to market introduction of new technologies and solutions,and works to promote green industry. Through ‘The green industrial initiative’ the2Norway Page 165government will facilitate the development and use of low- and zero-emission technologyto increase the speed of green transition in the industry sector.PetroleumIn 2021 emissions of greenhouse gases from petroleum activities were 12.2 million tonnesof CO2 equivalents. These emissions make up about a quarter of total Norwegiangreenhouse gas emissions. The main mitigation measures are mandatory emission quotasand CO2 taxation. Because of these measures the cost of greenhouse gas emissions in thepetroleum sector is much higher than in most other sectors.Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)The LULUCF sector is covered by Norway’s climate agreement with the EU. Under thisagreement, Norway has an obligation to ensure that emissions from the LULUCF sector donot exceed removals over the period 2021–2030, calculated on the basis of the accountingrules of the EU’s LULUCF regulation. (Often referred to as the ‘no debit’ rule). Theprojections indicate that Norway is likely to have total annual net emissions (i.e. a gap tothe ‘no debit’ rule) of approximately 6.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents from forestsand other land use in the period 2021–2025. The largest emission drivers are deforestationand managed forest lands. The projections are very uncertain and may change.The main measure to increase CO2 removals is financial support to encourage forestactivities that enhance removals, such as higher planting densities, forest tree breedingand fertilisation. The main measures to reduce emissions are national guidelines on spacialplanning. Spatial planning processes should be used to promote the development ofcompact towns and urban areas and reduce emissions from land-use change. The potentialfor densification, transformation and re-use of areas and buildings should be used beforenew areas are developed.3. Current and planned mitigation measures;Norway has a broad variety of domestic greenhouse gas mitigation measures. Referenceis made to the general overview of mitigation actions and their effects in Norway’sreporting under the UNFCCC, especially section 4.1 in the Fourth Biennial Report.Further information on mitigation measures is provided above under ‘Critical sectors wherethe need for additional measures is imminent’.4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.See answer provided under “H Adaptation”.Biodiversity1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and national strategies toprotect biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?The white paper “Nature for life – Norway’s national biodiversity action plan” from 2015describes the policy for safeguarding biodiversity in Norway. The policy is designed tocontribute to achieving biodiversity targets at both national and international levels.The white paper describes biodiversity-related challenges and threats and policy3Norway Page 166instruments to deal with them. The government will take steps to ensure sustainableuse of Norwegian nature and prevent the loss of species and ecosystems. It will alsowork continuously to secure the conservation of a representative selection of Norwegiannature. The government will ensure that the instruments and measures used areeffective and clearly targeted. The action plan defines paths for achieving three nationaltargets for safeguarding the Norwegian biodiversity:(1) Norwegian ecosystems will achieve good status and deliver ecosystem services.(2) No species or habitat types will become extinct or be lost, and the status ofthreatened and near-threatened species and habitat types will be improved.(3) A representative selection of Norwegian nature will be maintained for futuregenerations.The three targets are set at a national level, but all levels of government have to takeinto account national biodiversity targets 1 and 2.Norway aims to develop comprehensive management systems for all ecosystem types.This is already in place for the following ecosystems: marine, fresh water and wetland.The government will continue with terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, the Ministry ofClimate and Environment has started working on the development of ecosystemaccounting. The government has also appointed a commission to look into naturerelated risks and how these affect different industries and sectors.2. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats ofparticular importance for the protection of biodiversity – terrestrial as well asmarine?Regarding terrestrial biodiversity, the largest amount of threatened species and naturetypes exists in the southern part of the country, especially in the lowlands and alongthe coast. Forests and semi-natural areas like hay meadows, coasts and wetlands areespecially important for threatened species. There are ongoing processes to protectmore of the areas where these threatened species live, as they are also under-represented in the current network of protected areas. The Norwegian network ofprotected areas cover 17.6 percent of the mainland. Mountain areas dominate in theprotected areas, with 34 percent in 2020, while 5.2 percent of forests, 12 percent ofopen lowlands, 16 percent of wetlands, 14 percent of freshwater areas and 3.5 percentof oceans are protected.The King in Council can make regulations designating specific habitat types as selected.Status as a selected habitat type entails that one should take special account of areasof selected habitat types so as to avoid reduction of the range of habitat type ordeterioration of the ecological status of these areas. Eight such selected habitat typeshave been established in accordance with chapter VI in the Nature Diversity Act:species-rich hay meadow, species-rich hay marsh, hollow oak, calcareous lime forests,calcareous lake, coastal heathland, dry calcareous grassland in boreonemoral zone andolivine forest. The Ministry of Climate and Environment has just organised consultationson a proposal to establish two new selected habitat types: coral reef seabed and raisedbog, and the ministry will now consider the comments.3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity is most atstake in your country at the present time.4Norway Page 167In the Norwegian red list for ecosystems and habitat types from 20181, 48 percent of the258 assessed ecosystems types are red listed. There are threatened habitat types in allecosystems, but most of them are in the ecosystems cultural landscapes and forest. Mostthreatened species are associated with forests, cultural landscapes and mountains, and toa lesser extent with wetlands and marine and coastal waters. Land use and land use changeis the most important threat to species and habitats. The Norwegian red list for speciesfrom 20212 shows that approxiamately 90 percent of the species on the list are threatenedbecause their habitats disappear or are changed.II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC member statesand regions1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?2. Is there a climate protection law?Questions 1 and 2 are answered together.In June 2017 the Norwegian Parliament adopted the Climate Change Act, which establishesby law Norway’s emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050. The purpose of the act isto promote the long-term transformation of Norway in a climate-friendly direction. The actwill have an overarching function in addition to existing environmental legislation. TheClimate Change Act introduces a system of five-year reviews of Norway’s climate targets,following the same principle as the Paris Agreement. In addition, the act introduces anannual reporting mechanism. The government shall each year submit to Parliamentupdated information on status and progress in achieving the climate targets under the law,and how Norway prepares for and adapts to climate change. Information on the expectedeffects of the proposed budget on greenhouse gas emissions and projections of emissionsand removals are also compulsory elements of the annual reporting mechanism.Norway also takes part in a climate agreement with the EU and Iceland. The NorwegianParliament gave its consent to the agreement in 2019, and the EEA Joint CommitteeDecision was adopted in October 2019. The main regulations comprising EU’s climatelegislation from 2021-2030 are implemented in the EEA Agreement (Annex XX and Protocol31).The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) and the EFTA Court are responsible for monitoringand enforcing compliance. They do this through reviews of emission inventories and otherreports Norway is required to prepare. If Norway does not meet its obligations, ESA canbring a case before the EFTA Court, which may find Norway to be in breach of the EEAAgreement. Applicable EU-legislation also provides for sanctions that may be applied toensure that countries, including Norway, meet their emission commitments.3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?4. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?Questions 3 and 4 are answered together.The main legislation on biodiversity in Norway is the Nature Diversity Act. The purpose ofthe act is to protect biological, geological and landscape diversity and ecological processesthrough conservation and sustainable use, and in such a way that the environmentprovides a basis for human activity, culture, health and well-being, now and in the future,including a basis for Sami culture. The act applies to Norwegian land territory, includingriver systems, and to Norwegian territorial waters.1 Norsk rødliste for naturtyper (artsdatabanken.no)2 Rødlista 2021 - Artsdatabanken5Norway Page 168Relevant provisions relating to biodiversity are however found in various parts of theNorwegian legal system. Reference is made to e.g., the Planning and Building Act and theregulations on impact assessments. Reference is further made to sector specific legislationlike the Forestry Act, the Land Act, the Wildlife Act, the Act relating to Salmonids andFresh-Water Fish etc. and the Water Resources Act and the water regulations.III. Specific areas and aspectsA. Maritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?“Marine protected areas” may be established in territorial waters pursuant to the NatureDiversity Act. Likewise, marine areas may also form part of e.g. national parks and naturereserves established in accordance with the Nature Diversity Act. In June 2022, thegovernment announced that it will develop a new law covering the Exclusive EconomicZone and other maritime zones under Norwegian jurisdiction, facilitating theestablishment of marine protected areas in all waters under Norwegian jurisdiction outsidethe territorial waters. Additionally, Norway makes use of other area-based conservationmeasures, importantly pursuant to the Marine Resources Act. A number of coral reefs arethus protected against fisheries practices that may harm the corals (e.g. bottom trawling).2. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established in yourterritorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?Marine protected areas established pursuant to the Nature Diversity Act, as a startingpoint, should be protected against all activities that may harm the conservation valuesand objectives identified. Within this framework, coastal fisheries, as well as e.g.recreational activities and transport/shipping, would normally be permitted, as theseactivities would not be considered harmful to the conservation values. Consequently, largescale areas where no activities are permitted are not in place, nor currently in the pipeline.3. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?An integrated approach to ocean management is at the core of Norwegian marine policies.This is also a key pillar in the work and recommendations of the High Level Panel for aSustainable Ocean Economy (Ocean Panel), which is co-chaired by the Norwegian PrimeMinister. Norway has developed, and regularly updates integrated management plans forall Norwegian sea areas. The purpose of the management plans is to facilitate valuecreation while also maintaining natural diversity. Further information about themanagement plans can be found at:https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/climate-and-environment/biodiversity/innsiktsartikler-naturmangfold/forvaltningsplaner-for-havomrada/id2076485/An integrated plan for the conservation of areas of special importance for marinebiodiversity was launched in 2021. Currently, conservation processes have been finalisedfor 18 out of 36 areas that since 2004 have been identified as candidates for marineprotection. Further, most of the remaining areas are in the pipeline for protection, withconservation processes ongoing. The plan also includes new initiatives for restoration of6Norway Page 169marine areas, starting with a pilot project in the Skagerrak–Oslofjord area. An Englishversion of the plan is available at:https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/meld.-st.-29-20202021/id2843433/Due to a particularly high pressure on the ecosystems in and near the Oslofjord, a crosssectoral action plan was launched in March 2021. The plan presents 63 measures. Thegoals include that the fjord will achieve good environmental condition, important values ofnature will be restored and biological diversity in the fjord will be maintained.B. Eutrophication1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?2. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realised in yourcountry by when and by which measures?3. How can we speed up the work?Questions 1-3 are answered together.Discharge of nutrients and organic materials is one of the main influences on Norwegianwater courses and coastal waters. The main sources of nutrients to coastal waters areagricultural runoff and discharge of wastewater.Norway regulates the discharge of nutrients through requirements in acts and regulations.The Pollution Control Act and the Pollution Regulations set requirements regarding thetreatment and discharge of wastewater. The Regulations related to Organic Fertilisers setrequirements regarding the use and storage of fertiliser. The Regulations related to OrganicFertiliser are under revision. These are important instruments for achieving the goals setout in the Water Management Plans under the EU Water Framework Directive.The River Basin Management Plans are currently being reviewed and updated for 2022-2027. The River Basin Management Plans set out measures to reduce the nutrientdischarge from different sources in order to achieve good ecological status. The Ministry ofClimate and Environment has set national guidelines for the work of updating the plans.The guidelines emphasise that increased efforts are required in order to achieve goodecological status. Regarding wastewater, the guidelines state that all municipal wastewatertreatment plants shall comply with the treatment requirements set out in the PollutionRegulations in order to achieve good ecological status in 2027, and at the latest in 2033.This will require upgrades of the infrastructure and wastewater treatment plants in manymunicipalities. Regarding agriculture, the guidelines state that the County Governors andmunicipalities shall set stricter requirements regarding environmental measures where thisis necessary to achieve the goal of good ecological status. The County Governor can alsoset requirements regarding e.g. buffer zones and routines for soil tillage.Norway is also increasing efforts to protect the Oslofjord, which is severely affected byeutrophication. The two main sources are discharge from wastewater and agriculturalrunoff. As previously mentioned, a cross sectoral action plan for the Oslo fjord waslaunched in 2021. The plan presents 63 measures. The Norwegian Government is workingactively to follow up the plan and has in addition focused specifically on agriculture,wastewater and fisheries. For example, the government has signalled that themunicipalities around the Oslofjord must expect stricter wastewater treatmentrequirements going forward, including removal of nitrogen. The County Governor of Oslo7Norway Page 170and Viken has recently set new environmental requirements for agriculture, includingrequirements regarding reduced autumn ploughing.C. Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated with ammunition?Yes. An overview of known historical dumping sites are available through the OSPARComission. New encounters with munitions are also reported to the OSPAR Comission ona yearly basis, see ODIMS - Submission: OSPAR Munition Encounters - 2020.2. What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigateimpacts on the marine environment?The government is concerned about the potential impact on the environment from dumpedmunitions. Norway engages in research on environmental effects from munitions nationallyand internationally. A recent study by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishmentlooked into levels of substances related to munitions in fish and shellfish caught in knowndumping sites. Traces of substances from ammunition were found at all four dumping sitestested. The report suggests that fishing within dumping sites should be prohibited, mainlybecause of the potential risk for unwanted detonations but also due to the possibility forcontamination. A dumping site for chemical weapons in Skagerrak has been surveyed, andthe risk of accidents e.g. related to fisheries has been reduced through marking thedumping area (danger area) in sea charts.D. Towards zero pollution1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?The Norwegian government does not have a zero-pollution action plan covering all areasof pollution. Nevertheless, we do have plans dedicated to several of the relevant areas,such as a chemicals action plan covering the period from 2021-2024, as well as priorityareas for clean-up of contaminated sites.Our most important tool in the zero-pollution action, which is used to protect theenvironment from pollution to air water and soil, is our national Pollution Control Act.Within this we have several legislations and policies, and also some that are implementedbased on EU regulations. The main rule of our national Pollution Control Act is that allpollution is prohibited. Pollution which can be harmful can only take place underpermission and terms granted by the pollution control authorities.2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?The Norwegian government has ambitious goals to reduce pollution. The overall nationalgoal is that pollution should not harm people’s health or the environment, which meansminimizing the risk of harmful pollution and continuously working to achieve zeropollution. For some areas there are more specific goals, such as for chemicals,contamination sites in soil and seabed, nutrient salts, radioactivity and the petroleumsector.8Norway Page 171In our national plan for chemicals, the goal has been to continuously reduce emissionfrom harmful chemicals. In 2021 this goal was replaced and given more focus with a newgoal: The use and emission from chemicals included on a national priority list shall stop.In addition Norway, as an EEA member, takes part in the EU Action Plan “Towards a zeroPollution Ambition for air, water and soil – building a Healthier Planet for Healthier People”.3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be realised?Strict requirements set out by the national pollution authorities as well as voluntarymeasures have contributed to a significant reduction over the past years in pollutionoriginating from big and traditional emission sources. This work will continue and is setout in relevant plans for specific areas. These national initiatives in combination withEuropean initiatives set out by EU and its Green Deal, will ensure that the alreadyefficient work towards zero-pollution will become even more targeted over the nextyears.4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your governmentsupporting?Norway has over several years taken an active role to end plastic pollution at bothnational, regional, and global level – and we support a wide range of projects to avoidplastic pollution. This includes amongst others:To support policy making in Norway, the Norwegian Environment Agency has prepared aknowledge base for identifying sources of marine litter and the dispersionof microplastics. This formed the basis for the assessment of means and measures bothfor marine litter and microplastics prepared in 2016. In 2020, the agency providedupdated assessments of means and measures.From July 2021 we have a new national regulation to reduce microplastics emissionsfrom artificial turfs. We are also following the ongoing work in the EU related torestriction of microplastics, including unintentional release. As regards the EU directiveon single use plastics, we have banned several plastic products and introduced labellingrequirements. We will also continue the work of reducing consumption and promotinggreater awareness and will encourage the private sector to develop a Norwegian “plasticpact”.Norway has recently adopted new regulations to improve separate waste collection andrecycling of plastic waste and to implement the recycling targets in the EU directive onpackaging and packaging waste. Norway has established schemes for Extended ProducerResponsibility (EPR), several of which are relevant to plastics. We are in the process ofupdating the schemes and of creating an effective framework for the EPR for severalproducts, including tobacco products amongst others. This work in progress includes anEPR scheme for packaging, with the ambition to ensure economic incentives to designbetter packaging that more easily can be reused or recycled, and new EPR schemes forcertain single use plastic products and for plastic gear in fisheries and aquaculture. Forsome products it will include financing of clean-up, and awareness raising measures.Norway’s return schemes for bottles and beverage containers have produced goodresults. Norway has an environmental tax on plastic bottles and drinking cans. Bottles9Norway Page 172and cans get a lower tax depending on the return percentage. This provides incentivesfor the industry to establish return systems for bottles. The plastic bottles are subject toa deposit fee, which the consumers get back when they return the bottles. Around 90percent of plastic bottles are returned in Norway today. To promote the market uptake ofrecycled plastic materials, requirements for a mandatory minimum content of recycledplastic in beverage bottles will be introduced. From 2025, PET bottles must contain atleast 25 percent recycled plastic, and all plastic beverage bottles must contain at least 30percent in 2030.The centre against marine litter (Marfo), which from 1 January 2022 was established asan administrative body under the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment,contributes significantly to strengthen and disseminate knowledge on clean-up, and onmarine litter from fisheries and aquaculture. The centre manages a scheme wherevolunteers can apply for funding to cover costs related to clean-up of marine litter.Norway launched a new Norwegian Plastics Strategy in August 2021. The action plandescribes action taken and action that is underway to reduce plastic litter and plasticpollution across the entire life cycle of plastics in Norway – including the above-describedmeasures – as well as Norwegian priorities internationally. It addresses measures toreduce plastic pollution across various value-chains and sectors, both from land-basedand sea-based sources. The strategy also includes measures on clean-up of marine litter.Since 2014, Norway has taken a leading role in international efforts, under the auspicesof the UN Environment Programme, to promote the need for a new, legally binding,global agreement to end plastic pollution. A decision to start negotiations was taken inMarch and the first meeting will take place in November. Further, Norway has taken theinitiative to establish a development programme against marine litter and plasticpollution, as well as the World Bank’s Blue Economy Program, PROBLUE, which alsotargets marine litter.5. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and other environmentallyharmful activities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so, whatenvironmentally harmful activities has the state prohibited?The concrete mentioned products are not banned in Norway, but we have several ongoingprocesses aiming to reduce the environmental impact of disposable plastic items andpromote the development of a more circular economy. Certain single-use plastic productsare banned, including plastic cotton swabs, plastic straws, and disposable plastic cutlery,as part of our implementation of the EU’s directive on single-use plastics.E. Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?The Norwegian Government will mobilise as much private capital for the green transitionas possible, through programmes offering risk relief on investments. This will includeloans, guarantees and equity supporting hydrogen, carbon capture and storage (CCS),offshore wind, and green transition and cuts in climate gas emissions in exisitingindustries (process industry, maritime sector and the forest and bioeconomy sector).10Norway Page 1732. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage in achieving climateneutrality in the government’s strategy?The Norwegian Government’s CCS strategy spans a wide range of activities, fromresearch, development and demonstration to large-scale projects and international workpromoting CCS.In 2021 parliament made an investment decision to launch a full-scale capture andstorage project in Norway. The project is called “Longship” and includes CO2 capturefrom two industrial sources, transportation by ships and pipelines and a sub-seabedstorage site in the North Sea. Longship will reduce emissions from Norwegian industryand support technology development. The project's main objective is to accelerate thedevelopment and deployment of CCS technology internationally.3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the plan forimplementation?Coal is used in very limited quantities in Norway. The government recently announced thatthe Norwegian Enviroment Agency has been tasked with conducting a review of a possibleban on the use of all fossil fuels for the production of energy in the industrial sector by2030.4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10years?The Norwegian government will support the building of a value chain for hydrogenproduced with low or no emissions of climate gases as well as measures to develop themarket for hydrogen in Europe.F. Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?2. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and developmentregarding climate protection and biodiversity?Questions 1 and 2 are answered together.Main programmes to promote innovations in climate mitigation and adaptation aredescribed in Norway’s Climate Action Plan for 2021–2030 wich was presented in a whitepaper to parliament in 2021. These programmes are designed toencourage the research and innovation sector to play a leading role in Norway’stransition to a low-emission society and in preventing biodiversity loss. A wide range ofareas are supported, through the following programmes:1) Green Platform initiative: Substantial funding is being granted for the development ofclimate-related and environmental solutions through industry-oriented fundinginstruments.2) The Research Council of Norway invests in research and innovation through 16portfolios. Many are relevant for climate and biodiversity, like11Norway Page 174Energy, transport and low emissions, Land-based food, the environment andbioresources, and Oceans.3) Pilot-E: In the past few years, the Pilot-E scheme, administered by the ResearchCouncil, Innovation Norway and Enova, has been successfully fast-tracking new energysolutions from research to deployment.4) European cooperation: Norwegian participation in Horizon Europe is a very importantway of strengthening Norwegian research and restructuring the business sector for thetransition to a low-emission society by 2050. Norway is participating in the planning ofHorizon Europe, and the government is focusing on making use of opportunities to givethe Norwegian business sector, public sector and research institutions access toEuropean funding for climate and biodiversity-related research and innovation.3. What effects are expected from current support measures?Effects are measured in the annual reports and other evaluations. Expected effects in thelong run are reduced emissions and protection of biodiversity.G. International cooperation1. In which fields are there concrete cooperations and joint projects with neighbouringcountries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?There is a Nordic project on Nature-based solutions 2020-2024 where experiences,resources and examples are systematised and presented. Norway leads the steering groupof this project and will use the results as they become available.2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned for thefuture?There are currenly no concrete plans.3. What effects are expected as a result?The Nordic project is expected to result in improved policy making.4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts tostrengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?Norway recognizes the critical need for support to developing countries with respect toboth climate mitigation and adaptation. In the period 2019-2020 Norway has continued toprovide a wide range of financial, technological and capacity-building support to developingcountries in order to build their capacity to reduce carbon emissions and to supportadaptation to take action against the negative effects of climate change. The Norwegianpublic climate finance amounted to USD 734 million in 2019 and USD 706 million in 2020.Norwegian climate finance is mainly concentrated in three areas; reducing emissions fromdeforestation and forest degradation, renewable energy, and climate adaptation includingrisk reduction and food security. Norway has long emphasized the strong inter-linkagesbetween climate change and development. Norway has made a wide range of financialcontributions related to the implementation of the UNFCCC, including through multilateral12Norway Page 175institutions such as the Global Environment Facility, the UN Environment Programme, TheGreen Climate Fund, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the UNFCCCSecretariat, as well as other financial institutions that fund climate change adaptation,mitigation, capacity building and technology cooperation programs in developingcountries.In 2021, USD 467 million of Norwegian aid was marked with the Rio marker bio-diversityas main or significant target.H. Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy orroadmap?2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools and measures?The Norwegian Parliament adopted the first White Paper on climate change adaptation(CCA) in 2013 outlining national policies and guidance for adaptation in Norway. The paperprovides an overview of the implications of climate change for Norway and sets out aframework to facilitate the development of adaptation strategies and identification ofeffective adaptation measures across sectors and administrative levels.The white paper upholds that everyone – individuals, business and industry and theauthorities – is responsible for assessing and addressing the impacts of climate change intheir areas of competence. In line with this principle, all ministries have responsibility forthe consideration of climate change within their sector. The Norwegian EnvironmentAgency supports the Ministry of Climate and Environment in the work on climate changeadaptation, and is the coordinating agency. The Environment Agency assists the Ministryin the follow-up of the white paper and in policy-making. In its role as coordinating agencyfor climate change adaptation, the Environment Agency works to ensure that actors atlocal, regional and national level are taking account of and adapting to climate change. TheEnvironment Agency works to strengthen climate adaptation efforts in Norway, amongother things by increasing the knowledge base for climate adaptation. The Agency has aparticular responsibility for disseminating and sharing knowledge and experience,contributing to competence and capacity building, and facilitating cooperation betweendifferent public administration levels, sectors and actors in the field.Several actions, measures and principles are presented in the white paper, among otherthings strengthening the knowledge of climate change adaptation through closermonitoring of climate change, continued expansion of climate change research and thedevelopment of a national centre for climate services. Further, that knowledge aboutimpacts and consequences of climate change and adaptation needs in Norway will beupdated regularly. Updates will be considered when substantial new knowledge is available,particularly related to the assessment reports of the IPCC.It is also stated in the white paper that as a precautionary approach assessments ofimpacts of climate change should be based on figures from the high end of the range ofnational climate projections. However, when decisions are made in individual cases,climate change considerations and underlying assumptions about the degree of climatechange must be weighed against other public interest considerations, the lifetime of thedevelopment in question and its importance to society.13Norway Page 176Moreover, the white paper emphasises the important role of municipalities, pointing to thelocal character of climate change impacts that puts municipalities on the front line indealing with climate change. As a follow-up of actions identified in the strategy, acommittee has evaluated legislation related to stormwater. In addition, central governmentplanning guidelines on climate change adaptation came into force in 2018. The governmenthas recently started to work on a new white paper for climate change adaptation.I. Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement ofsocio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations or citizens(civil society, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action and biodiversity(e.g., via discussion fora or consultative bodies?)2. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly inopinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate change andbiodiversity?3. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?Questions 1-3 are answered together.In general, citizens, organizations, industries and other relevant actors are involvedthrough public consultations where everyone can comment. In some cases, there are alsoconsultative meetings with stakeholders. Rules for involving different actors are also givenin different sector laws and laws such as the Planning and Building Act, and regulations onenvironmental impact assessment, as well as the Espoo convention.The Ministry of Climate and Environment has a grant scheme for municipalities wishing toadopt a municipal plan for biodiversity. The adoption process follows the rules set out inthe Planning and Building Act, and therefore involves civil society through mandatoryconsultations.The Sami act codifies the obligation of national and regional authorities to consult with theSami Parliament and other Sami parties in all decisions that can directly affect Samiinterests. This is an adaption of the consultation right and -duty in the ILO Convention 169on the rights of indigenous peoples and tribes. The act describes the nature of matters thatshould be subject to consultations, and also who holds the right to be consulted. The actfurther contains rules concerning the procedures for the conduct of consultations. Theobjective of the consultation procedure is to discuss in good faith and reach agreement onissues where Sami interests are affected.14Norway Page 177October 2022:The Norwegian answer to the new question of the BSPC WG:To what extent does the war in Ukraine and related changes in political prioritieshave an impact on climate policy goals and their implementation?is as follows:The war in Ukraine has not changed Norway’s priorities regarding climate. Norwaystands by its ambitious climate targets, and there is a heavy focus on developingand implementing climate policies. This Government has recently established, inaddition to the international commitment under the Paris Agreement, a nationalnon-legally binding target for transition of the economy to reduce domesticemissions by 55 percent by 2030 as a step towards transforming Norway into alow emission society.We see that the war in Ukraine demonstrates that the need for responsible energyexporters such as Norway is greater than ever. Europe will rely more on oil andgas from other producers in the near term — but less and less over time as itsefforts to decarbonize accelerate.15PolandPoland Page 179Polish answers to the questionnaire in italicsBSPC Working Group onClimate Change and Biodiversity (CCB)Intergovernmental surveyAdopted by the BSPC WG CCB on 4 October 2021The governments of the BSPC member parliaments are kindly asked tosend statements and answers to the following issues and questions totheir respective parliaments until 28 February 2022:I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPCmember states and regionsClimate changeCould you give a policy-brief report about the measures and national strategies tocombat climate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures?Despite the transformational changes that have taken place in recent years,Poland faces the challenge of making massive investments to build a new energysystem in the coming decades. "The Energy Policy of Poland until 2040"(PEP2040), adopted by the Council of Ministers in February 2021, presents avision for the reconstruction and transformation of the Polish sector, in a waythat puts Poland on a path towards climate neutrality, while respecting nationalcircumstances. According to projections of the PEP2040, the use of coal will bedeclining. One of the pillars of Poland's energy transition will be to ensure that itis just, by providing new development opportunities for the regions andcommunities most negatively affected by the transition, while providing new jobsand building new industries that are helping to transform the energy sector. Ajust energy transition relies not so much on the mere defense of "high-carbon"coal jobs, but on offering attractive alternatives for them linked to the2Poland Page 180deployment of modern and low-carbon technologies. However, the proposedpace of change must be balanced so that it is tailored to national circumstancesand addresses all identified challenges.Mitigating climate change in Poland will be possible also by reducing greenhousegas emissions to the atmosphere. This goal can be achieved through thedevelopment of the use of renewable energy sources, including geothermalenergy. One of government documents concerning the development ofrenewable energy sources in Poland is ‘Strategy for Responsible Developmentuntil 2020 (with a perspective until 2030)’, which was adopted by the Council ofMinisters in 2017. The ‘Strategy for Responsible Development until 2020 includesa strategic project entitled ‘Development and use of geothermal potential inPoland’. The project started in 2017 and will be continued until the end of June2024. The aim of the project is to create conditions for the promotion anddevelopment of renewable energy based on geothermal sources and to use theexisting potential of Poland's geothermal resources. The project mainly includesthe geothermal tasks of the polish geological survey, which provide knowledgeabout geological and geothermal conditions in Poland, which is important for thedevelopment of geothermal energy. In addition, the project also includesgeothermal tasks performed by Polish scientists in cooperation with foreignexperts under The Norwegian Financial Mechanism and the European EconomicArea Financial Mechanism (i.e. the so-called EEA and Norway Grants). From 2016to 2019 the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Managementin cooperation with the Ministry of Climate and Environment, periodicallyannounced the call for applications in the priority programs which was to providefinancial support for the drilling of new geothermal wells. In total, in 2016-2019,the minister responsible for the environment gave positive opinions for 11projects of this type. So far, 5 of these projects have finished successful. This willallow the communes to proceed to the next stages of the investment, i.e.construction of a geothermal heating plant, construction of an injection well. In2020, at the initiative of the Chief National Geologist, to increase the dynamics ofgeothermal development in Poland, a new priority program of the National Fundfor Environmental Protection and Water Management was launched. A title of thisprogram is ‘Accessing thermal waters in Poland’. The purpose of the program isto co-finance the geological works related to the prospecting and recognition ofgeothermal water deposits in order to make them available for heating. Duringthe first call for proposals carried out in 2020 co-financing was obtained by 15communes. A total amount of funding was PLN 230 000 000. Thanks to the co-financing, new geothermal holes will be created and they will be used in heatingplants to reduce the using of fossil fuels and improve air quality. At the beginningof 2022, another call for proposals in this program was launched.Ministry of Climate and Environment is currently developing another governmentdocument called “Long-term Program for the Development of Use of GeothermalResources in Poland”, which will be a road map for the development ofgeothermal energy use in Poland.Moreover, carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCS) is a bridgingtechnology to contribute to climate change mitigation. It consists of the captureof carbon dioxide (CO ) from industrial installations, its transport to a storage2site and its injection into a suitable underground geological formation for thepurposes of permanent storage. Legislative work is currently in progress tofacilitate activities in the field of carbon capture and storage. The changes willcover a number of legal acts, in particular the Geological and Mining Law.In addition to above mentioned, the Ministry of Climate and Environment hasestablished the Polish National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change with3Poland Page 181the perspective by 2030, which is now being updated. Furthermore, plans foradaptation to climate change in cities above 100,000 have been developed underthe MPA44 initiative. The main objective of this is to assess the vulnerability toclimate change of the 44 largest Polish cities and to plan adaptation actions thatare appropriate to the risks identified.In order to strengthen the climate dimension of urban policy, Poland is currentlyworking on a draft law amending laws. Numerous tasks are also carried out inthe field of adaptation to climate change: Climate-friendly cities initiative,Strategic adaptation plan for sectors and areas sensitive to climate change,conducting actions from the National Fund for Environmental Protection andWater Management (NFOŚiGW) in the field of optimization of financial toolsdirectly dedicated to co-financing environmental projects aimed at increasingretention or combating drought – e.g. “My Water”. Department of Air Protectionand Urban Policy in the Ministry of Climate and Environment carries out tasksrelated to the evaluation of the Polish National Strategy for Adaptation to ClimateChange with the perspective by 2030, including:• supervision of preparation and implementation of air qualityprogrammes and short-term action plans in the country;• conducting actions from the NFOŚiGW in the field of optimisation offinancial tools dedicated directly to co-financing environmental projectsaimed at improving air quality such as the “Clean Air” PriorityProgramme and the “Stop Smog” Programme.In addition, Ministry of Climate and Environment is involved in the programmingand implementation of instruments supporting eco-innovation and thedevelopment of environmental technologies, including eco-construction, as partof the GreenEvo — Accelerator of Green Technologies Programme and the “Homewith Climate” initiative and the Minister’s tasks in defining quality requirementsfor solid fuels in households or combustion installations with a rated thermalinput of less than 1 MWThe report should preferably be structured according to the following policy areas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy or roadmapaimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbon neutrality,objectives in terms of reduction and by what time – concrete measures to achievethe goals);Key strategic documents which are now implemented:• Strategy for Responsible Development - defines a new model for thedevelopment of the country in its economic, social and spatial dimensionsuntil 2020 and with an outlook until 2030. The specific objectives which itsets out include e.g. support for measures to reduce the emissions ofgreenhouse gases and air pollutants as well measures related to energyefficiency.• 2030 National Environmental Policy - specifies further andoperationalises the provisions of the Strategy for Responsible Developmentuntil 2020 (with an outlook until 2030). Its aim is to ensure Poland’senvironmental safety and a high quality of life for all its citizens. Itstrengthens the Government’s actions to build an innovative economy whilecomplying with the principles of sustainable development.Its specific objectives are set out in response to the most importantchallenges in the field of the environment, in a manner enabling the issues of4Poland Page 182environmental protection to be coupled with the economic and social needsrelated to health, economy and climate. The implementation of theenvironmental objectives is to be supported by horizontal objectives relatedto environmental education and to the effective functioning of environmentalprotection instruments. The 2030 National Environmental Policy will providethe basis for investing European funds under the financial perspective 2021–2027. The Strategy also supports the implementation of Poland’sinternational objectives and commitments, including those at the EU and UNlevels, particularly, in the context of EU 2030 climate and energy policyobjectives and the Sustainable Development Goals set out in Agenda 2030.• Energy Policy of Poland until 2040" (PEP2040) – The objective ofPEP2040 is energy security - while ensuring the competitiveness of theeconomy, energy efficiency and reduction of the impact of the energy sectoron the environment - taking into account the optimal use of own energyresources. It contains strategic decisions regarding the selection oftechnologies for building a low-emission energy system in Poland. The policytakes into account the scale of challenges related to the adaptation of thenational economy to the EU regulatory conditions related to the 2030 climateand energy targets, the European Green Deal, the economic recovery planafter the COVID pandemic and the striving to achieve climate neutrality as acontribution to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, according tonational potencial. The low-emission energy transformation provided for inEPP2040 will initiate broader modernization changes for the entire economy,guaranteeing energy security, ensuring a fair distribution of costs andprotection of the most vulnerable social groups.• National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030 (NECP) - presents theassumptions and objectives as well as policies and measures designed toimplement the five dimensions of the Energy Union. i.e. energy security; theinternal energy market; energy efficiency; decarbonisation; and research,innovation and competitiveness. The NECP provides for the implementationof the EU climate policy targets set out for Poland (a 7% GHG emissionreduction relative to 2005 levels in the non-ETS sectors). Moreover, itspecifies the target for the RES share in the final gross energy consumptionat the level of 21-23% in 2030 and the target for energy efficiencyimprovement of 23% by 2030 relative to projections. It also addresses theissue of the share of coal in Poland’s energy mix and indicates that its sharein electricity production is to be reduced to 56-60%. The final version of theNECP was submitted to the European Commission in December 2019.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;The term strategic intervention area is used for planning state interventions withan integrated nature (combining investments, soft projects, i.e. investments inhuman resources and/or regulatory solutions), undertaken under various policieswith regard to selected types of areas in the country. In this context,environmental policy plays a significant role due to the fact, that the goals of The2030 National Environmental Policy were formulated in response to the mostimportant trends in the environmental area identified in a diagnosis, in a mannerenabling harmonization of issues related to environmental protection witheconomic and social needs.According to a definition provided by the SOR, strategic intervention areas areareas with a characteristic set of social, economic or spatial conditions and5Poland Page 183features, deciding about the occurrence of structural development barriers orpermanent, activatable development potentials within them. Among them, therewere indicated medium cities losing their social-economic functions, as well asareas at risk of permanent marginalization. There is a close relationship betweenmarginalization processes and environmental quality problems, as well as limitedaccess to resources. Good quality of the environment (pure water, air, landscapeassets) and access to infrastructure (sewage systems, water supply systems) isan important indicator of the inhabitants’ quality of life, as well as a necessarycondition for the development of tourism in the given area. On the other hand,access to resources determines, e.g. industrial development.For environmental policy, special intervention areas also include areas in whichindicators of environmental status depart from the accepted standards, or forwhich the extent of provision of infrastructure departs from the standards (e.g.cities listed among the most contaminated in terms of air quality according to theWHO).Among other areas requiring intervention of environmental policy one should listthose with particular natural assets. Protected areas should be an importantelement of social-economic development of regions characterized by greatnatural wealth. Support should involve determining the potential and indicatingthe possibilities of utilizing natural resources of both existing and plannedprotected areas, for a social-economic development. The existence of a protectedarea in a given region (such as, e.g. a national park) should facilitate theacquisition of funds by local community for the development of nature-friendlytourism and services related to it. Other forms and types of economic activitywhich do not affect the environment negatively also deserve support andpromotions.3. Current and planned mitigation measures;One of the key direction of intervention in The 2030 National EnvironmentalPolicy is climate change mitigation. Strategic projects and actions included in thisdirection are:• reducing the emission of greenhouse gases into the air (i.e. by supportinginvestments related to: an increase in production of energy fromrenewable sources, the development of low-emission and zero-emissiontransport, actions involving reduction of energy losses);• developing the policy of reducing the emission of GHG from sectors notincluded in the emissions trading scheme;• modification of sustainable forest management in order to increase thecarbon sequestration capacity of forests;• development of methodological bases for managing the capturing of CO2in forestry as part of the execution of climate policy.The effectiveness of the implementation of those projects will be monitored withi.e. change rate of greenhouse gas emissions (1990=100), percentage ofresidents of Polish cities covered by urban adaptation plans.National programmes implemented by the National Fund for EnvironmentalProtection and Water Management (NFOŚiGW) - summary of mitigationmeasures in the climate areaContracts concluded in the years 2010-2022 (until 15 February 2022) fromnational funds (NFOŚiGW)6Poland Page 184NO Area Name of priority Form Numbe Value ofprogramme of co- r of thefinanci contra NFOŚiGWng cts contracts(thousandPLN)1 Adaptation Climate change adaptation subsidy 184 86 415to climate and mitigation ofchange environmental risks2 Climate change adaptation loan 147 644 347and mitigation ofenvironmental risks3 Not applicable subsidy 7 7 6914 Off-programme subsidy 5 13 2425 Prevention of environmental subsidy 282 687 215risks and mitigation of theireffects6 Counteracting environmental loan 2 5 432threats and mitigating theireffects7 Adaptation Co-financing of projects loan 2 6 625to climate implemented underchange Measures 2.2 and 2.5 of theOPI&E co- Infrastructure andfinancing Environment OperationalProgramme8 Biodiversity Not applicable subsidy 3 7919 Protection and restoration of subsidy 819 383 237biodiversity and landscapediversity10 Protection and restoration of loan 20 7 933biodiversity and landscape11 Outside the programmes subsidy 2 34412 Co-financing of Priority axis subsidy 35 7 771V of the Infrastructure andEnvironment OperationalProgramme - natureprotection and shaping ofenvironmental attitudes part1) For potential beneficiariesof OPI&E13 Co-financing of Priority axis subsidy 6 965V of the Infrastructure andEnvironment OperationalProgramme - natureprotection andenvironmental attitudes part2) For National Parks -beneficiaries of OPI&E14 Biodiversity Protection and sustainable subsidy 70 41 619(forests) development of forests7Poland Page 18515 Biodiversity Co-financing of Priority axis subsidy 55 20 601co-financed V of the Infrastructure andby OPI&E Environment OperationalProgramme - natureprotection and shaping ofenvironmental attitudes.16 Mitigation Agroenergia subsidy 298 74 54917 Agroenergia loan 58 8 41718 Energy efficient construction subsidy 288 1 246 096Part 1) Reducing energyconsumption in buildings19 Energy efficient construction loan 72 30 250Part 1) Reducing energyconsumption in buildings20 Energy efficient construction subsidy 2 10 471Part 2) PUSZCZYK - Lowemission public buildings21 Energy efficient buildings loan 2 15 706Part 2) PUSZCZYK - Lowemission public buildings22 District heating subsidy 24 143 23723 District heating loan 27 192 17024 Clean air subsidy 66 9 022 54825 Clean air loan 16 174 56426 Efficient use of energy Part subsidy 67 12 3741) Subsidising energy andelectricity audits inenterprises27 Efficient use of energy Part loan 9 227 8452) Subsidisation ofinvestment tasks leading toenergy savings or increasedenergy efficiency inenterprises28 Energy use of geothermal subsidy 8 51 929resources29 Energy Plus loan 31 1 840 70830 eVAN - Electric Vehicle (N1) subsidy 28 2 60831 GEPARD II - Low-carbon subsidy 215 9 155transport Part 2)Electromobility developmentstrategy32 GEPARD II - low-emission subsidy 4 56 960transport Part 3) Silesia -basin of zero-emission publictransport33 GEPARD II - low-emission loan 3 6 500transport Part 3) Silesia -basin of emission-free publictransport8Poland Page 18634 Intelligent energy networks. subsidy 5 41 95135 Elimination of low emissions subsidy 11 102 313to promote energy efficiencyand development ofdistributed renewable energysources.36 My electrician subsidy 240 25 12537 My electricity* subsidy 116919 558 41338 Not applicable subsidy 88 239 01939 Climate protection subsidy 1 36840 Protection of valuable nature subsidy 3 10 726areas Part 3) Support for theactivities of the BiałowieżaNational Park from theresources donated by theEcoFund41 Polish Geothermal Plus subsidy 5 48 30542 Polish Geothermal Plus loan 5 77 50243 Improvement of energy subsidy 3 8 058efficiency Part 4) Energy-saving investments in smalland medium-sizedenterprises44 Improvement of air quality subsidy 1 34Part 1) Co-financing of thedevelopment of airprotection programmes andshort-term action plans45 Improvement of air quality subsidy 11 137 457Part 2) KAWKA - Liquidationof low emissions supportingthe growth of energyefficiency and developmentof dispersed, renewableenergy sources46 Improvement of air quality subsidy 3 16 070in the most pollutedcommunes - pilot project47 Improvement of air quality. subsidy 24 1 575Part 3) LEMUR - Energyefficient public buildings48 Improving air quality. Part 3) loan 35 82 100LEMUR - Energy efficientpublic buildings49 Improvement of air quality. subsidy 27 44 216Part 5) Public buildings withimproved energy efficiencystandard9Poland Page 18750 Improving air quality. Part 5) loan 28 57 839Public buildings withimproved energy efficiencystandard51 Outside programmes subsidy 8 14 29952 Outside programmes loan 1 27 17453 Programme for projects in loan 19 277 465the field of renewable energysources and high-efficiencycogeneration facilities Part 1)54 Programme for Renewable loan 4 17 512Energy Sources and HighEfficiency Cogeneration Part2) implemented by wfośigw55 Programme for projects in subsidy 7 449 568the field of renewable energy bankówsources and high-efficiency (67 363cogeneration facilities instalacSubsidies for partial ji urepayments of the capital of beneficjbank loans for the purchase entów)and installation of solarcollectors for natural personsand housing communities56 Implementation of projects subsidy 2 2 013financed by a donation fromthe Government of theKingdom of Sweden.57 SOWA - outdoor lighting loan 22 107 51758 SYSTEM - Support for subsidy 25 86 683environmental protectionand water managementmeasures by externalpartners Part 3) Prosument -a subsidy line for thepurchase and installation ofmicro-installations ofrenewable energy sources59 SYSTEM - Support for loan 25 145 435environmental protectionand water managementmeasures by externalpartners Part 3) Prosument -a co-financing line for thepurchase and installation ofmicro-installations ofrenewable energy sources60 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 165 588 022(GIS) Part 5: Energymanagement in buildings ofselected entities of the publicfinance sector10Poland Page 18861 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 7 25 775(GIS) - GEPARD - Zero-emission public transport62 Green Investment Scheme loan 3 13 835(GIS) - GEPARD - Zero-emission public transport63 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 19 40 779(GIS) - Kangaroo - Safe andenvironmentally friendlyroute to school64 Green Investment Scheme loan 13 5 374(GIS) - Kangaroo - Safe andenvironmentally friendlyroute to school65 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 347 499 427(GIS) Part 1: Energymanagement in publicbuildings66 Green Investment Scheme loan 222 455 738(GIS) Part 1: Energymanagement in publicbuildings67 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 18 82 490(GIS) Part 2: Agriculturalbiogas plants68 Green Investment Scheme loan 16 116 175(GIS) Part 2: Agriculturalbiogas plants69 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 2 13 330(GIS) Part 3: Biomass-firedcombined heat and powerplants70 Green Investment Scheme loan 2 23 076(GIS) Part 3: Biomass-fuelled combined heat andpower plants71 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 9 43 397(GIS) Part 4: Constructionand conversion of electricitygrids to connect renewablewind energy sources72 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 31 74 668(GIS) Lot 6 SOWA - Energyefficient street lighting73 Green Investment Scheme loan 20 43 772(GIS) Part 6) SOWA - Energyefficient street lighting11Poland Page 18974 Green Investment Scheme subsidy 1 65 850(GIS) Lot 7) GAZELA - Lowemission urban transport75 Making thermal water subsidy 15 229 216available in Poland76 Support for entrepreneurs in loan 1 45 000the field of low-emission andresource-efficient economyPart 3) E-CUMULATOR -Ecological Battery forIndustry77 Support for entrepreneurs in subsidy 13 2 342the field of low-emission andresource-efficient economyPart 1: Energy/electroenergyaudit of an enterprise78 Support for entrepreneurs in loan 4 59 948the field of low-emission andresource-efficient economyPart 2: Increasing energyefficiency79 Support for dispersed loan 5 23 002renewable energy sourcesPart 1) BOCIAN - Increasingthe share of dispersedrenewable energy sources80 Co-financing of the subsidy 1 40development of airprotection programmes andaction plans.81 Co-financing of the subsidy 8 651development of airprotection programmes andaction plans.82 Co-financing of the subsidy 2 98development of airprotection programmes andaction plans:83 Green car - co-financing the subsidy 175 3 018purchase of an electricpassenger car (M1)84 Green public transport subsidy 26 560 282(Phase I)85 Green public transport loan 8 65 020(Phase I)86 Mitigation of Support for projects loan 61 584 058OPI&E co- implemented underfinancing subheading 1.1.1, measures1.2, 1.5 and 1.6 of theInfrastructure andEnvironment Operational12Poland Page 190Programme 2014-202087 Co-financing of Priority Axis loan 2 100 000IV of the I&E OP -undertakings adjustingenterprises to therequirements ofenvironmental protection4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.The 2030 National Environmental PolicyThe key direction of intervention in Policy is adaptation to climate change and themanagement of the risk of natural disasters. Strategic projects and actionsincluded in this direction are i.e.:• implementing flood risk management plans for catchment areas,reviewing and updating them;• development and implementation of a plan for counteracting the effects ofdroughts and development of its updates;• preparation and implementation of the Retention DevelopmentProgramme,• protection against marine erosion and flood from the sea;• developing green and blue infrastructure of urbanized areas;• limiting occupation of land and soil sealing.The effectiveness of the implementation of those projects will be monitored withi.e. capacity of small retention facilities, surface area of parks, green areas andhousing estate-based greenery in cities, surface area of parks, green areas andhousing estate-based greenery in cities as percentage of their total surface area,length of the shoreline protected in a year against erosion and flood from thesea.New Financial Perspective including the European Funds for Infrastructure,Climate, Environment Programme 2021-2027 (FEnIKS)The draft of the programme provides support, among others, under secondpolicy objective as well for specific objective 2.4 dedicated mainly to climateadaptation.Specific objective 2.4: Supporting climate change adaptation and disaster riskprevention and resilience, including the ecosystem approach (planned allocationEUR 2,071 million) focuses on support to the following areas:• implementation of actions identified in the urban climate changeadaptation plans, including sustainable and climate adapted rainwatermanagement systems and development of green and blue infrastructure,including solutions based on nature;• supporting small retention systems and renaturalization of transformedwater courses and their valleys (e.g. by increasing the spacing of floodbanks) and renaturalization of water-dependent areas with the use ofnatural ecosystem mechanisms (nature based solutions);• ensuring flood safety and preventing drought through construction,reconstruction or renovation of water facilities and accompanyinginfrastructure;13Poland Page 191• measures relating to adapting forests to climate change by strengtheningresilience to the threats posed by such change;• development of environmental monitoring and risk management systemsby means of improving environmental forecasting and warning systems;• educational activities.Infrastructure and Environment Operational Programme 2014-2020 (OPI&E2014-2020)Operational Programme Infrastructure and Environment 2014-2020 (I&E OP) isthe largest of the EU cohesion policy programme in Poland. Under the OPI&E2014-2020, the area of adaptation to climate change is supported under Measure2.1 – adaptation to climate change together with protection and increasingresilience to natural disasters, in particular natural disasters, and environmentalmonitoring. The aim of the measure is to increase the amount of retained waterand to improve the efficiency of recognition and response in situations of naturalthreats and serious failures.The measure implements projects aimed at strengthening resilience to hazardsrelated to climate change and increasing the capacity to prevent and respond tonatural hazards to which Poland is particularly vulnerable, i.e. floods anddroughts.In view of the need to ensure proper strategic planning in water management,support is also directed at developing (or updating) strategic and planningdocuments required by law. In addition, in accordance with the focus ofhorizontal measures indicated in the Strategic Adaptation Plan for Sectors andAreas Sensitive to Climate Change by 2020, it is possible to support thedevelopment or updating of climate change adaptation plans in cities withpopulation over 100,000 inhabitants and smaller cities with specific populationdensity.Under this measure, preference is given to projects that make maximum use ofnatural methods to reduce flood risk, as well as those in which the technicalmeasures will be duly justified and the applied solutions will meet environmentalrequirements. Technical measures focused primarily on tasks restoring naturalwater retention and securing urbanised areas where natural flood protectionmethods cannot be applied.Therefore, the support is mainly directed at activities related to environmentalwater storage, which is the best form of water resources storage and is one ofthe measures for reducing flood risk. Projects aimed at the restoration of naturalfloodplains, in addition to their primary objective of contributing to adaptation toclimate change, will in many cases also contribute to the restoration of valuableecosystems and thus have a positive impact on biodiversity conservation.In addition, support is provided for tasks aimed at combating icing hazards,which will contribute to reducing the danger of flood phenomena (flash floods).Support is also provided for projects concerning rainwater management in urbanareas, which will improve their resilience to flooding and inundation and enablethem to retain water and use it in dry periods. The implemented measures willconcern the collection of rainwater, also as a result of separation of combinedsewerage into sanitary and rainwater systems, its treatment, retention anddischarge into the ground and surface waters, as well as its use on site, e.g. forirrigation of green areas and fire-fighting purposes.In the project type concerning sustainable rainwater management in urbanareas, the value of the contribution from the EU funds amounted to PLN1,224,649,633.90 and 61 projects were co-financed Support is also provided formeasures related to removing soil sealing or sealing and replacing it with water-permeable reinforcement. These activities can be carried out as a component of14Poland Page 192comprehensive rainwater management projects and as separate projects thatcombine sealed or sealed areas of different sizes, dispersed throughout the city,within a single investment.The projects carried out should strive to maximise the use of natural methods ormethods based on natural methods using the natural capacity of retention,management, self-cleaning and drainage of rainwater in a given area. Themeasure includes also infrastructural activities aimed at strengthening resilienceto threats connected with negative effects of climate change on the Baltic coast.The undertaken activities consisted in coastal protection, in particular with theuse of natural or hydrotechnical methods supported by natural methods basedon biotechnical protection taking into account the need to preserve naturalprocesses of coastal dynamics and existing ecosystems. The actions undertakenincreased the stability of the sea shore and prevented its erosion, caused by anincrease in the frequency and intensity of storms, wave heights, averagetemperatures and lack of ice cover, which reduce the resistance of the shore toerosion.Where it is not possible to ensure the effectiveness of the measures taken usingonly biological and biotechnical methods, the use of hydro-technical methodsshall be acceptable.The above interventions are complemented by actions in the area of riskprevention and management related to the development and implementation ofeffective risk management systems and in the area of support for the rescuesystem. Support is given to projects concerning the construction andimprovement of posts for analysing/forecasting natural hazards and failures, aswell as investments concerning the purchase of specialist equipment to equiprelevant services. Support under the measure also covers the environmentalmonitoring system.Particular emphasis is also placed on the implementation of soft measurespromoting the establishment of an adequate knowledge base on the effects ofclimate change and adaptation to it, as well as response to threats related to it,and conducting extensive training activities and educational campaigns in thisregard. Support is provided for information and education projects raisingawareness on adaptation to climate change and strengthening resilience to it, aswell as prevention and mitigation of the effects of natural hazards.A total of PLN 4,080 million was allocated to the above-mentioned Measure 2.1of the OPI&E 2014-2020, and 98 co-financing agreements have been signed.Norway Grants. Business Development and Innovation Programme within theNorwegian Financial Mechanism 2014–2021 (NMF)The Environment, Energy and Climate Change Programme (2014-2021) is heldwithin EEA financial mechanism with Programme Partners from Iceland,Liechtenstein and Norway.Programme addresses the challenge of global warming in broad andcomprehensive manner.One of the area is Environmental status of ecosystems improved. In 2020,3 open calls were announced in this area:• Ecosystem management plans implemented;• Measures against invasive alien species carried out;• Activities related to the protection of the environment and ecosystemscarried out by the NGOs (Small Grant Scheme).29 co-financing project agreements with the grant amounting EUR12,190,929.30 were signed by the end of 2021.All eligible projects had to be comprehensive, i.e. include activities increasing theresilience of ecosystems to the negative effects of climate change and the15Poland Page 193necessity of adaptation to them, as well as complementary awareness-raisingcampaigns in this regard, held with partners. The objective scope of projectscould include the implementation of measures related to:• implementation of management plans for protected areas (Natura 2000areas, national and landscape parks, reserves);• improving the status for species under protection;• counteracting fragmentation of ecosystems;• creating / maintaining / clearing ecological corridors to ensure the freemovement of species between protected areas;• protection of natural wetlands as organic carbon reservoirs;• restoring degraded wetlands to their proper state;• maintaining good current status of ecosystems;• removing invasive alien species from ecosystems;• controlling the occurrence of invasive alien species in ecosystems;• identification of sources and routes for the spread of invasive alienspecies;• elimination of sources and introduction of solutions to reduce spread ofinvasive alien species;• mapping and assessment of ecosystems;• increasing the awareness of ecosystems, their role and the services theyprovide.Projects’ implementation contributes also to bigger involvement of localcommunities in environmental protection, and indirectly to reduce CO emissions2by restoring the proper condition of wetlands.Another program area is Climate change mitigated and vulnerability toclimate change reduced. In 2020, 3 open calls were announced in this area:1. The implementation of green and blue infrastructure in cities19 co-financing project agreements with the grant amounting EUR 25,847,668were signed by the end of 2021.The call supports municipalities’ implementationof strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Applicants may apply forfunding for measures to increase resilience to climate change and measures toreduce emissions from e.g. transport or other sectors, including revitalisation andcreation of green areas and improved water management such as waterretention. Educational and awareness measures will be eligible.Applicants may apply for funding for green and blue infrastructure (related towater management) related to increasing resistance to climate change andreducing greenhouse gas emissions and transition towards electro-mobility. Theactivities undertaken by the beneficiaries will focus on revitalization anddevelopment of green areas through creation of green roofs, introduction ofelements greening the built-up areas (pocket parks, green courtyards and streetgreenery) and better water resources management through water retention(construction of e.g. retention reservoirs, rain gardens and permeable surfaces)and restoration of water courses and reservoirs.2. Awareness raising activities on climate change mitigation andadaptation carried out by schools6 co-financed project agreements with the grant amount EUR 3,351,523 weresigned by the end of 2021. The call supports schools efforts to enhance students’knowledge on climate change issues, including implementation of small-scale on-site mitigation and/or adaptation measures. The scope of projects should includethe implementation of investment measures related to green-blue infrastructurethrough, among others, underground and above-ground tanks for rainwater,roofs of buildings covered with vegetation, green courtyards and eco-educationalspace for example sensory or educational paths as well as the use of solar, wind16Poland Page 194energy for lighting of the school campus. Projects should be complemented witheducational activities that contribute to raising public awareness of climatechange mitigation and adaptation.3. Strengthened implementation of Circular EconomyThe call was divided into two stages:a. Phase I of submission of project concept notes evaluated by EvaluationTeam appointed by the Minister of Climate and Environment;b. Phase II of submitting grant application of the best project concept notes(obtain the highest number of points).The intention of the Programme Operator was to promote not only innovativeand replicable projects, but also supporting the document adopted by the Councilof Ministers on 10th September 2019 entitled "Roadmap for Transformationtowards Circular Economy". Therefore, the submitted projects addresses, amongothers, sustainable industrial production, sustainable consumption andbioeconomy. The proposed activities relates to saving energy, water and rawmaterials and increasing the efficiency of their use at each stage of the productlife cycle - from obtaining raw materials, through design, production,consumption to waste management, in particular through their reuse.The broad subjective and thematic scope of this pilot call resulted in submitting47 projects, representing various sectors, e.g. construction and food industry,which proves the need and growing popularity of the circular economy in Poland.10 applications were positively evaluated. With the grant award decision on 10thFebruary 2022, 5 projects with the grant amount EUR 2,986,632 were placed onthe basic list of projects for co-financing.All projects will be implemented by 30th April 2024.Biodiversity1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and national strategies toprotect biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?Convention on Biological DiversityPoland ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1996 and accepted allthe obligations arising from its provisions. According to Article 6 of theConvention on biodiversity and with Article 111, passage 1 of the Act of 16 April2004 on Nature Protection, our country should prepare the programme ofconservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, along with the action plan inaccordance with their specific conditions and possibilities. The Programme ofconservation and sustainable use of biodiversity along with Action Plan for theperiod 2015-2020 meets these requirements and is a continuation of theNational strategy of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and theAction plan for the years 2007 - 2013, as well as the same document coveringthe years 2003-2006. At present, a new program will be soon prepared, untilthat time the implementation of unfinished or continuous tasks will becontinuous.The National Environmental Policy 2030 (which is available in English at link) - Itis one of the bases for the pursuit of environmental policy in Poland. Under thispolicy, objectives related to the improvement of the quality of the environmentare being implemented including the improvement of the water quality, increase17Poland Page 195in forest cover along with the progress in sustainable forest management. Inaddition, as part of National Environmental Policy 2030, it is planned to increasethe number of Natura 2000 areas with planning documents, and to improve thenumber of common farmland birds in the agricultural landscape.Strategy for sustainable rural development, agriculture and fisheries 2030 –The "2030 Sustainable Rural Development, Agriculture and Fisheries Strategy" isthe basic strategic document for the agricultural policy and rural development ofthe country. The document presents the objectives, directions of interventionand actions that should be taken in the perspective of 2030. As part of this set ofinstruments, activities for the protection of the natural environment andbiodiversity related to agriculture and fisheries will be implemented.Activities of the strategy will be financed from national and external public funds,which include, among others funds from the EU budget for 2021-2027.New Financial Perspective including the European Funds for Infrastructure,Climate, Environment Programme 2021-2027 (FEnIKS)The draft of the programme provides support, among others, under secondpolicy objective for specific objective 2.7: Strengthening the protection andconservation of nature, biodiversity and green infrastructure, including in urbanareas, and reducing all types of pollution. The planned allocation is EUR340,000,000.The scope of support, as intended, will include:- actions aimed at the protection of natural resources in accordance with theprovisions of planning documents for protected areas, as well as thecontinuation of support for the protection of selected species and habitats,primarily in the areas of national parks, nature reserves and Natura 2000areas;- implementation of comprehensive actions for the protection of species witha supra-regional scale of impact;- combating against invasive alien species;- nature monitoring and supplementing the state of knowledge about theobjects of protection of national parks, nature reserves and areas of theNatura 2000 network;- development and updating of planning documents for protected areas, inparticular Natura 2000 sites;- reclamation / decontamination of contaminated or degraded areas.Infrastructure and Environment Operational Programme 2014-2020 (I&E OP)In the area of environmental protection, the Programme serves as animplementation instrument for measures taken under the Programme ofConservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, along with the Action Plan for2014-2020, Prioritised Action Framework for Natura 2000 for the EU MultiannualFinancing Period 2014-2020. Taking into account growing threats to biodiversity,there was establish a series of measures to halt the process of biodiversity loss.Under II priority axis of the I&E OP, one of the investment priorityimplementation includes actions within various fields related to protection ofparticular species and habitats within national parks and Natura 2000 areas, aswell as outside the protected areas, e.g. in wildlife corridors and places hosting18Poland Page 196endangered species. The development of tools for the management ofenvironmentally valuable areas will also be supported. The implementation willalso include modern educational programmes, supplementing the above actions,directed to a wide audience, with the objective to increase social awareness andcitizens involvement in the active environment protection and promote proecological attitudes.Support was provided to the following areas:- in-situ and ex-situ protection of endangered species and natural habitats,also within the complex supraregional projects;- development of green infrastructure, including the increase in the capacityof land and water wildlife corridors;- development of planning documents according to the directions defined instrategic documents, among others, protection plans and specificprotection activities plans;- implementation of management tools related to environment protection,including defining the principles for the control and elimination of non-native species (IAS) and compiling wide area environmental inventories;- supporting the units of ecological education (subordinate to nationalparks);- undertaking informative and educational activities involving environmentprotection.146 co-financing project agreements with the EU grant amounting PLN607,282,622 were signed. The total cost value of the projects is PLN771,071,360.The intervention is horizontal in character and involves the whole country butparticularly concentrated on protected territories, especially the Natura 2000areas and those constituting the green infrastructure. The I&E OP 2014-2020investments are mainly localized in rural non-urban areas and significantly affectthe rural areas.It was expected that the improvement of the environment will contribute toenhancing the environmental value of particular regions of the country and willhave a significant macro-regional dimension, increasing the attractiveness of thewhole Baltic Sea region. The intervention will be thus consistent with the EUSBSRobjectives defined according the BIO priority area – Preservation of natural areasand biodiversity, including fishery.In the context of shipping two important global IMO conventions are connectedwith the protection of biodiversity. The first convention, the InternationalConvention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships (AFSConvention), manages the anti-fouling systems used on ships to prohibit orrestrict the release of biocides into the sea water. The second one, theInternational Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Waterand Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquaticorganisms by establishing standards and procedures for the management andcontrol of ships' ballast water and sediments. Both conventions, ratified by19Poland Page 197Poland, contribute to the protection of marine life and biodiversity by minimizingthe transfer of invasive alien species (relevant actions in BSAP S7-S12).2. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats ofparticular importance for the protection of biodiversity – terrestrial as well asmarine?The Programme of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity has definedthe main objective – improvement of the condition of biodiversity and morecomplete connection of its protection and the country's social and economicdevelopment. In order to achieve the main objective, 7 strategic goals, 19operational goals and 74 tasks were defined. The strategic goals include:• improvement of the knowledge level and increase in activity of the societyinsofar as biodiversity actions are concerned;• improvement of the nature protection system;• preservation and restoration of natural habitats and population ofendangered species;• maintenance and reconstruction of functions of ecosystems being thesource of services for human;• increasing integration of operations of the economy sectors with thebiodiversity protection targets;• limitation of hazards resulting from climate change and pressure ofinvasive species;• increase in Poland's participation in the international forum with regard toprotection of biodiversity.3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity is mostat stake in your country at the present time.It is difficult to identify specific places in the country where biodiversity is mostat stake. Poland is distinguished by its natural wealth, including relatively richbiodiversity. But the number of areas of high natural value subjected toconservation measures is increasing. The value of nature in Poland is alsoevidenced by the large area of Natura 2000 areas – areas established in order toprotect endangered species and natural habitats on a European scale. Thisnetwork constitutes about 20% of the country's area.Serious threats in Poland are currently posed by:• abandonment of extensive agricultural use of valuable non-forest areas;• intensification of agriculture;• improperly functioning irrigation and drainage systems having negativeinfluence on preservation of open habitats, including wetlands and wetmeadows;• development of transport, tourist, industrial and energy infrastructure(small hydroelectric power plants, wind turbines).These factors contribute in particular to secondary succession, fragmentation ofhabitats, disappearance of habitats of rare species of wetland fauna and flora,and landscape disappearance. Natural factors such as harsh winters for birds arealso important.20Poland Page 198The reports should also include the following aspects:- Each country’s views on the root causes and drivers of the problem;- National targets and how they have been met so far;- Concerning the HELCOM BSAP implementation: what has helped in theirimplementation and/or why have some not been met, with concrete examples fromeach country;- Legislative measures: best practice examples on progressive legislation as well as therole of taxation and how far both helped in achieving the objectives;- Other support measures that can help in achieving the objectives;- Has the COVID-19 pandemic had any impact whatsoever on achieving the measures?- Are there concrete figures on what impact measures to combat the pandemic had onthe volume of greenhouse gas emissions (transport, economy)?- Are prosperity and an ecologically stable and sound environmental condition for futuregenerations considered as a fundamental right in the decision-making processes?II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC member statesand regionsLIFE ProgrammeIt is a programme centrally managed by the European Commission anddedicated to the implementation of EU climate and environment legislation. TheMinistry of Climate and Environment coordinates Poland's participation inlegislative work, the LIFE Committee and working groups related to theimplementation of the Programme. The Ministry of the Environment hasdelegated to the National Fund for Environmental Protection and WaterManagement (NFOŚiGW) the function of a LIFE National Contact Point in Poland,which involves conducting information, training and consultation activities onproposals for Polish LIFE beneficiaries. Moreover, NFOŚiGW provides co-financingfor LIFE projects to cover a part of own contribution from national funds. Thecurrent edition of LIFE covers two areas, which are divided into sub-programmes:• Environment area (Nature and Biodiversity sub-programme and ClosedLife and Quality of Life sub-programme);• Climate area (Sub-programme Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptationand Sub-programme Clean Energy Transition).The allocation for the LIFE Programme for 2021-2027 is EUR 5.43 billion. So far,there has been limited interest from Polish entities in applying to the LIFEProgramme and a relatively low uptake of funds as a result of, among others,easier access to Cohesion Policy funds and high competition between LIFEprojects submitted by entities from all Member States. Nevertheless, Poland canboast examples of projects awarded by the EC.Below contracts concluded between 2010 and 2022 (until 15 February 2022)LIFE at the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Environment.Area number of contracts NFOŚiGW LIFEgrant grant(PLN) (EUR)Biodiversity 43 203 716 67 02721Poland Page 199Adaptation to 4 11 114 4 577climate changeMitigation of 6 33 731 14 117climate change1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?Key strategic documents which are now implemented:• Energy Policy of Poland until 2040" (PEP2040);• Strategy for Responsible Development;• 2030 National Environmental Policy;• National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030 (NECP).2. Is there a climate protection law?Environmental Law in PolandThe Act of 27 April 2001 - Environmental Protection Law defines the principles ofenvironmental protection, the interaction between its elements and theconditions for using its resources, taking into account the requirements ofsustainable development, in particular: the principles of establishing theconditions of protection environmental resources, conditions for introducingsubstances or energy into the environment, costs of using the environment,obligations of administrative bodies in this regard and provisions on liability forviolations of the act and sanctions in this respect. Within the scope of itsregulation, the act is an expression of the implementation of a number of EUregulations into the Polish legal system that deal with the issues of broadlyunderstood environmental protection.Additional Laws enacted in Poland:• The Act of February 20, 2015 on renewable energy sources (the RES Act)– The RES Act was adopted in order to implement the provisions ofDirective 2009/28 / EC on the promotion of the use of energy fromrenewable sources into the Polish legal system, amending andsubsequently repealing directives 2001/77 / EC and 2003/30 / EC.• The Act of July 17, 2009 on the management system for greenhouse gasand other substances emissions – act defines in general the principles ofmanaging emissions of greenhouse gases and other substances in Polandas well as the rules of functioning of the institution and the rules ofperforming tasks related to this management.• The Act of May 15, 2015 on substances that deplete the ozone layer andon certain fluorinated greenhouse gases – act regulates the proceedingsand competence of authorities in matters of performing obligations underRegulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of April 16, 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealingRegulation (EC) No 842/2006 and Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of September 16, 2009 onsubstances that deplete the ozone layer.• The Act of June 12, 2015 on the greenhouse gas emission allowancetrading system – act contains provisions regulating issues related totrading in emission allowances for selected greenhouse gases, applicableto all participants of the system, i.e. entities operating installations andaircraft operators .22Poland Page 200• Act of 11 January 2018 on electromobility and alternative fuels – adoptedin Poland in pursuit of the European Union's environmental policy and thedevelopment of low-emission and zero-emission transport. Its aim is toencourage the public to use vehicles using alternative fuels (with particularemphasis on electric vehicles), to popularize the charging or refuelinginfrastructure for such vehicles, and to regulate the functioning of themarket for these fuels in transport, especially with regard to electricity andnatural gas.3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?• Convention on Biological Diversity,• the Act on Nature Protection,• the Programme of Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity,• Strategy for Sustainable Rural Development, Agriculture and Fisheries2030,• the National Environmental Policy 2030.4. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?In Poland, biodiversity is protected by the provisions of the Act of April 16, 2004on nature protection. In its understanding, nature protection consists of thepreservation, sustainable use and renewal of resources, creations andcomponents of nature, such as:• wild plants, animals and fungi;• protected plants, animals and fungi;• itinerant animals;• natural habitats;• habitats of endangered, rare and protected plants, animals and fungi;• creations of living and inanimate nature and fossil remains of plants andanimals;• landscape;• greenery in cities and villages;• trees.The act describes the system of nature protection in terms of institutional nature,forms of nature protection, the principles of species and area protection, as wellas the system of penalties for breaking the provisions of the act.III. Specific areas and aspectsA. Maritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?2. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established inyour territorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?3. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?(Well-functioning coastal ecosystems are key for combating climate change. Well-managed areas canstore carbon but destroyed ecosystems risk becoming carbon sources. Good management can includerestoration of important habitats, e.g., eel grass, limitation of new constructions etc.)23Poland Page 201The basic documents on the basis of which protective measures are taken inNatura 2000 areas are plans of protective tasks or plans of protection, while onlythe latter are prepared in marine areas. At present, work is underway to prepareplans of protection for almost all marine Natura 2000 sites. There are 17 Natura2000 Areas established in Polish sea areas:• 8 Special Protection Areas (PLB320009, PLB320002, PLB320011,PLB990003, PLB990002, PLB220005, PLB220004, PLB280010),• 8 Special Areas of Conservation (PLH320018, PLH320019, PLH990002,PLH220023, PLH220032, PLH220105, PLH220044, PLH280007) and• 1 (PLC990001) which is in the same boundaries a Special Protection Areaand Special Area of Conservation.The most important sources of threats to marine nature include: fisheries(negative impact on species and the bottom of sea basins), shipping (noise,pollution, possible collisions, introduction of alien species), tourism andrecreation (especially mass recreation), eutrophication of waters, exploration andoil and gas extraction, aggregate extraction, military operations, coastalurbanization.B. Eutrophication(Eutrophication is a major threat to biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and has a negative impact on bothecosystem function and ecological services. Mitigating eutrophication is essential for the protection ofbiodiversity.)1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?Measures in the updated BSAP are very ambitious and some of them may noteven be easy to implement, but the BSAP can contribute to finding the rightbalance between the protection of the marine environment and sustainableeconomic activity in the area. That is why Poland has been taking steps toimplement the provisions of the BSAP for many years.The most demanding challenges of water protection against pollution in Polandinclude protection of waters against nitrates from agricultural sources. Theproblem of increasing nitrate concentration in water concerns the wholeEuropean Union, therefore the EU water law introduces the directive concerningthe protection of water against pollution caused by nitrates from agriculturalsources, the so-called nitrates directive. On the basis of article 106 of the WaterLaw Act, in Poland the minister in charge of water management, in agreementwith the minister in charge of agriculture, developed in 2018 an actionprogramme to reduce water pollution caused by fertilization of agricultural landwith fertilizers (both mineral and natural) containing nitrogen compounds and toprevent further pollution of this kind. In 2022 the Ministry of Infrastructure willwork on the review and update of the action programme.In accordance with EU water legislation Poland has implemented the NationalProgramme for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (KPOŚK). Currently in forcethere is the fifth update of the Programme, to be implemented in the period2017-2021. The programme contains a list of investments in wastewatertreatment planned by municipal governments for local communities. In the fifthupdate of KPOŚK are 1587 agglomerations and 1769 sewage treatment plants.As a result of the implementation of the programme 92 899 km of sewagenetwork were built in years 2003-2019. In the same period the construction of439 new wastewater treatment plants were completed and 1700 treatment24Poland Page 202plants were modernized or expanded. To implement the task approximately PLN68.7 billion was spent in order to finalize the investments. In relations to thefuture EU financial perspective for 2021-2027, the Ministry of Infrastructure isworking intensively on the sixth update of KPOŚK (VI AKPOŚK).Poland is also finalising an update of the marine water protection programme(aPOWM) that will be submitted to the European Commission. It is aprogramming document that is subject to a periodical review every 6 years, inline with the provisions of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Itidentifies actions that are necessary to achieve or maintain good environmentalstatus (GES) of marine waters. Activities have been planned separately for 11descriptors, including eutrophication.The aim of actions aimed at limiting eutrophication is to maintain the decreasingtrend of changes in the annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus introduced intothe Baltic Sea though the waters of the Vistula and Odra rivers and the rivers ofPrzymorze. aPOWM assumes not only the continuation of implementation ofselected measures from the marine water protection programme (POWM) inforce until 2021, but also initiation of 11 new measures related to wastewatermanagement and the agricultural sector.Full implementation of the continued and new activities set out in aPOWM maycontribute to a significant reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus loads, which isessential in view of the need to achieve the national nutrient input ceilings (NIC)set by HELCOM.2. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realised in yourcountry by when and by which measures?Given the specific conditions of the Baltic Sea, the fact that it is relativelyshallow, has limited circulation and water exchange with the oceans, and issubject to a wide spectrum of anthropogenic, present and historical pressures,the most pressing issues to be addressed relate to eutrophication and hazardoussubstances.Therefore, using the available legal instruments, both at the EU and nationallevels, Poland will pursue the implementation of environmental objectives in thefield of improving the condition of the Baltic Sea waters within the time framesspecified in the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP).In the BSAP an action has been stipulated regarding the development ofharmonised monitoring programmes at the scale of the Baltic Sea region, basedon the updated Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the list of elements ofthe marine environment to be assessed, in accordance with the updated decisionof the European Commission. The Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection(GIOŚ) implements the above objective by developing a marine water monitoringprogramme and subsequent updates of the programme, if such results from thereview of the currently implemented programme (Article 351(1) and (13) of theAct of 20 July 2017 - Water Law). The marine waters monitoring program isimplemented with the funds of the grant agreement between GIOŚ and theNational Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management.3. How can we speed up the work?The implementation of the goals and tasks of BSAP should be carried out jointly.In response to all urgent problems of the Baltic Sea, the focus should be on one25Poland Page 203specific overarching action, which is the continuation of close and goodcooperation between all HELCOM members.In this context, the promotion of in-depth, objective knowledge and scientificexplanations plays a key role. The practical implementation of BSAP will have apositive demonstration effect, proving that solutions based on scientificknowledge are actually effective.Therefore, the Science Agenda adopted with BSAP is very important as itcommunicates scientific needs to funding agencies, can inspire scientists to fillthe knowledge gaps and can contribute to increasing the positive interactionbetween science and policy.C. Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated with ammunition?On the basis of the results of the 2020 State Environmental Monitoring (carriedout by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection), an assessment wasperformed in Polish territorial waters in relation to chemical munitions. Theresults of the assessment were published in a study – Assessment ofenvironmental state of Polish marine areas of the Baltic Sea on the basis ofmonitoring data from the year 2020 against the background of the decade 2010-2019 (available on the website of the Chief Inspectorate for EnvironmentalProtection at https://www.gios.gov.pl/pl/stansrodowiska/monitoringwod in thesection "Baltic").Based on the monitoring results no munitions contamination of sediments ororganisms was found. The aforementioned study states: "Taking into account theobtained results of current levels of arsenic and iperite in surface layers ofbottom sediments and arsenic concentration in fish, it can be concluded thatthere is no contamination resulting from potential releases from dumpedchemical weapons.”2. What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigateimpacts on the marine environment?The Polish government takes the issue of the potential threat from hazardousmaterials deposited on the seabed very seriously. Last year, in order to diagnosethe situation, an interministerial task force was established, which systematizedthe existing knowledge on the inventory of hazardous materials deposited inPolish maritime areas, reviewed the existing legal regulations in the aspect ofhazardous materials deposited on the seabed, such as wrecks, conventionalweapons and CW agents, and familiarized itself with the results of previousnational and international research projects in this area.As a result of the conducted analyses, the interministerial task forcerecommended establishment of a new task force for hazardous materialsdumped in Polish maritime areas, the task of which will be to coordinatecooperation between authorities whose competencies include activities related tomonitoring and neutralization of threats posed by dumped hazardous materials.26Poland Page 204D. Towards zero pollution(Pollution harms our health and our environment. It is the largest environmental cause of multiplemental and physical diseases and of premature deaths, especially among children, people with certainmedical conditions and the elderly. In addition to affecting people’s health, pollution is one of the mainreasons for the loss of biodiversity. It reduces the ability of ecosystems to provide services such ascarbon sequestration and decontamination. Therefore, these questions are being asked.)1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?In Poland, a number of documents of a planning and strategic character are nowin effect. On their basis, among others, detailed measures are implemented toreduce greenhouse gas emissions.List of the key strategic documents which are now implemented:• Strategy for Responsible Development,• 2030 National Environmental Policy,• National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030 (NECP),• National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP),• Operational Programme Infrastructure and Environment (POiŚ),• Energy Policy of Poland until 2030,• Polish Nuclear Energy Programme,• National Renewable Energy Action Plan,• National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency for Poland,• National Housing Programme,• National Plan to Increase the Number of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings,• Sustainable Transport Development Strategy until 2030,• National Urban Policy 2023.2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be realised?Policies and measures of cross-sectoral nature that have already been initiated inPoland in the energy supply, energy consumption, transport, industrialprocesses, agriculture, land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) andwaste sectors:• Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme (EU ETS),• Implementation of nuclear energy,• Preferences for electricity generators using high-efficiency cogeneration,• Scheme of certificates of origin for RES (the green certificate scheme),• Auction-based support scheme for RES,• Feed-in tariff and feed-in premium schemes for RES,• Obligation to purchase electricity generated at RES installations with totalinstalled power capacity of less than 500 kW,• Reduction of methane emissions from fuel production and distributionprocesses,• Research projects to develop coalbed methane,• Preferential loans from the BOŚ Bank – Climate-friendly Credit,27Poland Page 205• Support for the development of offshore wind power,• My Power Priority Programme,• Energy Plus Priority Programme,• Polish Geothermal Energy Plus Priority Programme,• District Heating Priority Programme,• Agroenergy Programme,• White certificate scheme,• Energy audits and energy management systems,• Clean Air Priority Programme,• Thermal Modernisation and Renovation Fund,• Thermal modernisation relief,• Improvement of the operation of the energy efficiency system of buildings,• Development of road infrastructure, collective transport, zero-emissionurban transport, electromobility, vehicles using alternative fuels• Promotion of biofuels,• Requirements for improving the emission factors of vehicles,• Measures for efficient railway transport, maritime shipping, inlandwaterway transport, air transport,• Limitation of the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases,• Supporting adaptation and mitigation measures in agricultural holdings,• Development of water and wastewater management.4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your governmentsupporting?5. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and otherenvironmentally harmful activities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so,what environmentally harmful activities has the state prohibited?E. Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?Poland is already delivering more than its fair share and is ready to do more toreduce CO emissions. Poland's energy policy until 2040 is to lead to the creation2of a low-emission economy, and presents a comprehensive vision of thereconstruction and transformation of the energy sector, in a way that puts ourcountry to the path of achieving climate neutrality.The investment necessary for the transformation is expected to lead to a newenergy system within 20 years. This is a huge financial, technical and socialchallenge, which will also require the economic remodelling of 6 large miningregions. Poland intends to allocate available funds to the three priorities outlinedin the PEP2040: building a zero-emission energy system, a supporting fair (just)transition of coal regions and measures to improve air quality.We are planning investments to improve energy efficiency in buildings, includingcompanies, and to subsidise the heating sector in the development of energy-efficient district heating systems. In particular, it is necessary to support thedevelopment of the use of renewable energy sources in the electricity, heating28Poland Page 206and transport sectors. As a consequence of increased RES capacity, there will bea need to develop smart energy systems, including systems adapted totransporting decarbonized gases, such as hydrogen, and storage technologies.The construction of a zero-emission energy system must also be accompanied byinvestments in the development of various forms of energy storage.Decarbonized gases, such as hydrogen or biogas and biomethane, will play aspecial role in this respect, as well as the activation of end users. Investmentneeds in Poland are still enormous. Poland needs investments focused oncomprehensive low-carbon solutions that will drive transformation in Poland andambitious projects tailored to this vision of transformation.2. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage in achieving climateneutrality in the government’s strategy?The Minister of Climate and Environment, takes into account the need to reduceCO emissions and is currently working on an amendment to the Geological and2Mining Law. The main goal intends to enable the implementation of non-demonstration CCS projects.3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the planfor implementation?Coal accounts for almost 70 percent of Poland’s energy mix. The transition tozero- or low-carbon sources must be phased and planned. This is a transition forthe next 20-30 years. Poland's energy policy until 2040 presents acomprehensive vision of the reconstruction and transformation of the energysector and gradually move away from coal. For social, economic andenvironmental reasons, the restructuring of coal regions will be pursued toensure that a just energy transition leads to economic empowerment, leaving noone behind and serving future generations.4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10years?In order to establish renewable and low-carbon hydrogen production in Poland,the Polish Government adopted the 2030 Polish Hydrogen Strategy on the 2nd ofNovember 2021. The aim of the Strategy is to create and develop a hydrogeneconomy in Poland in order to achieve climate neutrality and maintain thecompetitiveness of the Polish industry. The objectives of the Strategy relate tothe priority areas of the use of hydrogen: energy & heating, transport andindustry, as well as its production and distribution. By 2030 the Strategy aims toachieve installed capacity of the low-carbon hydrogen facilities at 2 GW, up to1000 hydrogen-powered buses, more than 32 hydrogen refuelling stations andno less than 5 operating hydrogen valleys.Poland is the third producer of hydrogen in Europe and our productioncapabilities are estimated at 1.3m tons per year. Having regard that there is nofunctioning hydrogen market yet, all consumption takes place in manufacturingfacilities for the industrial processes purposes.On the 14th of October 2021 the Polish Hydrogen Sector Deal was signed bymore than 120 parties (the number is still growing) representing publicadministration, academia and the industry. The Polish Hydrogen Sector Deal is a29Poland Page 207key executive instrument for the implementation of the 2030 Polish HydrogenStrategy as well as delivers financial, legal and institutional solutions in order tobuild hydrogen economy in Poland.F. Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?“GreenEvo – the Green Technology Accelerator”It is an innovative program run by the Ministry of Climate and Environmentdesigned to create friendly conditions to disseminate environmental technologiesprovided by Polish enterpreneurs – in Poland and abroad. Its main purpose is tohelp Polish small and medium-sized enterprises to enter into internationalcontacts and also to provide them with necessary tools to enable their dynamicdevelopment. The actions taken under the program stimulate development in acomprehensive manner and strengthen the position of advanced greentechnologies in the process of building a circular economy. The GreenEvo pogramdemonstrates that Poland is able to become actively involved in internationalactions to combat climate change, without a detriment to economic growth, but,on the contrary, supporting it with innovative, green technologies.Activity areas of supported technologies:• water and wastewater management,• waste management,• renewable energy sources,• energy savings,• air protection,• biological diversity conservation,• passive housing,• low-emission transport,• climate protection including technologies designed to reduce greenhousegas emissions.GreenEvo stimulates transition towards a circular economy, by encouraging andpromoting ecological innovations and environmental technologies in all key fieldsof the economy. The implementation of the programme is undoubtedly animportant tool in supporting sustainable development, domestically andinternationally.2. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and developmentregarding climate protection and biodiversity?Activity areas of supported technologies in the GreenEvo programme:• water and wastewater management,• waste management,• renewable energy sources,• energy savings,• air protection,• biological diversity conservation,• passive housing,30Poland Page 208• low-emission transport,• climate protection including technologies designed to reduce greenhousegas emissions.3. What effects are expected from current support measures?In case of the GreenEvo program aim is the international transfer of greentechnologies, stimulation the activities of Polish companies which provideenvironmental and energy efficient technologies and intermediate aim is supportfor sustainable development of societies.G. International cooperation1. In which fields are there concrete cooperations and joint projects withneighbouring countries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?Poland actively participates in the new Baltic energy market interconnection plan(BEMIP) Working Group for Offshore Wind Energy, established under theSzczecin Declaration on September 30, 2020, under which we offered to be a co-chair of one of the four working areas, which is maritime spatial planning. We areengaging in the Group's activities in order to cooperate in better coordinatingmaritime spatial planning and environmental assessments for the use of theBaltic Sea offshore wind energy potential, facilitating more effective use of seaspace, as well as increasing the availability and interoperability of marine datafor planning purposes, impact assessment, licensing and operations.We believe that the work of this group will in the future lead to a betterunderstanding of offshore wind energy issues in many aspects, and bettercooperation that will allow for the rapid development of these projects.GreenEvoThe Accelerator support technologies in the field of water and wastewatermanagement, waste management, renewable energy sources, energy savings,air protection, biological diversity conservation and climate protection.BiodiversityA model example of such cooperation is the SAMBAH project, which wasimplemented in the years 2009 - 2016 by all the Baltic states, with the exceptionof the Russian Federation. Its aim was to estimate the abundance and seasonaldistribution of the Baltic harbor porpoise - species in danger of extinction.On the Polish side, the partners in the project were: the University of Gdańsk(with the Marine Station of the Institute of Oceanography as the nationalcoordinator of the project), the Institute of Meteorology and Water Managementand the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection. Domestic funding wasprovided by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and WaterManagement, the Provincial Fund for Environmental Protection and WaterManagement in Gdańsk, as well as partners' own funds.The SAMBAH project is the world's first large-scale project using thehydroacoustic method to study small cetaceans. The obtained data are to beused to develop and implement effective and rational methods of protecting theporpoise population. Thanks to the project, the number of porpoises in the BalticSea (less than 500), important in their life cycle and annual areas as well asseasonal migrations, was established. As a result, some Baltic countries enlargedtheir marine Natura 2,000 areas, and in the following years, legal measures weredeveloped to reduce the unfavorable anthropopressure of fisheries on porpoises31Poland Page 209by modifying fishing gear, changing fishing dates and temporarily closingfisheries.Unfortunately, the European Commission refused to finance the next stages ofthe SAMBAH project, so currently the only source of knowledge are the nationalmonitoring systems of the Baltic countries.2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned forthe future?GreenEvoProgram is funded by National Fund for Environmental Protection and WaterManagement for the period of 2022 and 2023, and we would like to continue theimplementation of the program.3. What effects are expected as a result?GreenEvoDirect aim of “GreenEvo” program is to support Polish entrepreneurs andintermediate aim is to support sustainable development, domestically andinternationally.4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts tostrengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?Geothermal energyCurrently Poland does not directly support developing countries in implementingactions for climate protection concerning geological research in the field ofgeothermal energy.The Ministry of Climate and Environment is implementing the strategic projectcalled ‘Development and use of geothermal potential in Poland’, which includesthree geothermal tasks, performed by Polish scientists in cooperation withexperts from abroad under the EEA and Norway Grants. While performing thesetasks, Polish scientists cooperate with experts from Iceland and Norway. Thesecountries are an excellent example of using of geothermal energy. Theestablished cooperation enables the transfer of knowledge, technology, goodpractices and experiences (‘know-how’) about using geothermal energy from thedonor countries (Iceland, Norway) to Poland.CCSWhen it comes to foreign cooperation in the field of CCS, the Polish GeologicalInstitute - National Research Institute maintains working contacts withrepresentatives of the scientific community of other countries, e.g. throughparticipation in conferences and seminars for example the BASRECCS researchand development network "Baltic Carbon Forum 2019" (Tallinn, Estonia) devotedto the issues of geological storage and use of CO2 in the Baltic region and in theworld, where progress in the field of CCS (/ CCUS) research and technology wasdiscussed.GreenEvo32Poland Page 210Program provides access for developing countries to proven green technologiesthat contribute to biodiversity conservation and climate protection. Polishcompanies can deliver effective technologies or products which support activitiesin the field of water and wastewater management, waste management,renewable energy sources, energy savings, air protection, biological diversityconservation and climate protection.H. Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy orroadmap?Yes:• The Polish National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change with theperspective by 2030;• The Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (PEP2040);• The 2030 National Environmental Policy.2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools andmeasures?All the documents listed above have already been reviewed in the answersabove.I. Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement ofsocio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations orcitizens (civil society, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action andbiodiversity (e.g., via discussion fora or consultative bodies?)OffshoreOn 1 July 2020, a letter of intent was signed on cooperation in the developmentof offshore wind energy in Poland between representatives of the governmentand industry. As part of the work on the sectoral agreement, 6 working groupswere set up and focused on key areas such as research and development, socialeducation and stakeholder cooperation, development of Polish industry and theparticipation of Polish companies, logistics of port facilities and impact on coastalregions.Thanks to the enormous commitment and hard work of all participants of thepartnership, which is worth emphasizing, pro publico bono, a draft SectoralAgreement was developed. The solemn signing of the sectoral agreement tookplace on September 15, 2021 in Warsaw.'Polish Offshore Wind Sector Deal' was signed by over a 100 parties. The numberis still growing and as of today it counts over 170 parties. This Government-33Poland Page 211industry collaboration aims to establish a leading offshore wind industry inPoland and to maximise domestic production, development and installationactivities. The Sector Deal aims for a share of at least 20-30% of total value inthe preparatory, installation and operation stage of offshore wind projects to beproduced in Poland by 2025. This share should then increase to at least 45% by2030 and at least 50% after 2030. For the employment in Poland’s offshore windsector this would mean a total of 30,000 direct and indirect jobs by 2030 and atotal of 60,000 direct and indirect jobs by 2040 respectively.HydrogenOn the 14th of October 2021 the Polish Hydrogen Sector Deal was signed bymore than 120 parties (the number is still growing) representing publicadministration, academia and the industry. The Polish Hydrogen Sector Deal is akey executive instrument for the implementation of the 2030 Polish HydrogenStrategy as well as delivers financial, legal and institutional solutions in order tobuild hydrogen economy in Poland.Environmental protectionGovernment and local government institutions as well as universities are inconstant contact with the society by promoting the desired pro-ecologicalbehavior, paying attention to various aspects of environmental protection byreminding about wetlands, fish days, etc. Numerous conferences, webinars andmeetings are organized. The state provides financing for pro-ecological projects.An example of the nationwide involvement of stakeholders in the protection ofthe Baltic Sea is the annual competition for the Farmer of the Year in the BalticSea Region, organized by WWF, which has been ongoing since 2009. The aim ofthe competition is to support and promote pro-environmental activities andattitudes among farmers. Every farm, even those located hundreds of kilometersfrom the seashore, is located in the Baltic basin. The excess of organicsubstances used in fertilizers and plant protection products on such a farm endsup in the sea and pollutes it. The end result of pollution and eutrophication is theformation and growth of dead areas on the seabed.Another valuable initiative illustrating the regional involvement of society innature protection matters is the WWF Blue Patrol, which has been operatingcontinuously since 2010. The Blue Patrol was created as a part of the project"Support for the restitution and protection of Baltic mammals in Poland", thenacted as a part of the action "Protection of marine mammals and birds' habitats",and since 2017 it has been continuing its activity within the action "Protection ofsea mammals and birds and their habitats". The patrol cooperates with theMarine Station of the Institute of Oceanography of the University of Gdańsk inHel and with the Water Bird Research Group KULING. Blue Patrol members arean extremely diverse group. Among them we will find pupils, students, retirees,teachers, officials and entrepreneurs, and therefore representatives of variouslevels of education and professions. In addition, they promote knowledge aboutthe Baltic fauna by conducting educational campaigns in schools, libraries,offices, as well as during picnics and other events organized around the coast.Thanks to them, tourists and residents of coastal towns can learn about thebiology, customs and protection of gray seals, porpoises or birds nesting onbeaches - ringed plovers, oystercatchers and terns. These unique species requireappreciation today and support.Cooperation with non-government partners34Poland Page 212The Ministry of Climate and Environment has developed a Long-Term Program ofCooperation with non-governmental organizations and entities. The mainobjective of the Programme is to build partnership between the governmentadministration and non-governmental organizations in the implementation ofactivities for the protection and shaping of the environment, especially in thefield of climate, sustainable development, energy and for the protection andmanagement of the environment, including in particular:• creating effective channels of communication with NGOs in order toincrease their influence on the creation of policies: climate, energy,environment and sustainable development;• increasing the efficiency and systematization of cooperation with NGOs;• supporting, developing and utilizing the potential of non-governmentalorganizations in the spheres of activity of the office;• promoting good practices of cooperation with NGOs.The Program includes, among others, such forms of cooperation:• social consultations;• mutual informing about directions of activities;• honorary patronages of the Minister;• participation of Ministry representatives in events organized by NGOs;• participation of NGOs in preparation of events organized by the Ministry;• organization of cyclical meetings of the Minister with NGOs.2. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly inopinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate changeand biodiversity?The Minister of Climate and Environment established on March 30, 2020. YouthClimate Council, which is an advisory body to the Minister with 26 young peoplebetween the ages of 15 and 26. The tasks of the Council include:• expressing opinions on matters covered by the departments ofgovernment administration climate and energy, in particular, presentingopinions on planned policy changes, strategies and legislative changeswithin the scope of the Minister's competence, including proposals ofsolutions to the scope of the Council's activities;• creating and promoting pro-ecological and pro-climate attitudes amongyoung people;• increasing the level of knowledge among youth in the field of issuescovered by the sections of government administration Climate and Energy.The Youth Climate Council conducts a number of educational activities to engagethe young generation in pro-ecological activities, affecting climate change andbiodiversity. The Council is one of the initiators of the Youth Climate Dialogue,within which it is involved in the work of the Team for environmental education,including climate education, and promotion of ecological living conditionsestablished by the Ministry of Climate and Environment in cooperation with theMinistry of Education and Science. The Youth Climate Council conducted anonline broadcast webinar on biodiversity and mangrove conservation togetherwith the Indonesian organization ECCO Foundation.35Poland Page 2133. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?In the future, meetings of the Minister of Climate and Environment and deputyministers with NGOs are planned, as well as meetings of the ministry's leadershipwith the Youth Climate Council and other youth organizations.36Schleswig-HolsteinSchleswig-Holstein Page 2154 October 2021BSPC Working Group onClimate Change and Biodiversity (CCB)Intergovernmental surveyAdopted by the BSPC WG CCB on 4 October 2021The governments of the BSPC member parliaments are kindly asked tosend statements and answers to the following issues and questions totheir respective parliaments until 28 February 2022:I. General information on the measures and strategies in the BSPCmember states and regionsClimate changeCould you give a policy-brief report about the measures and national strategies tocombat climate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures? The reportshould preferably be structured according to the following policy areas:1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy or roadmapaimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbon neutrality,objectives in terms of reduction and by what time – concrete measures to achievethe goals);Schleswig-Holstein’s climate protection targets are laid down in the amendedEnergy Transition and Climate Protection Act 2021(EWKG) (see Question II):With regard to climate protection targets, the amended EWKG builds on thefederal government's targets, which were adopted in the Federal ClimateProtection Act 2021: the latter requires that, compared to 1990 levels,greenhouse gas emissions be reduced nationwide by at least 65 percent by theyear 2030, by at least 88 percent by 2040, and by 2045 to such an extent thatnet greenhouse gas neutrality is achieved nationally. After 2050, the goal isnegative greenhouse gas emissions nationwide. The state of Schleswig-Holstein2Schleswig-Holstein Page 216supports the federal government's targets and will make an ambitiouscontribution to achieving them.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;Some measures are implemented with the Energy Transition and ClimateProtection Act, see Question II.Beyond the above-mentioned act, other key measures implemented by the stategovernment are a state-wide regional planning scheme, in which 2% of the statearea has been designated for wind energy. Schleswig-Holstein was thefrontrunner in granting wind power permits in 2021, so the expansion will makesignificant progress. Grid expansion also continues to make headway; and theamounts of electricity curtailed due to bottlenecks have fallen in recent years.The state is focusing strongly on sector coupling and flexibility. Fundinginstruments for the energy transition and climate protection have been scaled upsignificantly. Priorities include a comprehensive heat transition, support formunicipal climate protection, funding for charging stations for electric mobility andimplementation of the hydrogen strategy.3. Current and planned mitigation measures;See answers to item 2 above.4. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change.Section 15 of the Energy Transition and Climate Protection Act of Schleswig-Holstein stipulates: "The state government shall draw up a strategy for adaptingto climate change and implement appropriate measures".In 2017, the Ministry of Energy, Agriculture, the Environment, Nature andDigitalization (MELUND) identified climate-sensitive fields of action such as soiland water management in the "Roadmap for Schleswig-Holstein - Adaptation toClimate Change" and established indicators for its monitoring. Furthermore, theclimate impacts, challenges, possible measures as well as current activities perfield of action are highlighted. The aim of the roadmap for Schleswig-Holstein is toshow individual ways in which adaptation to climate change can be managed inthe fields of action that are identifiable and particularly relevant for the state.The following are examples of the state government’s action in sub-areas andongoing work processes related to climate change adaptation:• General Plan for Coastal Protection 2012: this plan contains the climate dikeconcept, which can be used to provide protection in the event of a sea level riseof up to 2.0 m in several construction phases. The update of the General Planfor Coastal Protection was adopted by the state government in February 2022and contains further climate adaptation measures for protection facilities suchas regional dikes and constructional structures in the dike.• Overall Strategy for the Development of the Baltic Sea Coast 2100: The goal ofthe strategy to be drawn up by 2024 is a Baltic Sea coast that is adapted to theconsequences of climate change in a sustainable and long-term manner bymeans of appropriate protection measures and climate-adapted or climate-resilient forms of use. In order to achieve this goal, the sectors affected mostby climate change, namely coastal protection, tourism and nature conservationare considered in an integrative and holistic approach.3Schleswig-Holstein Page 217• Lowland strategy: The strategy for the lowlands until 2100 is threefold: itintends to investigate the need for adaptation of water managementinfrastructure and its mode of operation because of climate change andchanging societal demands in the lowlands, to develop solutions forimplementation and to identify the resources required for this purpose.Biodiversity1. Could you give a policy-brief report about measures and national strategies toprotect biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems?Various protected areas with varying degrees of protection are designated in SH,in which habitats and species are protected. The Natura 2000 areas (FFH, birdprotection) as well as nature reserves (NSG) and the Schleswig-Holstein WaddenSea National Park are particularly worth mentioning here.Within these areas, but also partly outside of them, extensive measures arecarried out to preserve or restore the biotopes and habitats of species.In the biodiversity strategy of the state of Schleswig-Holstein "Course Nature2030", the essential measures for improving the state of biodiversity in SH are setout.2. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitats ofparticular importance for the protection of biodiversity – terrestrial as well asmarine?The Natura 2000 system of protected areas ("FFH and EU bird sanctuaries")includes both terrestrial and marine areas in which species and habitats ofEurope-wide importance are protected. In SH, for example, the habitat types“reefs” and “sandbanks” are protected in the marine area. The habitat type"shallow large marine bay" includes e.g. seagrass beds, which are of majorimportance for marine biodiversity.In the terrestrial realm, peatlands are of particular importance in SH, for example,and are being increasingly restored to their original state through a peatlandprotection program and the "Biological Climate Protection" program. Schleswig-Holstein also bears great responsibility for the protection of meadow and shorebirds. For this purpose, wet grassland as well as dune and salt marsh habitats arespecially protected.Even though SH has a low proportion of forests with approx. 11 percent, these areof great importance for biodiversity and numerous forests are designated asprotected areas. Particularly in the woods of the Schleswig-Holstein State Forests,the biodiversity goals in the forest are implemented via natural forest areas,habitat trees and adapted management.3. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity is mostat stake in your country at the present time.In SH, habitats with their associated species of nutrient-poor, wet and dry areasare particularly endangered. These are e.g. raised bogs, nutrient-poor lakes, drygrasslands and heaths. Other species at high risk are field species such asskylark, partridge and lapwing, which suffer from too high management intensityand too little structural diversity in the agricultural landscape.4Schleswig-Holstein Page 218The reports should also include the following aspects:- Each country’s views on the root causes and drivers of the problem;- National targets and how they have been met so far;- Concerning the HELCOM BSAP implementation: what has helped in theirimplementation and/or why have some not been met, with concrete examples fromeach country;- Legislative measures: best practice examples on progressive legislation as well as therole of taxation and how far both helped in achieving the objectives;- Other support measures that can help in achieving the objectives;- Has the COVID-19 pandemic had any impact whatsoever on achieving the measures?- Are there concrete figures on what impact measures to combat the pandemic had onthe volume of greenhouse gas emissions (transport, economy)?- Are prosperity and an ecologically stable and sound environmental condition for futuregenerations considered as a fundamental right in the decision-making processes?II. Legal basis of the measures and strategies in the BSPC member statesand regions1. What are the main provisions to combat climate change?An Energy Transition and Climate Protection Act (EWKG) has been in effect inSchleswig-Holstein since 2017, which formulates targets and concrete measuresas a contribution to achieving the state's climate protection goals. It was revisedin 2021. The amended version came into force on Dec. 17, 2021. The amendinglaw can be found here, the consolidated version here, summary information of theministry MELUND as well as questions and answers here, the bill of the stategovernment can be accessed as LT-Drs. 19/3061.Key aspects of the amendment are an introduction of mandatory photovoltaicsystems for new buildings, for roof renovations of non-residential buildings andfor large parking lots as well as an obligation for larger municipalities to draw upmunicipal heat plans. In addition, the use of renewable energies in the heatsupply of existing buildings was mandated as part of an energy-efficientrenovation. Climate protection requirements for the state administration were alsotightened.2. Is there a climate protection law?See answers to part 1 above.3. What are the main provisions on biodiversity?see I.14. Is there a law protecting biodiversity?The Federal and the State Nature Conservation Acts as well asthe Habitats and the Birds Directives are the main legislation.III. Specific areas and aspects5Schleswig-Holstein Page 219A. Maritime areas and protected zones1. How exactly are maritime areas protected?In Schleswig-Holstein’s Baltic Sea there are the following types of MPA’s:FFH sites combined with bird sanctuaries form Schleswig-Holstein’s contributionto the Natura 2000 network. The Natura 2000 sites in Schleswig-Holstein arereported as HELCOM MPA’s. More information on the Natura 2000 sites can beretrieved atVia the link to the environmental atlas Umweltatlas a map of all FHH and bird(cid:24)(cid:143)(cid:153)(cid:135)(cid:142)(cid:150)(cid:3)(cid:428)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:131)(cid:150)(cid:151)(cid:148)(cid:149)(cid:133)(cid:138)(cid:151)(cid:150)(cid:156)(cid:3)(cid:486)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:4)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:884)(cid:882)(cid:882)(cid:882)(cid:3)(cid:486)(cid:3)(cid:149)(cid:133)(cid:138)(cid:142)(cid:135)(cid:149)(cid:153)(cid:139)(cid:137)(cid:486)(cid:138)(cid:145)(cid:142)(cid:149)(cid:150)(cid:135)(cid:139)(cid:144)(cid:484)(cid:134)(cid:135)protection areas can be displayed. By using the search functions, information on(cid:481)all Natura 2000 sites in Schleswig-Holstein can be accessed.In addition, there are some nature reserves (NSG) in the Baltic Sea of Schleswig-Holstein. A map and further information on these areas can also be accessed inthe Environmental Atlas.2. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been established inyour territorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?To date, there are no zero-use zones in the Schleswig-Holstein coastal waters ofthe Baltic Sea. One of the steps which the German program of measures for theimplementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive provides for theBaltic Sea is to create resting and refuge areas for marine species and habitats.This also includes the possibility of zero-use areas.3. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?(Well-functioning coastal ecosystems are key for combating climate change. Well-managed areas canstore carbon but destroyed ecosystems risk becoming carbon sources. Good management can includerestoration of important habitats, e.g., eel grass, limitation of new constructions etc.)Information on the state of the Baltic Sea, the burdens to which the sea isexposed and the measures that Germany and Schleswig-Holstein are taking toimprove the state of the Baltic Sea are collected in particular as part of theimplementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. This data can befound at www.meeresschutzinfo.de. Schleswig-Holstein has also been activelyinvolved in HELCOM, the regional agreement for the protection of the marineenvironment of the Baltic Sea, for many years now and functioned, among otherthings, as co-host of the last HELCOM Ministerial Conference in October 2021,where the updated Baltic Sea Action Plan was adopted. For more information, see2021 Lübeck – HELCOM.B. Eutrophication(Eutrophication is a major threat to biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and has a negative impact on bothecosystem function and ecological services. Mitigating eutrophication is essential for the protection ofbiodiversity.)1. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and other directives?2. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realised in yourcountry by when and by which measures?3. How can we speed up the work?Questions 1 - 3 are answered together.The updated BSAP was adopted in October 2021. Measures to reduce nutrientpollution are mainly implemented through the management plans and programsof measures for the 3rd cycle 2022-2027 of the EU Water Framework DirectiveBewirtschaftungspläne und Maßnahmenprogramme für den 3.6Schleswig-Holstein Page 220Bewirtschaftszeitraum 2022-2027 as well as through the MSFD program ofmeasures MSRL-Maßnahmenprogramm (the updated version of the MSFDprogram of measures for the 2nd cycle of MSFD implementation 2022-2027 willbe published in mid-2022 at the link provided). Requirements specific to coastalwaters can be found in the document “Festlegung der Bewirtschaftungsziele zurReduzierung der Nährstoffbelastung in den Küstengewässern” ("Settingmanagement objectives to reduce nutrient loading in coastal waters").C. Sea-dumped munitions1. Are there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated with ammunition?There are areas in Schleswig-Holstein contaminated with munitions as well asmunitions dumping areas.2. What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mitigateimpacts on the marine environment?Schleswig-Holstein is working with partners from the other coastal federal statesand the federal government on a concept for environmental monitoring withregard to compounds typical of explosives. In addition, a concept forenvironmentally compatible munitions salvage and disposal is being worked onwith the partners. Ammunition blasting is limited to a necessary minimum.Wherever possible, entrenchment and mitigation measures are used. There is anintensive exchange with research projects and the partners at HELCOM.D. Towards zero pollution(Pollution harms our health and our environment. It is the largest environmental cause of multiplemental and physical diseases and of premature deaths, especially among children, people with certainmedical conditions and the elderly. In addition to affecting people’s health, pollution is one of the mainreasons for the loss of biodiversity. It reduces the ability of ecosystems to provide services such ascarbon sequestration and decontamination. Therefore, these questions are being asked.)1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water and earth?No action plan exists for the area of air pollutants. As soon as the EU specifies itsintentions, it will be examined how this plan can be implemented and, ifnecessary, supplemented in Schleswig-Holstein.However, climate protection plans and measures that lead to a reduction incombustion processes and their emissions of air pollutants as a whole will alsohave a positive effect on air quality.2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?See answer to part 1 above.3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be realised?See answer to part 1 above.4. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your governmentsupporting?At present, no specific projects are being promoted to prevent environmentalpollution from plastics.7Schleswig-Holstein Page 2215. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and otherenvironmentally harmful activities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so,what environmentally harmful activities has the state prohibited?The state of Schleswig-Holstein has not issued any such bans.E. Economy1. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO2 emissions?The funding priorities include the heat transition, electric mobility, expansion ofpublic and bicycle transport, hydrogen projects, energy transition research,energy conservation and climate protection in the economy, inter alia through afocus on ERDF funding, biological climate protection and the energy optimizationof state properties.2. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage in achieving climateneutrality in the government’s strategy?In Schleswig-Holstein, underground CO2 storage is expressly ruled out in theentire state, including Schleswig-Holstein's coastal waters, by the Act RegulatingCarbon Dioxide Storage (KSpG SH)passed on March 27, 2014. According to theresolution of September 26, 2019, the state parliament also rejects the storage ofCO2 in German coastal waters in the exclusive economic zone (LT-Drs. 19/1736).The environmental ministry MELUND advocates a priority use of biological sinks tocompensate for unavoidable residual emissions.CO2 capture from waste and flue gases and subsequent utilization (CCU) for theproduction of fuels and chemical feedstocks from CO2 and green hydrogen isbeing tested and further developed in the "HySCALE 100" funding project carriedout by the companies Holcim Germany / Hynamics Germany / Ørsted Wind PowerGermany / Raffinerie Heide before 2030.3. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is the planfor implementation?In Schleswig-Holstein, the use of coal has historically been of minor importance.One of the few existing power plant sites has already converted to natural gas,and at the three other sites still in operation, all operators have concreteinvestment plans to replace the coal-fired power plants. Schleswig-Holstein istherefore expected to have ended its use of coal well before 2030.4. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10years?Green hydrogen plays a crucial role in this further development and thecompletion of the energy transition. In Schleswig-Holstein alone, we have ademand of at least 1.8 TWh for green hydrogen in the coming years, primarilyneeded for the production of raw materials in industry and as an energy carrierfor alternative drive technologies in the transport sector, especially in logistics. By2030, the hubs of demand will thus be primarily the industrial and chemical parkson the west coast, as well as refueling stations at municipal transport companiesand on logistics axes. The waste heat generated during electrolysis is to beharnessed.Thanks to the abundant supply of electricity from wind energy, SH not only meetsthe demand for the regional market ramp-up within the state with the hydrogen8Schleswig-Holstein Page 222produced here, but also supplies other German states. Electrolysis capacities of atleast 1 GW can be built in Schleswig-Holstein by 2030. Scientific studies haverepeatedly demonstrated that both options are possible for Schleswig-Holstein: asufficient production of electricity from renewable energy sources for directelectricity applications and the production of green hydrogen for Schleswig-Holstein and national export.The use of electricity for green hydrogen does not lead to an extension ofelectricity production from fossil power plants. The existing geological conditionsfor storage possibilities in salt caverns, and the planned gas import infrastructurealso predestine our state to provide hydrogen for all of Germany. This is becauseour strategic location as a hub for the landing and distribution of electrical energyto and from Norway, Denmark or even Sweden, for example, as well as ourintegration into the requisite infrastructure for hydrogen transport and distributionare crucial in this context. Schleswig-Holstein can become part of a Europeanhydrogen transport infrastructure, for example, through a north-south linkbetween DK and Lower Saxony/Hamburg, or also by connecting to hydrogenproduction in the North Sea, as well as import terminals for green hydrogen fromlow-cost H2 production regions worldwide.What is special and innovative in our state is precisely this dovetailing of differentsectors and players. The pioneers in Schleswig-Holstein use existing regionalinfrastructures and close cooperation between the state government and industryleads to regional value creation.F. Innovation1. Which programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent?The state program "Biological Climate Protection" aims to save up to 717,000 tCO2 equivalents annually in Schleswig-Holstein by 2030 at the latest through therewetting of peatlands, the formation of new forests and forest conversion, andthe conversion of arable land to grassland. In addition to reducing GHG emissions,the measures will simultaneously generate synergies for biodiversity, water andsoil conservation.To secure peatlands for rewetting measures, the program uses an innovativenovel approach to land valuation. The value of a peatland area is based on thepotential for GHG emissions mitigation of that area, rather than the agriculturalmarket value as has been the case in the past. This procedure is currently beingtested in selected pilot areas. From 2023, it should be possible to apply theprocedure to all peatlands in Schleswig-Holstein.The pilot project "KlimaFarm", funded by the federal Ministry for the Environmentand Nature Conservation BMUV, has been investigating economically andecologically viable peatland-conserving wet grassland management (cultivation ofpaludiculture) under scientific supervision since December 2021. This projectinvestigates the extent to which biomass obtained from rewetted areas can beused to establish new product and value chains. The focus is primarily on theproduction of pellets as a raw material for grass paper and vegetable carbon,which can be used, for example, for the production of shipping cartons, buildingmaterials or soil improvers.9Schleswig-Holstein Page 2232. Which areas are particularly supported in terms of research and developmentregarding climate protection and biodiversity?The development and testing of alternative forms of use for wetted peatlands thatare also economically viable for agriculture in the long term (e.g. extensivegrassland use or the cultivation of paludiculture) are a major research focus.3. What effects are expected from current support measures?The state program "Biological Climate Protection" is intended to make a significantcontribution to climate protection by avoiding up to 717,500 t of CO2 equivalentsper year in a long-term and sustainable manner. At the same time, the associatedmeasures have a positive impact on biodiversity conservation. Findings from thetesting of alternative forms of use for wetland peatlands ("KlimaFarm") are to beharnessed to develop climate-friendly management options for agriculture.G. International cooperation1. In which fields are there concrete cooperations and joint projects withneighbouring countries in the areas of climate change, and biodiversity?As part of the STRING cooperation, Schleswig-Holstein is working with memberregions in Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Norway to develop a GreenHub andclimate-neutral infrastructure between Oslo and the Hamburg metropolitanregion. Through the GREAT project (Green Region for Alternative Fuels forTransport), the expansion of electric mobility (fast-charging stations) and liquefiednatural gas (LNG) has been realized along the most important routeways fromHamburg to Copenhagen and Sweden.No cooperation projects are currently being conducted in the area of biologicalclimate protection.2. Are increased cooperation and the implementation of joint projects planned forthe future?In 2022, a cross-border hydrogen project is to be launched to establishinfrastructures for transport with green hydrogen. The plan is to establish a corenetwork of hydrogen refueling stations between Hamburg and Oslo.In the field of biological climate protection, no cross-border projects have beenplanned so far.3. What effects are expected as a result?The goal of the STRING cooperation is the joint development of paths towards aclimate-neutral future, of future technologies in this field and thus thedevelopment of markets and regional value creation in the STRING region.4. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their efforts tostrengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?No cooperation with developing countries is currently ongoing in the field ofbiological climate protection.10Schleswig-Holstein Page 224H. Adaptation1. Has your state or region adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy orroadmap?Yes, a roadmap and legislation.2. If that is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools andmeasures?See the answer to Question I.4. above.In the coming years, it will be necessary to examine how the selected fields ofaction develop under the conditions of climate change, and which measures needto be taken and implemented as a result. In addition, Schleswig-Holstein willcontinue to develop and implement its strategy for adapting to climate changeand establish a climate change impact monitoring system for Schleswig-Holstein.I. Involvement of citizens and stakeholders1. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement ofsocio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations orcitizens (civil society, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action andbiodiversity (e.g., via discussion fora or consultative bodies?)In the area of biological climate protection, an exchange with stakeholders takesplace, for example in the context of information events. In addition, the stateprogram "Biological Climate Protection" and the project "ClimateFarm" areaccompanied by public relations work.The state government involves the business and scientific communities, as well associety in general, in climate protection activities in the state in a variety of ways.For example, the Energy Transition Advisory Council, which meets annually withrepresentatives from parliament, business, the environment, science, the churchand local authorities, discusses specific issues relating to climate protection andthe energy transition. Programs such as the Energy and Climate ProtectionInitiative and the "Consumers in the Energy Transition" project provide municipalstakeholders and consumers with information and suggestions for implementingclimate protection measures.The state has been certifying extracurricular learning sites for their educationalwork in the field of ESD (education for sustainable development) since 2005 aspart of the so-called nun-certification (northern German and sustainable). Thosecertified include, for example, individual volunteers, municipal companies, butalso state-owned institutions such as the National Park Center MultimarWattforum. Among these almost 65 certified learning sites one finds playerswhose educational work focuses on the field of climate protection and/or on thefield of biodiversity (among others, especially with a focus on forest ecosystemsor the Wadden Sea) and who address very diverse target groups. Depending onthe educational actor, the educational offers are aimed at daycare groups, schoolclasses, adults, senior citizens, people with disabilities, etc.2. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more strongly inopinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climate changeand biodiversity?The Education Center for Nature, the Environment and Rural Areas offers, amongother things, educational formats for children, e.g. the Nature Experience Action11Schleswig-Holstein Page 225Month or the flowering strip project for elementary schools, which also convey anunderstanding of biodiversity and climate change.In the "Jugend wird AKTIV" project, schoolchildren can contribute and implementideas for environmental protection and resource conservation.The now-certified educational actors implement the teaching and learning conceptof ESD and use this as the foundation of their educational work. ESD comprises,among other things, so-called design competencies with 12 specific sub-competencies, which are intended to enable well-founded consideration processeswith regard to sustainable development and are integrated accordingly into theeducational work. Depending on the thematic focus of the educational actor, thiscomes into play in the above-mentioned subject areas.3. Are there plans to increase such initiatives in the future?Raising the awareness of the young generation to the topics of climate changeand biodiversity through information and education formats will continue to bepursued.The state strategy for ESD aims to maintain or enhance the quality and number ofcurrently certified actors. In addition, ESD in the state is to be strengthened inprinciple, which is to be achieved, among other things, through an ESD agencyspanning all educational areas and education area-specific goals and measures.The overarching goal of the strategy is to ensure that ESD is taken into account inall educational areas relevant to the entire educational biography and thus toprovide all people with the competencies that contribute to sustainabledevelopment in the sense of the UN Agenda 2030.12SwedenSweden Page 22722 February 2021 O ur ref. 2021:1458BSPC WORKING GROUP SURVEYIntroductionThe Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference (BSPC) is a forum for political dia-logue between parliamentarians from the Baltic Sea Region. The BSPC has atpresent nominated a working group for the marine environment of the Baltic Seaincluding climate change and the protection of biodiversity. The BSPC workinggroup has agreed on a common questionnaire to be sent to the participating coun-tries. The answers will help the working group in its deliberations and is going tobe used as a knowledge-base for the final report of the working group. The Re-search Service of the Swedish Riksdag has prepared this report on behalf of theSwedish delegation of the BSPC. The report builds upon official documents fromrelevant ministries and governmental authorities. The Swedish Agency for Ma-rine and Water Management has assisted the Research Service with informationabout the Swedish implementation of the BSAP.The Research Service of the Swedish Riksdag has made some minor rearrange-ments of the original questions, regrouping them to facilitate the preparation ofthe answers. The questions and additional text from the questionnaire are markedin italics. The questions have sometimes been grouped and answered together ina broader context. Full references, listed according to the footnotes, are given atthe end of the document. Each section is preceded by a framed short summary.ContentIntroduction 1Climate change and energy policies 2The protection of biodiversity 5Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) and eutrophication 8Towards zero pollution 12Sea-dumped munitions 14Innovation 15International cooperation, the involvement of different stakeholders and socialsustainability 17References 21Utredningstjänsten • Tel. 08-786 40 00 • E-post rut@riksdagen.seTHE SWEDISH PARLIAMENT SE-100 12 Stockholm o Phone +46 8 786 40 00 o www.riksdagen.se1 (24)Sweden Page 228Climate change and energy policiesCould you please summarize your national strategies and measures to combatclimate change as well as existing and planned adaptation measures? Is there aclimate protection law? What are the main provisions to combat climate change?If you are aware of any best practice examples on progressive legislation as wellas the role of taxation, how far has this helped in achieving the objectives?Would you like to mention any other support measures that can help in achievingthe objectives? Please consider the following areas and questions (among othersubjects of your choice) in your answer:Sweden has adopted a national climate target to become climate-neutral2045 the latest and to have negative emissions thereafter. The main mitiga-tion measures are technical developments within industry, CCS, electrifica-tion and use of biofuels in transport, increased renewable electricity produc-tion, the use of fossil-free hydrogen gas and measures within agriculture.Policy measures include the Swedish climate law, the carbon tax, EU-ETSand incentives for innovation. The adaptation to climate change is mainlythe responsibility of a number of governmental agencies, the regions and lo-cal public administrations.1. National and global climate mitigation objectives (strategy, policy orroadmap aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or achieving carbonneutrality, objectives in terms of reduction and by what time – concretemeasures to achieve the goals);Sweden has adopted a national climate target to become climate-neutral 2045 thelatest and to have negative emissions thereafter. This means at least 85 percentreduction compared to 1990 and the remaining emissions may be compensatedby e.g. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). The land-use sector (LULUCF) is notincluded in the calculation of the target1. There are interim targets of 63 percentreduction at 2030 compared to 1990 and 75 percent 2040 respectively. In addi-tion, there is a separate target for domestic transport, excluding air transport of atleast 70 percent reduction until 2030 compared to 2010. The establishment of theclimate target timeframes is one example of obligations according to the Swedishclimate act (2017:720)2.2. Critical sectors where the need for additional measures is imminent;1 Sweden has a major carbon sink due to the forestry sector. LULUCF = Land Use Land UseChanges and Forestry.2 The Swedish Climate Act.2 (24)Sweden Page 2293. Current and planned mitigation measures;The Government presented a climate action plan in December 2019 includingsupporting documentation from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency(SEPA). According to SEPA there is a need to take additional measures corre-sponding to reductions of at least 31-36 Mtons of CO2 equivalents to be able toreach the 2045 target. The target to 2030 for domestic transport is not going to bemet unless additional measures of at least 6-7 Mtons. Sweden has recently intro-duced a duty to progressively increase the proportion of biofuels in diesel andpetrol and planned increased demands on fuel producers and the EU fuel effi-ciency rules for new cars are going to reduce the emissions with at least 5 Mtonsand consequently some additional measures are going to become necessary toreach the target.3The initiative of the Government, “Fossil Free Sweden”4, has shown that there isa potential to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses from a few carbon-in-tensive sectors of the industry with 60-80 percent (10-13 Mtons) until 2045 com-pared to the situation 2016. These includes plans for “fossile-free” iron and steelproduction, the use of CCS in the metallurgical industry and increased substitu-tion to bio-fuels and electrification.54. Measures and strategies for adaptation to climate change. Has your state orregion adopted a climate change adaptation strategy, policy or roadmap? Ifthat is the case, could you indicate its main objectives, policy tools andmeasures?The Government launched Sweden’s national strategy for climate change adapta-tion in 20186. It includes Sweden’s climate change adaptation goals, guidingprinciples for this work, organisation and distribution of responsibilities, moni-toring, financing principles and research initiatives.The responsibilities of state agencies are regulated by the Ordinance on climateadaptation work on the part of government agencies (2018:1428)7. According tothe Ordinance, stated agencies must within their area of responsibility and man-date, initiate, support and evaluate climate adaptation work to protect state prop-erty and adapt its activities to a changed climate. The county administrativeboards are in turn responsible for the coordination of the regional climate adapta-tion activities.3 SEPA, The 2019 Climate Action Plan.4 Fossil Free Sweden.5 SEPA, The 2019 Climate Action Plan.6 SMHI, Climate change adaptation strategy.7 SMHI, Ordinance (2018:1428).3 (24)Sweden Page 230Each year, the agencies shall report to the Swedish Meteorological and Hydro-logical Institute (SMHI), which according to the ordinance shall analyse these re-ports, submit a summary analysis to the Government and support the agencies intheir work with the ordinance. SMHI also hosts the Swedish National ExpertCouncil for Climate Adaptation8 and a study-centre for climate change adapta-tion9.5. What are the investment priorities of the state to reduce CO emissions?2According to the assessment of the independent body Swedish Climate PolicyCouncil the reductions of national emissions have so far relied on increased useof liquid and solid biofuels and increased energy efficiency and savings in the in-dustry sector. The use of liquid biofuels is stimulated by the compulsory reduc-tion quota (see above). Economic incentives like tax-reliefs apply to solid bio-fuels. The Swedish government has a high emphasis on prise-regulating instru-ments like the Swedish carbon tax (primarily for sectors outside the EU–ETSsystem).106. What is the role of carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCS) in achievingclimate neutrality in the government’s strategy?The Government’s action-plan from 2019 mentions the CCS-related potentialemissions reductions to be 2-4 Mtons in the minerals industry and the Govern-ment will support further research to develop the CCS technique. CCS has ac-cording to the action-plan the potential to make possible negative emissions after2045 and before that date also contribute to reach the net-zero target.11, 127. Has the state considered or planned a ban on coal usage? If so, what is theplan for implementation?No, not for the use of coal, but the Government has recently investigated the pos-sibility for a legal ban on prospecting for new sources of coal, oil and naturalgas.138. What is the strategy of the state regarding the use of hydrogen in the next 10years?The Swedish Energy Agency finalised a proposal for a Swedish national strategyfor non-fossil hydrogen gas, electro-fuels and ammonia in September 2021. The8 SMHI, Swedish National Expert Council for Climate Adaptation.9 SMHI, Nationellt kunskapscentrum för klimatanpassning.10 Swedish Climate Policy Council 2020.11 The Climate Action Plan 2019 section 13.2.12 The Swedish Energy Agency, CCS.13 The Government 2021a.4 (24)Sweden Page 231goal of the preliminary strategy is to reach a conversion capacity of 5 GW elec-tricity at 2030 and an additional 10 GW to 2045 (effect in GW used for the con-version of water to hydrogen gas). This corresponds to an increased need forelectricity of 60-126 TWh per year and an additional reduction of the emissionswith 1,5-3 Mtons CO2eq to 2030 and 7-15 Mtons in 2045. The proposedmeasures comprise economic incentives, legal changes, research measures andcooperation. The final strategy has not yet been published by the Government.14The protection of biodiversityCould you please summarize your national strategies and measures to protect bi-odiversity and the integrity of ecosystems? Is there a law protecting biodiversity,what are the main provisions on biodiversity? If you are aware of any best prac-tice examples on progressive legislation as well as the role of taxation, how farhas this helped in achieving the objectives? Would you like to mention any othersupport measures that can help in achieving the objectives?Forest is dominating the Swedish landscape and covers about 69 percent ofthe land area. The relatively pristine forests in the north-west are particu-larly important for the protection of biodiversity. There is a positive trendregarding the protection of biodiversity in managed forest but forestry stillhas to improve its degree of nature conservation. More emphasis also has tobe given to the protection and restoration of agricultural traditional land-scapes. There is a network of marine protected areas along the Swedishcoastline and the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management isworking for the goal to protect at least 10 percent of the marine area as be-ing a functioning coastal ecosystem. The protection of biodiversity is regu-lated by a high number of different laws and regulations, mostly nationalimplementation of EU legislation.The protection of biodiversity is one of the main priorities of the Swedish systemwith environmental qualities objectives, described more into detail in the section“towards zero pollution”. The protection of biodiversity is otherwise regulated bya high number of different laws and regulations, mostly national implementationof EU legislation. There is an ongoing political and legal process in Sweden tofind an appropriate balance between different aspects of “using” natural re-sources and “protecting” the essential elements of biodiversity. The UN SDGgoals work as a template for this process.1514 The Swedish Energy Agency, Hydrogen gas.15 The Government 2021b.5 (24)Sweden Page 232The Swedish government underlines in the report on the implementation of the2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development from 2021 that biodiversity loss hasnot been halted and the rate of species loss has not slowed. The greatest risk isfor species that need agricultural traditional landscapes for survival. Forest ac-counts for 69 percent of Sweden’s land area, and the proportion has remained rel-atively unchanged since 2005. In 2019, 80 percent of forest land had a long-termforest management plan, and more than 60 percent of total forest land was certi-fied by independent, verified forest management certification schemes. Accord-ing to the report, forestry has a major impact on the Swedish landscape. The en-vironmental considerations of the forestry sector are characterized by a long-termpositive trend, but forestry still has to improve its degree of nature conservationand the protection of cultural heritage interests in the management and use of for-ests.16According to the Governments report, Sweden face continuing challenges aboutthe protection of the marine environment regarding eutrophication, hazardoussubstances and marine litter, loss of biodiversity and unsustainable fishing of cer-tain species. Action to limit emissions and reduce nutrient loads has produced re-sults, but further efforts are needed. The status of fish and shellfish stocks variesin Swedish waters. Achieving the objectives of biologically and socio-economi-cally sustainable fisheries requires extensive work under the EU Common Fisher-ies Policy as well as the implementation of actions at both EU and nationallevel.17Please also consider the following areas and questions (among other subjects ofyour choice) in your answer:1. Could you name some examples of areas, ecosystems, landscapes and habitatsof particular importance for the protection of biodiversity – terrestrial as wellas marine? What are your national targets and how have they been met so far?Regarding terrestrial biodiversity the boreal forest and especially the northern taigaalong the northern mountain range between Norway and Sweden is one of the highpriority areas. About 2,4 million hectares of the forest in Sweden is formally pro-tected of which 62 percent located alongside the northern mountain range. Thisarea belongs to one of the few unfragmented and relatively untouched areas in theEU. There are for the moment plans and discussions going on to formally protectan additional 140 000 hectares of forest in this area18. The Swedish forest inquiry“Skogsutredningen” recently estimated the total forested area within this regiongiven priority by the inquiry for formal protection was about 500 000 hectares19.16 Ibid. SDG 15 page 118.17 Ibid. SDG 14 page 115.18 SEPA, Boreal forest.19 The Forest enquiry 2020:73 page 972.6 (24)Sweden Page 2332. It would be useful if you could briefly outline where and how biodiversity ismost at stake in your country at the present timeSee previous sections3. How and to what extent are maritime areas protected?Sweden has one marine national park in the “Koster area” and a multitude of ma-rine protected areas alongside the whole coast. These areas are either Natura-2000sites or marine and coastal reserves20.4. Have large-scale zero-use zones in marine conservation areas been establishedin your territorial waters, or is the establishment of such zones planned?The use restrictions are different depending on what features are supposed to beprotected in the particular area. In the national Koster area, some commercialfisheries are permitted. There are examples of coastal areas where all fisherieshave been banned for some period with positive effects on the fish stock. TheGovernment has given the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Managementthe mandate in the fisheries regulation to decide about this kind of restrictionswhere necessary.215. What actions has your country taken to create functioning coastal ecosystems?(Well-functioning coastal ecosystems are key for combating climate change.Well-managed areas can store carbon but destroyed ecosystems risk becomingcarbon sources. Good management can include restoration of important habi-tats, e.g., eel grass, limitation of new constructions etc.).There are research programmes to gain increased experience about how to bestrestore coastal areas and coastal ecosystems. One example is the project “Levandevikar” supported by Baltic Waters 2030.22The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management is working for the goalto protect at least 10 percent of the marine area as being a functioning coastalecosystem. The agency has made an analysis of the current situation and an ac-tion plan to strengthen the functional integrity and connectivity of the protectedareas.2320 SEPA maps about protected areas and HaV, marine protected areas.21 HaV, Fishing regulations in Marine Protected Areas.22 Baltic Waters 2030.23 HaV, Action plan for marine protected areas.7 (24)Sweden Page 234Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) and eutrophicationEutrophication is a major threat to biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and has a nega-tive impact on both ecosystem function and ecological services. Mitigating eu-trophication is essential for the protection of biodiversity.1. Concerning the HELCOM BSAP implementation, what has facilitatedthe implementation and/or why have some of the targets not been met?(Please give concrete examples from your country).2. What actions does your country take to fulfil the BSAP and relevant EUlegislation?3. Which objectives of the Baltic Sea Action Plan are planned to be realisedin your country by when and by which measures?4. How can we speed up the work?The national implementation of BSAP is facilitated by the supporting re-lated legislative framework of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive(2008/56/EC) as well as the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC).The Swedish implementation has recently been summarised and analysedin the national marine strategy and action plan for the North Sea and theBaltic Sea from 2021, implementing the EU Marine Strategy FrameworkDirective (2008/56/EG). The emissions of nitrogen to the Baltic Properwill have to be reduced with an additional 7 337 tons until 2030 throughreduced atmospheric deposition, land-based measures and measures withinmarine transport.According to information from the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Man-agement (HaV), the national implementation of BSAP is facilitated by the sup-porting related legislative framework of the Marine Strategy Framework Di-rective (2008/56/EC)24. The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) is alsorelevant in this respect due to the making of integrated river basin managementplans and actions. It may however be underlined that there is a delay betweenmeasures and expected effects. The effects of some of the measures take a verylong time to be seen – notably e.g. due to the internal recirculation of nutrientslike nitrogen and phosphorous in the Baltic Sea.25The second Holistic Assessment of the state of the Baltic Sea (HOLAS II) sum-marized the findings such as that there are signs of improvement in the state ofthe Baltic Sea, but the Baltic Sea Action Plan goals and ecological objectives24 HaV, MSFD.25 HaV Marine Environment Protection Unit, personal contact 4 February 2022.8 (24)Sweden Page 235have not yet been reached26. Further development of actions to improve environ-mental status is of high relevance, and already agreed actions are to be imple-mented or continued. For measures such as the reduction of nutrient loads it willtake several decades before the full effects can be measured in the environment.The 2021 updated BSAP analysed the existing list of measures in the light of theresults from the HOLAS II assessment. Current measures not yet implementedare retained and additional measures are introduced to strengthen the existing ef-forts and tackle emerging concerns. The total number of measures is 199 dividedbetween measures to protect biodiversity (35), to combat eutrophication (36), tomake the Baltic Sea unaffected by hazardous substances and litter (32), to reach astate with only sustainable sea-based activities in the Baltic Sea (68) and a num-ber of horizontal actions (28).27The HELCOM-explorer database provides a tool to visualise the national imple-mentation of the BSAP28. Sweden has according to the HELCOM explorer ful-filled 188 out of 317 actions in the previous BSAP and not accomplished 35 ac-tions. Regarding remaining actions in BSAP, 41 are considered ongoing, thereare no information about 44 actions (mostly HELCOM recommendations), 8 areconsidered not applicable and there is one action where the target year has beenpostponed.The Swedish implementation has recently been summarised and analysed in thenational marine strategy and action plan for the North Sea and the Baltic Seafrom 2021. The action plan is established according to the provisions of the ma-rine environment regulation (2010:1341), implementing the EU Marine StrategyFramework Directive (2008/56/EG) in Swedish legislation.29The action-plan refers to different thematic areas and necessary actions are givenfor the different areas:Invasive speciesThe instruction for the cleaning of pleasure boats shall be revised to better takeinto consideration the risks from releasing the cleaning water from the hulls ofpleasure boats. Management plans for marine protected areas shall be updatedwith instructions for how to minimize the possibilities for invasive species to es-tablish and proliferate in protected marine areas.26 HELCOM second holistic assessment (Holas II).27 BSAP 2021 update.28 HELCOM-explorer database.29 HaV Report 2021:20.9 (24)Sweden Page 236Impact from fisheries on other species of fish and crustaceansA number of restrictions for fishing in coastal areas are planned. This includesboth temporal and geographical measures and restrictions for certain species as-sessed to be vulnerable or especially important for coastal fisheries. The effectsof trawling on coastal species shall also be studied more into detail.EutrophicationEmissions of N and P to the Baltic Proper exceed the targets set by the BSAP.HaV therefore note that a reduction with 19 % of N is needed (7 337 tons) and 28% of P (199 tons) is needed compared to emissions 2017. There is also a need fora 1 % reduction of P per year (9 tons) to the Kattegatt area. Among plannedmeasures are measures against internal load of P in the Baltic Sea, the introduc-tion of financial support for aquaculture with the target to harvest marine plantsin order to remove nutrients from eutrophic coastal areas. Financial support toimproved techniques for aquaculture not giving rise to net emissions of nutrients.The most effective measures are however planned within the Water frameworkdirective (WFD) and the river basin management plans. The estimated effects aresummarised in the following table:Table 1. Estimated results in tons/year of emission reductions from themeasures planned within the WFD river basin management plans for nitrogen(kväve) and phosphorous (fosfor).Source: HaV, Report 2021:20.Additional reductions of atmospheric load of nitrogen due to measures plannedunder the UNECE30 is estimated to lead to further reduction from Sweden to theBaltic Proper with an additional 3 670 tons to 2030 compared to 2005. Onefourth of this has already been implemented in 2017. These measures were be-lieved to be sufficient, including the additional planned 700 tons of nitrogen (see30UNECE Gothenburg protocol.10 (24)Sweden Page 237table 1) from measures in the river basin management plans. However, despite anespecially low river inflow last year there has been no reduction of nutrientload31. The long-term reductions most likely therefore have to be higher. An ad-ditional reduction with 3 850 tons of nitrogen is therefore needed. Part of this isgoing to be realized through measures within the area of marine transport.The integrity of the seabedA number of measures to affect the construction of trawls and fishery gears arerunning. There are also several processes to revise relevant legal frameworks inorder to reduce negative impacts from fisheries and maritime activities.Hazardous substancesAccording to HaV, concentrations of hazardous substances in biota, emissionsfrom riverine inflow and atmospheric deposition are still too high in the entireHELCOM area. There are a high number of ongoing measures like the ratifica-tion and implementation of international conventions, notably the Minamata con-vention, the Stockholm convention and CLRTAP – the UNECE Convention onLong Range Transboundary Air Pollution. There is also an extended cooperationwithin the OSPAR and HELCOM regional conventions and relevant EU legalframeworks like the REACH regulation.Marine litterA number of measures are implemented and ongoing like information activitiesfor the general public, the amendment of municipal plans for waste managementto include the area of marine litter, campaigns for beach-cleaning and effectivecollection and recycling of packaging and plastic waste etc. Some of thesemeasures continue since the introduction 2015 and some of them have beenadded in the new action plan from 2021.BiodiversityTo extend existing marine protected areas and add new protected areas wherenecessary. Revise management guidelines for the protected areas. Develop meth-ods for the restauration of marine protected areas and important habitats like zos-tera plains.31 Which means higher concentration in the inflowing water.11 (24)Sweden Page 238Towards zero pollutionPollution harms our health and our environment. It is the largest environmentalcause of multiple mental and physical diseases and of premature deaths, espe-cially among children, people with certain medical conditions and the elderly. Inaddition to affecting people’s health, pollution is one of the main reasons for theloss of biodiversity. It reduces the ability of ecosystems to provide services suchas carbon sequestration and decontamination. Therefore, these questions are be-ing asked:1. Is your government following a zero-pollution action plan for air, water andearth?2. What time horizon is planned for which intermediate steps and goals?3. Which measures in this direction have already been initiated or are to be re-alised?The Swedish “environmental quality objectives” describe the quality of theenvironment that Sweden wishes to achieve. The goals cover different ar-eas, from unpolluted air and lakes to functioning forest and farmland eco-systems. The time horizon to achieve the goals is set to “one generation”although the Agenda 2030 target has gained increased attention as well.The Government has implemented the EU directive on the reduction of theimpact of certain plastic products on the environment (2019/904). Some ad-ditional national measures have been taken, notably: alternative packagingsolutions should be offered for take-away food, solutions with multiple-usefood containers shall be introduced 2024 at the latest, the use of single-usefood packaging should be reduced with 50 percent to 2026.The Swedish “environmental quality objectives” describe the quality of the envi-ronment that Sweden wishes to achieve. There are 16 of them, covering differentareas – from unpolluted air and lakes free from eutrophication and acidification,to functioning forest and farmland ecosystems. For each objective there are anumber of ‘specifications’, clarifying the state of the environment to be attained.There has been some criticism about e.g. the objective “a non-toxic environment”of being unrealistic and some modifications have been made to operationalize theobjective. The ultimate objective however still stands that artificial substanceswith no natural background concentration should occur at “close-to-zero” con-centrations.32There are different time horizons for intermediate steps and goals depending onthe objective. The different milestone targets are outlined by the Swedish Envi-ronmental Protection Agency at the following link.32 SEPA, Environmental objectives.12 (24)Sweden Page 239The ultimate goals and milestones of the environmental quality objective systemare assessed annually by the Swedish EPA in cooperation with the relevant gov-ernmental agencies. Every four year a more in-depth evaluation is carried out ofenvironmental action and the prospects of reaching the objectives. Various toolsare used to assess progress, including indicators that reflect trends in relation tothe different objectives. There are currently around a hundred such indicators,based on regular sampling, emission statistics, questionnaire surveys and otherstudies of the state of the environment.334. What concrete projects for the avoidance of plastic pollution is your govern-ment supporting?5. Has the state banned fireworks, balloons, plastic confetti and other environ-mentally harmful activities to minimize the environmental footprint? If so,what environmentally harmful activities has the state prohibited?The Government has implemented the EU directive on the reduction of the im-pact of certain plastic products on the environment (2019/904) including someadditional national measures. Alternative packaging solutions should be offeredfor take-away food. Solutions with multiple-use food containers shall be intro-duced 2024 at the latest. The use of single-use food packaging should be reducedwith 50 percent to 2026. The Swedish EPA and the Swedish Food Agency shallprepare guidance for the use of such food packaging solutions taking into consid-eration both hygiene and the environment. Fines will be introduced for litteringand the Swedish EPA is going to prepare background documents for the decisionof the appropriate level of fines for different kinds of litter. Some plastic productswill also be banned altogether, notably cleaning sticks with cotton, plastic strawsfor drinks, plastic cutlery, plates and chop-sticks, stirring sticks, balloon holdingsticks and food boxes in expanded PS plastics.34The Swedish national measures include a ban for single-use mugs containingmore than 15 percent of plastics as well as plastic confetti from the 30th of April2022. The Swedish government will also urge the EU to increase the recyclingrate of plastic packaging. In 2020, only 34 percent of all plastic packaging wasrecycled in Sweden. The recycling rate was higher for PET bottles (partly due toa deposit system). Excluding PET bottles, only 27 percent of plastic packagingwas recycled. Sweden has also recently notified a proposal to the European com-mission that all single-use plastic packaging 2030 the latest shall contain at least30 percent of recycled plastics. The same target should apply for plastic drinkingbottles 2030 and PET bottles should contain at least 25 percent recycled plasticsin 2025.3533 Ibid.34 The Government 2021c.35 Ibid.13 (24)Sweden Page 240Sea-dumped munitionsAre there areas in your territorial waters that are contaminated with ammuni-tion? What is the government’s strategy for dealing with dumped munition to mit-igate impacts on the marine environment?The Swedish government has previously given several assignments to rele-vant authorities to locate areas with dumped munitions, evaluate the possi-ble risks for the maritime sectors and the general public, and inform rele-vant groups about the risks. The Swedish Agency for Marine and WaterManagement is responsible for monitoring the presence of associatedchemicals and metabolites in biota.After the second world war about 50 000 tons of chemical and conventional mu-nitions were disposed of in the Baltic Sea. The dumping sites were marked on themap, but occasionally the hazardous goods were dumped already on the way tothe sites. The Swedish armed forces also dumped old ammunition etc. at 25 dif-ferent Swedish marine areas36.The Swedish armed forces, the Swedish Coastguard and the Police have jointlybeen commissioned by the Government to inform the general public about howto deal with the risks related to dumped munitions37. The authorities have pro-duced information material, intended primarily for professionals and others whomay more likely come into contact with dumped munitions38.According to the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (HaV)there have several studies on trace concentrations of chemical warfare agents inbiota (2016, 2017 and 2019). Present concentrations are not associated to risksfor human health, according to the Swedish Food Agency, but the presence ofthese substances in biota is in itself a matter of concern. Further studies havebeen done during 2021 and the results may be used for local restrictions on fish-eries.3936 Miljömålsberedningen SOU 2020:83, page 686-687.37 Swedish Coastguard, dumped chemical munitions. https://www.kustbevakningen.se/var-verksamhet/raddningstjanst/miljoraddning-till-sjoss/andra-skadliga-amnen/kemiska-stridsmedel/38 See e.g. (leaflet from the Coast Guard in Swedish and leaflet from the Swedish Armed Forces).39 HaV, dumped chemical munitions.14 (24)Sweden Page 241InnovationWhich programmes are used to promote innovations in climate protection andbiodiversity, in which areas and to what extent? Which areas are particularlysupported in terms of research and development regarding climate protectionand biodiversity? What effects are expected from current support measures?Science and innovation related to climate change is one of the main priori-ties of Swedish research policy. Research about climate transition andgreen investments is given priority, involving a variety of different sectorsand disciplines.There is a high number of different funds and research initiatives. The Govern-ment recently described the situation, some of the problems and the priorities asfollows:Segregation prevents people from finding work and becoming part of society, and itpaves the way for violence and criminality. Sweden’s climate emissions remain un-sustainably high. People working in the welfare sector lack the necessary resources tobe able to provide the best possible education, health care and social services. Totackle these social problems, the Government has established three clear policy priori-ties:• Sweden will break down segregation and put a stop to violence and criminality.• Sweden will accelerate the climate transition and create jobs throughout the country.• Sweden will take back control over the welfare system and ensure that everyonewho works has secure social insurance and pensions.These priorities apply to the work of the entire Government. Based on their areas ofresponsibility, every minister will align their work with these priorities and help en-sure they are realised....Creating jobs by accelerating the climate transitionSweden is at the forefront of the climate transition, thanks to major green investmentsand clear policy direction. Our country must take its share of responsibility for reduc-ing emissions, but also show the world how a faster climate transition creates jobs andexport opportunities. The Government will push to accelerate the speed of the climatetransition while also facilitating more private investment that contributes to reducedemissions, increased exports and new job opportunities. This will reduce Sweden’semissions and create more jobs throughout the country.4040 The Government 2021d.15 (24)Sweden Page 242The free portal techfunding.eu has gathered relevant information on funding op-portunities for business and research. Regarding the themes “energy, environ-ment and climate” several funding opportunities are mentioned, frequently usedby Swedish companies and research institutes – please consult:https://www.techfunding.eu/energy-environment-and-climateTechfunding.eu also mentions the following national funding sources:The Swedish Energy Agency works for a sustainable energy system, combiningecological sustainability, competitiveness and security of supply. For further in-formation please consult the English pages of the Agency - https://www.ener-gimyndigheten.se/en/innovations-r--d/business-development-and-commercialisa-tion/Sustainable Production FFI, Energy and Environment – please visithttps://www.vinnova.se/en/m/strategic-vehicle-research-and-innovation/sub-pro-grammes-and-strategic-initiatives/energy-and-environment/Vinnova, Sweden’s innovation agency. Vinnova promotes sustainable growthby improving the conditions for innovation and by funding needs-driven researchcollaborations between companies, universities, research institutes and the publicsector – Please visit https://www.vinnova.se/en/apply-for-funding/find-the-right-funding/Among many other funding opportunities and projects the governmental re-search institute RISE may be noted – please visit https://www.ri.se/en. andhttps://www.ri.se/sv/vad-vi-gor/projekt/utveckling-av-en-unik-biodiversitetsdata-bas-for-livsmedel.16 (24)Sweden Page 243International cooperation, the involvement of different stake-holders and social sustainabilityThe Nordic countries have a long tradition of cooperation in the field of en-vironmental protection. The Nordic Council of Ministers is the main forumfor cooperation between governments and the Nordic Council for the coop-eration between parliaments. The Programme for Nordic co-operation onthe environment and climate 2019–2024 makes up the back-bone for thecooperation in this field. The Swedish international development coopera-tion agency (Sida) integrates environment and climate-change in all its op-erations and projects. Swedish publicly-own companies have to take theobjectives of Agenda 2030 into consideration according to the instructionsfrom the government. Swedish civil-society actors every second year makea comprehensive assessment of the government’s implementation ofAgenda 2030. The government has presented an action plan for the benefitof young people and monitors the development for young people regardinghealth, education, employment, crime, housing, sport, culture and otherspare-time activities.1. Are there any joint projects and cooperation with neighbouring countries inthe areas of climate change, and biodiversity? Are increased cooperation andthe implementation of joint projects planned for the future? What effects areexpected as a result?The Nordic countries have a long tradition of cooperation in the field of environ-mental protection. Measures against climate change, climate-change adaptation,risk reduction for toxic compounds, marine protection measures and the protec-tion of marine resources, the protection of biodiversity, sustainable developmentand circular economy are priority areas. In addition, there are cooperation aboutregional spatial planning and building. The Nordic Council of Ministers is themain forum for cooperation between governments and the Nordic Council forparliaments41. Finland, Sweden, Norway. Denmark and Island take part in theNordic cooperation including the autonomous regions Åland, the Faroe Islandsand Greenland42.41 Finnish Ministry of the Environment, det nordiska samarbetet.42 The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic co-operation.17 (24)Sweden Page 244The Programme for Nordic Co-operation on the Environment and Climate 2019–202443 makes up the back-bone for the cooperation and there are five differentworking groups within the programme44:• Circular economy• Climate and air• Chemicals, environment and health• Biodiversity• Sea and coastAccording to the programme, the Nordic countries will work together 2019-2024to bring about sustainable development in the Nordic Region, the EU, and inter-nationally. The countries will cooperate for the implementation of internationalagreements on the environment and climate – in particular the Paris Agreement –and work together to strengthen the EU’s regulatory framework.2. To what extent does your country support developing countries in their effortsto strengthen climate protection and biodiversity measures?According to the Swedish international development cooperation agency (Sida)the Swedish development aid to initiatives that had environment as the principalor significant objective was 12,2 billion SEK in 2019. Environment and climatechange is one of five perspectives that must be mainstreamed and integrated inall Sida’s operations. The sum of disbursements in 2019 that had climate changeaction (adaptation or mitigation) as a main objective was 2.8 billion SEK, whilethe support to programmes or projects that had climate change as a significant(but not main) objective was approximately 5.1 billion. Sida’s biodiversity-re-lated support in 2019 was approximately 3.6 billion SEK.453. Is your state or region implementing initiatives to stimulate the involvement ofsocio-economic actors (e.g., industry, scientific community), foundations orcitizens (civil society, youth) in its policies in the field of climate action andbiodiversity (e.g., via discussion fora or consultative bodies)?According to the Swedish assessment of the national implementation of Agenda2030 from 2021,46 industry and commercial actors are key for the implementa-tion of Agenda 2030. The government has therefore revised the instructions forpublicly own companies with explicit reference to the objectives of Agenda43 The Nordic Council of Ministers 2018.44 SEPA Nordic co-operation about climate and environment.45 Sida 2020.46 Government Offices of Sweden 2021.18 (24)Sweden Page 2452030. The government has also created a forum for sustainable business to facili-tate innovation and investments. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has also takenthe initiative to extend the traditional development cooperation into more elabo-rate systems of creating more profound relations. Examples of this way of work-ing are the partnerships Swedish Investors for Sustainable Development (SISD)and Swedish Leadership for Sustainable Development (SLSD)47.According to the Agenda 2030 implementation report there is a need for a contin-uous dialogue between all societal actors and Sweden has got positive experi-ences from involving existing networks in the representation at the high-level po-litical forum (HLPF). Swedish civil-society actors also cooperate and make acomprehensive assessment of the government’s implementation of Agenda 2030every second year.484. Are there initiatives to involve especially the young generation more stronglyin opinion-forming processes and decision-making in the areas of climatechange and biodiversity? Are there any plans to increase such initiatives inthe future?A new goal was formulated in the government bill 2013/14:19149 “Emphasis onyoung people – a policy for a high quality of life, empowerment and influence”.All young people between 13 and 25 shall have a good quality of life, possibilityto decide on how to live and be able to have an impact on the development of so-ciety. The governmental policy for young people should be multi-sectorial and asystem for the assessment of the policy should be developed. In the bill the Gov-ernment committed itself to inform the Swedish Riksdag every 3-5 years aboutthe development towards realising the goals. In the written communication2020/21:105 the Government assess the development considering health, educa-tion, employment, crime, housing, sport, culture and other spare-time activities.An updated action plan is also launched in the communication50. The Govern-ment also refers to the Youth Sector Strategy 2030 of the Council of Europe51.Within the Nordic cooperation there has also recently been decided to examinethe establishment of a fund for supporting activities with young citizens in orderto protect the climate and biodiversity52.47 Sida, Swedish Leadership for Sustainable Development.48 Concord 2021.49 Government bill 2013/14:191.50 The Government 2021e.51 Council of Europe 2020.52 Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers 2021.19 (24)Sweden Page 2465. Are prosperity and an ecologically stable and sound environmental conditionfor future generations considered as a fundamental right in the decision-mak-ing processes?The Government has declared a commitment to the principle that the goals of theAgenda 2030 should be mainstreamed in all other relevant legislation and gov-ernance procedures. 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